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In order to evaluate the prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic diseases and pneumonia in Urumqi City, China, as well as its associations with housing and home characteristics, a cross-sectional study was performed in 4618 children (81.7% response rate, average age 4.7±0.9 year, boys accounting for 53.7%). Questions on children’s asthma and allergic diseases were from the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and were integrated with questions on the home environment from the Dampness in Buildings and Health (DBH) study, slightly modified to account for Chinese building characteristics and life habits. The prevalences of physician diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and pneumonia were 3.6%, 8.7% and 40.9%, respectively. One fourth of children reported wheezing and more than 40% AR symptoms in the last 12 months. Controlling for confounding factors, positive associations were found for home mold/dampness and wheezing (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07–1.66), AR symptoms (1.34, 1.09–1.64) last 12 months and physician diagnosed pneumonia (1.33, 1.09–1.62). Floor material by wood, PVC or carpeting; and walls by wallpaper, painting or wood material, were positively associated with AR symptoms. Home environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was positively associated with wheezing (1.23, 1.04–1.46) and pneumonia (1.25, 1.07–1.45). In conclusion, there was a relatively high prevalence of asthmatic and AR symptoms and diagnosed pneumonia in preschool children in Urumqi. Home signs of mold growth or dampness, windowpane condensation, as well as ETS and interior surface materials emitting chemicals were risk factors for allergic symptoms and pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]