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BACKGROUND: The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) are commonly used in clinical practice. The ROCFT measures constructional praxis, visual perception, and visuospatial learning and memory, and the CDT assesses for visuospatial, constructional, and executive difficulties. Several neurological disorders are associated with visuospatial and visuo-constructional impairments, yet reliable normative data accounting for sociodemographic and acculturative variables are scarce for Hispanics living in the U.S. OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the ROCFT and CDT in a Spanish-speaking adult population living in the U.S. METHODS: The sample consisted of 245 cognitively healthy adults recruited from several states in the U.S. Each participant was administered the ROCFT and CDT as part of a larger cognitive battery. The ROCFT and CDT were normed using a Bayesian approach. Age, age2, education, sex, acculturation, and language proficiency were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: ROCFT performance was associated with education and age, particularly as they interacted with Spanish language proficiency and time spent in the U.S. Education was significantly associated with recall abilities and a lower memory recall on the ROCFT. Age was found to vary depending on a person's bilingual abilities. Sex did not emerge as a predictor of performance, and it did not interact significantly with other variables. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to include acculturation and language proficiency variables in the creation of norms for the assessment of visuo-constructional abilities. This study will have a large impact on the practice of neuropsychology in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-stroke neurocognitive disorder, though common, is often overlooked by clinicians. Moreover, although the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has proven to be a valid screening test for neurocognitive disorder, even more time saving tests would be preferred. In our study, we aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) for post-stroke neurocognitive disorder and the association between the CDT and MoCA., Methods: This study is part of the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke study, a multicentre prospective cohort study following patients admitted with acute stroke. At the three-month follow-up, patients were classified with normal cognition, mild neurocognitive disorder, or major neurocognitive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Any neurocognitive disorder compromised both mild- and major neurocognitive disorder. The CDT at the three-month assessment was given scores ranging from 0 to 5. Patients able to complete the CDT and whose cognitive status could be classified were included in analyses. The CDT diagnostic accuracy for post-stroke neurocognitive disorder was identified using receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The association between the MoCA and CDT was analysed with Spearman's rho., Results: Of 554 participants, 238 (43.0%) were women. Mean (SD) age was 71.5 (11.8) years, while mean (SD) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 2.6 (3.7). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the CDT for major neurocognitive disorder and any neurocognitive disorder was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.68-0.79) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72), respectively. A CDT cutoff of < 5 yielded 68% sensitivity and 60% specificity for any neurocognitive disorder and 78% sensitivity and 53% specificity for major neurocognitive disorder. Spearman's correlation coefficient between scores on the MoCA and CDT was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.44-0.57, p < .001)., Conclusions: The CDT is not accurate enough to diagnose post-stroke neurocognitive disorder but shows acceptable accuracy in identifying major neurocognitive disorder. Performance on the CDT was associated with performance on MoCA; however, the CDT is inferior to MoCA in identifying post-stroke neurocognitive disorder., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02650531). Retrospectively registered January 8, 2016., (© 2024. The Author(s).)