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New essential oils (EOs) extracted from different parts of two Luvunga species (L. scandens and L. hongiaoensis) from Vietnam were investigated for their chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Sixty-nine total compounds were identified in the EOs by GC/MS. The major constituent of the leaf, fruit, and root EOs from L. scandens was β-caryophyllene (71.5%, 63.0%, and 31.5% respectively). The main compounds in L. hongiaoensis EOs were β-elemene (34.3% in leaf oil) and caryophyllene oxide (21.2% in root oil, 19.4% in stem oil). The EO from L. scandens fruits significantly inhibited nitric oxide production on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (IC50 = 37.95 ± 2.76 µg/mL). The EOs from L. hongiaoensis roots and L. scandens leaves and fruits exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, SK-LU-1, and HepG2 (IC50 from 49.74 ± 3.36 to 97.82 ± 8.61 µg/mL). This is the first report on L. hongiaoensis EOs and significantly complements the composition and bioactivity of L. scandens EOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, chemical composition, enzyme inhibitory activities, and molecular docking studies of essential oil (EO) of Knema globularia leaves collected from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, were investigated. The EO from the leaves of K. globularia was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The leaf EO yield was 0.14 ± 0.01% (w/w), comprising 39 identified components, constituting 96.77% of the EO content. Notable constituents included β-caryophyllene (54.11%), α-humulene (12.67%), and (E)-β-ocimene (8.82%). Enzyme inhibitions were assessed via the α-amylase inhibitory assay (IC50 = 282.71 ± 10.06 μg/mL) and tyrosinase inhibitory assay (IC50 = 993.92 ± 37.40 μg/mL). The molecular docking method has been employed to observe valuable binding interactions and binding energy with the main compounds on the target enzymes α-amylase and tyrosinase. Caryophyllene oxide exhibits the strongest affinity with α-amylase among the other major compounds. Meanwhile, viridiflorene shows the best binding energy with the tyrosinase enzyme. This is the first study providing valuable scientific data on the in vitro inhibitory activities of α-amylase and tyrosinase enzymes of the leaf EO of K. globularia and evaluating its main compounds through a molecular docking approach on these enzyme targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chemical components and cytotoxic effects of essential oils from Curcuma zedoaroides Chaveer. & Tanee growing wild in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam, were investigated. The essential oils of C. zedoaroides were obtained through hydrodistillation with contents of 0.38% and 0.1% in C. zedoaroides leaves (CZL) and C. zedoaroides pseudo-stems (CZPS), respectively (based on dried herbal materials). Using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, 48 volatile compounds were identified in the CZL essential oil. The major components of the CZL essential oil were curdione (14.05%), 1,8-cineole (8.88%), camphor (7.06%), trans-β-elemenone (6.65%), (E)-β-farnesene epoxide (6.44%), curzerene (5.20%), isoborneol (4.75%), β-elemene (3.41%), endo-borneol (3.07%), camphene (2.87%), humulene (2.47%), and γ-elemene (2.22%). Besides, 47 components were determined in the CZPS essential oil with the significant components of curzerene (11.72%), trans-β-elemenone (10.64%), curdione (9.79%), β-elemene (6.77%), (E)-β-farnesene epoxide (6.71%), humulene (6.37%), cis-β-elemenone (3.81%), γ-elemene (3.55%), camphor (3.41%), germacrone (2.83%), and isoborneol (2.39%). The CZL essential oil showed weak cytotoxic activity against tested cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, HepG2, HT29, HL-60, K562, and MDA-MB-231) with IC50 values in the range of 43.88 to 81.32 μg/mL. This study is the first information on the chemical compositions of the CZL and CZPS essential oils of C. zedoaroides, as well as the cytotoxicity of the CZL essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils isolated from the leaves of Machilus cicatricosa S.K. Lee and Machilus bonii Lecomte from Vietnam were studied and reported. The techniques of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to characterize the chemical constituents of the essential oil while the microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The main constituents of the leaf oil of M. cicatricosa were α-pinene (20.6%), bicyclogermacrene (15.2%), linalool (14.9%), and β-pinene (8.4%). On the other hand (E)-β-ocimene (26.3%), bicyclogermacrene (23.6%) and (E)-nerolidol (9.1%) were the major constituents of M. bonii leaf essential oil. The studied essential oils displayed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 64.0 μg/mL. In addition, essential oil from the leaf of M. bonii was the most active towards Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 with MIC value of 64.0 μg/mL, while M. cicatricosa showed stronger anti-candidal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL. This is the first report on the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of M. cicatricosa and M. bonii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma zedoaroides Chaveer. & Tanee (Vietnamese name: Nghệ đắng) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family which is the new Curcuma species discovered in Thailand and Vietnam in recent years. This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and the cytotoxic activities of C. zedoaroides rhizome essential oil for the first time. The essential oil