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In general, urban water management has been viewed as an exercise of meeting the domestic and industrial water demands from surface water and ground water sources. Nevertheless water-based development planning requires realistic estimation of balance between supply and demand within the geographical boundary. Recently, water management system is facing challenges of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in urban water sector. In the present paper an attempt has been made to review the various frameworks and systems developed for evaluating sustainability of an integrated urban water management (IUWM). Further, a computer application-based conceptual framework has been developed as a decision support system for integrated urban water management (DSS_IUWM) taking urban water management of Varanasi City (UP, India) as a case study. With the combination of available alternate water supply in the city, a scenario-based urban water balance has been evaluated. The study indicates that urban water balance (UWB) of Varanasi City is under unsustainable water condition with a negative value of 97 MCM. The study finally reports that a water sustainable condition in Varanasi City may be achieved through augmentation of storm water (55.4 MCM) management or reduction in fresh water demand through reuse of reclaimed water (36.5 MCM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) causes a disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) worldwide and jeopardizes sustainable production, with yield losses up to 100%. The Tomato leaf curl disease in the Varanasi region of India is caused by Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (TLCGV). The ToLC disease occurrence is shifting from the rainy to the winter season that may be due to changing climate. A number of resistant genes have been identified in the wild background and a limited number of genotypes resistant to ToLCV are available in tomato. The wild species have been determined to be ToLCV resistant using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Tomato populations (F2, F3, Recombinant Inbred Lines) developed using wild species have been investigated using Mendelian genetics through breeding. Molecular approaches have provided opportunities in the form of linked molecular markers and loci on chromosomes to speed up, and simplify, selection of host resistance genes. However, transformation of resistant genes by genetic engineering is preferred for developing ToLCV resistant varieties. Modern techniques combined with conventional techniques offer opportunities for improving ToLCV resistance in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water for development planning is proposed to evaluate sustainable development at an urban scale. • Seven broad categories of indicators based on twenty-two indicators have been identified for WDP. • A framework for single index WDPI based on PSR framework has been developed for assessment of WDP. • A graphical user interface has been designed for WDPI calculation. Rapid urbanization has put tremendous pressure on the extraction of natural water resources. Uncontrolled extraction of water has further created water stress in the urban sector. Therefore, it is the need of the day to have a positive water balance for sustainable development of an urban area. The sustainability of water cannot be simply seen as quantitative adequacy but it has other environmental dimensions such as depleting of the groundwater table, drainage problem, and pollution of surface water bodies etc. The present paper focuses on the development of a single index based on a combination of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) and pressure-state-response (PSR) frameworks. In the proposed framework twenty-two sub-indicators have been brought down into seven broad categories to measure the relevant indicators. This single index termed as Water for Development Planning Index (WDPI) may be used for further development planning which will incorporate all aspects of urban water systems. Formulation of WDPI has been established for urban water planning as a decision making tool. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the proposed framework has been developed and applied to Varanasi city where water supply is managed traditionally. The WDPI for Varanasi city is 4.09 (less than 5) which lies in critical condition. Hence, the future planning of the water sector of Varanasi city must reduce the extraction of the water from the natural sources and promote non-conventional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]