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In a scenario-based study using Mexican and U.S. samples, when a team member was perceived to be an in-group (rather than an out-group) member, collectivists evaluated that member significantly more generously than did individualists. Further, collectivists valued maintenance contributions more than individualists did, and individualists valued task contributions more than collectivists did. Nevertheless, both collectivists and individualists appeared to value an equity norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal aspects of unplanned coauthorship under American and British copyright laws, focusing on issues related to mutual intent, the concept of collaborative impulse, and the development of Anglo-American copyright law. A legal protection against copying is mentioned, along with creative expression laws and methodological individualism. The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, American contract laws, and the legal rights of parties in creative relationships are assessed.

This is a personal account of my relationship with James M. Buchanan, his significance for my academic career and the influence of his work on my own research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advertising literature, an area rarely explored is cross-cultural studies on celebrity endorsements. A good deal may be learned from understanding how a culture's communication style can shape the type of advertising most effective for that culture. This study examines the creative styles (creative executional factors) found in the advertising of Korea and America. The two countries represent two distinct cultures—Korea being a collectivistic culture and the United States being individualistic. Both cultures affect the norms and rules that guide their inhabitants’ behavior, directly affecting communication styles. The study finds that embedded in the use of celebrity endorsement are cross-cultural characteristics. The details of these findings will be useful to international advertisers executing celebrity endorsement campaigns in different cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article asserts that traditionally dominant models of health promotion in the US are fairly characterized by methodological individualism. This schema produces a focus on the individual as the node of intervention. Such emphasis results in a number of scientific and ethical problems. I identify three principal ethical deficiencies: first, the health promotions used are generally ineffective, which violates canons of distributive justice because scarce health resources are expended on interventions that are unlikely to produce health benefits. Second, the health promotions used tend to expand health inequalities between the affluent and the least well-off. Third, the health promotions used are likely to intensify stigma against the least well-off, a deficiency that itself may exacerbate the ‘densely-woven patterns of disadvantage’ that characterize life on the tail of the social gradient. Because Powers and Faden’s health sufficiency model of social justice argues that the amelioration of such clusters of disadvantage should be the primary ethical goal of public health policy, methodologically individualist models of health promotion are ethically deficient and should not stand as primary approaches for health promotion in a just social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The form and function of a collaborative assessment known as a 'Buddy Quiz' is presented. The assessment is conducted in three successive phases over a contiguous 45-60 min class period. A portion of each quiz is completed in collaboration with one or two peers and a portion is completed without collaboration. The quiz is primarily summative and is also designed to include formative aspects. The representation in the quiz of the scientific enterprise as collaborative and individualistic is discussed. The employment of this instrument in a ninth-grade (age 15 years) conceptual physics course in an independent US secondary school is described and student feedback is presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participants from an individualistic society (USA) were compared with participants from a collectivistic society (Turkey) in terms of moral reasoning and orientation (justice and care). A total of 396 undergraduates (203 U.S. students, 193 Turkish students) between the ages of 18 and 46 years were administered the original version of the Defining Issues Test and the Measure of Moral Orientation. Turkish participants received higher mean principled scores than did the U.S. participants, and female participants received higher mean principled scores than did male participants. Turkish participants also scored significantly higher on the justice and care orientations than U.S. participants, and female participants scored significantly higher on the justice and care orientations than male participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the cultural factors influencing the use of advertising appeals in two culturally diverse countries: China and the US. Findings from the content analyses of the Chinese and the US food advertisements support eight of the 10 hypotheses, suggesting that community, popular, ornamental, status, dear, health, and nutrition appeals are more frequently used in countries with a more collectivist, greater power distance, and stronger long-term orientation culture such as in China than in the US, whereas an independence appeal was more frequently used in an individualistic society like the US than in China. Overall, findings suggest that advertising appeals in global markets reflect the dominant cultural values in each country. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the author is deemed to be central to copyright law. An important strand of copyright scholarship explores how the development of modern copyright law was intertwined with the rise of a new ideology of authorship as an individualist act of creation ex nihilo. This Article remedies two common shortcomings of this scholarship: implying that the process of embedding original authorship in copyright law was complete by the end of the eighteenth century, and presenting the relation between the ideology of authorship and copyright law as an exact correlation. These two shortcomings neglect the complexity of the interaction between authorship and copyright law and attract the criticism that much of modern copyright doctrine seems diametrically opposed to the presuppositions of original authorship. This Article focuses on copyright law and discourse in nineteenth-century America. It argues that much of the weaving of the ideology of authorship into copyright law took place during this later period and in three main contexts: originality doctrine, the emergence of the notion of copyright as ownership of an intellectual work, and the rules that allocate initial copyright ownership. The result was the modern structure of copyright- authorship discourse as a motivated distortion. Various parts of this discourse incorporate conflicting images and assumptions about authorship, which often stand in tension with the legal doctrines of copyright and their actual effects. These patterns, which still dominate copyright law today, are traceable to the history of the power struggles, economic interest motivations, and the ideological constraints that produced them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of qualitative interviews with individuals currently receiving mental health services has increased over the last decade in the United States due to calls for system change that emphasizes individuals' perceptions of their own progress. However, interviews with youth receiving mental health services are rarely encountered. In this article, an overview of methodological considerations when conducting an interview inquiry with youth currently receiving mental health services will be discussed, incorporating suggestions from the published literature and our experiences with previous interview studies. Our theoretical definition of youth receiving mental health services along with six major areas of concern: appropriate interview questions, youth development of cognitive ability, ethical issues, power relationships, cultural competency, and methods of interview inquiry are discussed. Finally, other researchers are encouraged to investigate techniques for gathering rich data through interview research with youth receiving mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the demographic and personality correlates of the Protestant ethic and how it correlates with contemporary individual and social issues. Success is more prevalent among Christian fundamentalists, those who were born outside the United States, individualists, individuals who have a higher locus of control, and individuals who believe in a just world. Hard work is more prevalent among Asian Americans and Filipinos, women, those who have a higher internal locus of control, and those who believe in a just world. Our data show that success and hard work are correlated positively with hours worked, total hours worked, and liberalization of drug laws. No other study has examined these issues using a diverse ethno-religious sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dowd (1975) used social exchange theory to analyze interactions in nonfamily, nonfriendship situations between persons of different ages in industrial societies like that of the United States. One important effect (dependent variable) to be explained in such situations is the interpersonal attribution of power. The argument that Dowd proposed to explain this effect emphasizes two determinants (independent variables): objective power (exchange ratio) and age as a status characteristic. The study reported here tests experimentally the implications of the argument. The results, based on a scenario presented to American undergraduates, indicate partied support for Dowd's argument. In assessing these findings, methodological differences between Dowd's research and the present study are noted, and previous research on the effects of "vividness" in interpersonal inferences is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]