was obtained from the rhizomes through hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results showed that the majority of the rhizome essential oil of C. zedoaroides was dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (61.54%) mainly curdione (27.45%), followed by widdrol (8.03%) and trans-β-elemenone (5.47%). Notably, the essential oil of C. zedoaroides rhizomes exhibited cytotoxic activities using the MTT assay with the IC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) values of 75.16 ± 2.79, 77.08 ± 1.98, 81.35 ± 1.55, 83.67 ± 2.26, 32.74 ± 1.95, 23.14 ± 1.43, 73.35 ± 2.20 μg/mL against A549, MCF-7, HepG2, HT29, HL-60, K562 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. In addition, three major compounds targeting specific proteins related to essential oil's anti-cancer activity were assessed using molecular docking simulation. From the results observed, widdrol was suggested to have the highest binding affinity for both EGFR and HER2, with ΔG values of -6.246 kcal/mol and -6.916 kcal/ mol, respectively. These results suggest the potential of the rhizome essential oil of C. zedoaroides to provide leads for the development of anti-cancer agents as well as considered a valuable source of bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber densissimum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia and Kaempferia laotica Gagnep., belong to the Zingiberaceae family, which were found in Vietnam and Laos in recent years. To date, there has been very limited information on their phytochemical profiles and pharmacological activities. The present study was conducted to give insights into the chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from two plants and their antimicrobial activities. Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectral (GC-MS) analysis was utilized to identify the chemical composition of the rhizome essential oils of Z. densissimum and K. laotica. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated on three Gram-positive bacterial strains, three Gram-negative bacterial strains, and a pathogenic yeast. The GC-MS analysis showed that β-pinene (38.36%), β-phellandrene (26.85%), and α-pinene (13.31%) were the most dominant components in Z. densissimum rhizome essential oil, while K. laotica rhizome essential oil was found to contain mainly camphene (23.44%), α-pinene (10.69%), 3-carene (8.60%) and β-pinene (6.85%). As for the antimicrobial activity test results, the rhizome essential oil of Z. densissimum displayed potent activities against Candida albicans (MIC value = 2 μg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli (MIC values = 8 μg/ mL). Meanwhile, the rhizome essential oil of K. laotica showed weaker activities against all investigated microbial strains (MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 μg/mL). The study results indicated the chemical constituents of the essential oils prepared from these plants. The two essential oil samples were also shown to exhibit potential antimicrobial activities against several pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) is one of the most diverse and abundant families in the plant kingdom in terms of number of species. In terms of chemistry, this is a family of plants containing much essential oil with mainly monoterpene and sesquiterpene derivatives, which has been widely used in medicine, food, and flavor industries. In our series of studies on ginger family plants, the two new species including Wurfbainia schmidtii (K. Schum.) Škorničk. & A.D. Poulsen and Zingiber atroporphyreus Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyen has been investigated for the first time. This study aimed to identify the chemical compositions of essential oils extracted from the rhizomes and leaves of these two species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and evaluate their hypoglycemic effects through the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assays. In terms of chemical composition, in general, the main compounds appearing in the essential oils of both leaves and rhizomes of each species are similar but they are differences in the percentage of the main components, for example, 1,8-cineole is a main component in leaves whereas fenchyl acetate is the main one in rhizomes of W. schmidtii. Several distinctive compounds, in comparison with other members in the genus Zingiber, namely β-pinene, α-pinene, β-elemene, and sabinene, were found in the essential oil of Z. atroporphyreus. Regarding hypoglycemic effects, the essential oils from the two species tested possessed weak α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects. For the first time, this study was designed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the hypoglycemic effect of essential oils distilled from the rhizomes and leaves of two species W. schmidtii and Z. atroporphyreus have been reported, serving as a premise for further systematic research on their phytochemistry and pharmacological effects being conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the chemical compositions and inhibitory activities of essential oils (EOs) of Salix babylonica from Vietnam. