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In the week following the onset of the 2009 heatwave in Melbourne, Australia, The Alfred Hospital observed a significant increase in total hospital admissions (adjusted incidence rate ratio ( IRR) 1.11, P = 0.046), emergency department presentations ( IRR 1.15, P < 0.01) and general medical admissions ( IRR 1.81, P < 0.01). Under the general medical unit there was a rise in the number of deaths ( IRR 3.9, P < 0.01), and patients with a broad range of disorders, particularly of the endocrine/metabolic ( IRR 2.2, P < 0.01), circulatory ( IRR 1.9, P < 0.01) and genitourinary ( IRR 2.6, P < 0.01) systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to profile the trajectory of, and risk factors for, functional decline in older patients in the 30 days following Emergency Department (ED) discharge., Methods: prospective cohort study of community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years, discharged home from a metropolitan Melbourne ED, 31 July 2012 to 30 November 2013. The primary outcome was functional decline, comprising either increased dependency in personal activities of daily living (ADL) or in skills required for living independently instrumental ADL (IADL), deterioration in cognitive function, nursing home admission or death. Univariate analyses were used to select risk factors and logistic regression models constructed to predict functional decline., Results: at 30 days, 34.4% experienced functional decline; with 16.7% becoming more dependent in personal ADL, 17.5% more dependant in IADL and 18.4% suffering deterioration in cognitive function. Factors independently associated with decline were functional impairment prior to the visit in personal ADL (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.26-4.53) or in IADL (OR 6.69, 95% CI 4.31-10.38). The relative odds were less for patients with moderately impaired cognition relative to those with normal cognition (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.75). There was a 68% decline in the relative odds of functional decline for those with any impairment in IADL who used an aid for mobility (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.7)., Conclusion: older people with pre-existing ADL impairment were at high risk of functional decline in the 30 days following ED presentation. This effect was largely mitigated for those who used a mobility aid. Early intervention with functional assessments and appropriate implementation of support services and mobility aids could reduce functional decline after discharge., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com)

Background: an emergency department (ED) visit is a sentinel event for an older person, with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes post-discharge including early re-presentation., Objectives: to determine factors associated with early re-presentation., Methods: prospective cohort study conducted in the ED of a large acute Melbourne tertiary hospital. Community-dwelling patients ≥65 years were interviewed including comprehensive assessment of cognitive and functional status, and mood. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for return within 30 days., Results: nine hundred and fifty-nine patients, median age 77 years, were recruited. One hundred and forty patients (14.6%) re-presented within 30 days, including 22 patients (2.3%) on ≥2 occasions and 75 patients (7.8%) within 7 days. Risk factors for re-presentation included depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, co-morbidity, triaged as less urgent (ATS 4) and attendance in the previous 12 months, with a decline in risk after 85 years of age. Logistic regression identified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.02-3.11), moderate cognitive impairment (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.09-3.90), previous ED visit (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.43-3.12) and ATS 4 (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.10-4.99) as independent risk factors for re-presentation. Age ≥85 years was associated with reduced risk (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.93)., Conclusion: older discharged patients had a high rate of early re-presentation. Previously identified risk factors-increased age, living alone, functional dependence and polypharmacy-were not associated with early return in this study. It is not clear whether these inconsistencies represent a change in patient case-mix or strategies implemented to reduce re-attendance. This remains an important area for future research., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)