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system was used to analyze the chemical compositions of Salix babylonica essential oils. A total of twenty-eight and thirty-one compounds were identified in essential oils of the leaves and bark, among which many chemical compositions were identified for the first time in this plant. Salix babylonica essential oils demonstrated antibacterial activities against Gram-negative strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Escherichia coli and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and demonstrated anti-cancer activities against three cancer cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7 cell, and A549). The evaluation of the ability to inhibit three strains of microorganisms and inhibit the growth of three cancer cell lines was first conducted using essential oils extracted from the plant species S. babylonica collected in Asia, which will be the basis for using essential oils of this plant in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Lauraceae plants comprised high amounts of essential oils, some of which established pharmacological potentials such as anticancer and antimicrobial activities. The Lauraceae essential oils are also used in cuisines and perfumes. The present study provides the chemical analysis of the leaf oils of Beilschmiedia tonkinensis and Lindera gracilipes, collected from Vietnam. Method: Chemical components in the obtained oils were identified by the GC-FID/MS. The MTT and broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, respectively. The protein interactions were viewed by a docking study. Result: Beilschmiedia tonkinensis leaf oil was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (66.0%), in which bicyclogermacrene (23.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (21.9%), caryophyllene oxide (9.9%), and spathulenol (6.0%) were the main components. The major chemical class in L gracilipes leaf oil was still sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (64.2%) with bicyclogermacrene (32.2%) being the principal component. Both 2 oil samples (IC50 41.2-44.12 µg/mL) were actively cytotoxic against the proliferation of A-549 cancer cells. In particular, B tonkinensis leaf oil strongly controlled Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancerous cells with the IC50 values of 20.6 and 9.36 µg/mL, respectively. Beilschmiedia tonkinensis leaf oil also strongly inhibited the Gram (-) bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Aspergillus niger with the MIC values of 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. By molecular docking approach, bicyclogermacrene interacted with the p38α MAPK cancer protein (PDB ID: 4FA2) with a potential binding affinity of -8.019 kcal/mol, whereas (E)-caryophyllene tends to bind 2 bacterial proteins P aeruginosa QS regulator (PDB ID: 6B8A) and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) (PDB ID: 2VF5) with the better binding affinities of -6.740 and -6.521 kcal/mol, respectively. The most preferable binding mode was due to hydrophobic π-alkyl and alkyl interactions. Conclusion: The current result can be seen as a basic foundation in the applications of essential oils of B tonkinensis and L gracilipes for anticancer and antimicrobial treatments. Further phytochemical studies and mechanisms of action are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The chemical composition, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from different parts of Acronychia pedunculata, a medicinal plant native to Central Highlands of Vietnam, were investigated. Their chemical constituents were determined using GC-MS. The antimicrobial properties were assessed using a microdilution broth method, while the anti-inflammatory properties were measured based on their capacity to inhibit NO production in macrophage cells. Their cytotoxicity was tested using the sulforhodamine B assay on three human cancer cell lines. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence mainly of caryophyllene oxide (35.3%) and spathulenol (31.9%) in the stem essential oil, caryophyllene oxide (51.3%), and linalool (21.0%) in the leaf essential oil, and α-pinene (21.4%), (E)-β-ocimene (16.5%), linalool (12.5%), and β-caryophyllene (13.0%) in the fruit essential oil. All three essential oils inhibited the growth of various bacteria and fungi, reduced NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and exhibited cytotoxicity against all three tested cancer cell lines. Notably, the fruit essential oil showed the most potent cytotoxicity among the essential oils, with IC50 values of 5.47 ± 0.21, 7.95 ± 0.35, and 9.22 ± 0.52 g/mL against SK-LU-1, MCF-7, and HepG2 cells, respectively. It also had a strong anti-inflammatory effect that was comparable to that of dexamethasone, with an IC50 value of NO production inhibition of 14.62 ± 0.62 mg/mL. These results suggest the potential of the essential oils from this plant to provide leads for the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distichochlamys orlowii, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, is an endemic species in Vietnam. In the present study, the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) from D. orlowii rhizomes and its inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase were investigated. The gas chromatography – mass spectrometry results demonstrated the presence of four major constituents in the EO, including (E)-citral (37.65%), (Z)-citral (22.13%), geranyl acetate (17.73%), and geraniol (5.90%). In the enzymatic inhibition assays, the EO showed a potent α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 81.86 ± 0.95 μg/ml) but had no inhibition of α-glucosidase. With respect to the tyrosinase inhibition test, the EO exerted a weak inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of three plants were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS-FID) method. 29 compounds representing 99.00% of the total oil of inflorescences of Zingiber pellitum were identified, consisting mainly of α-pinene (5.34%), β-caryophyllene (39.13%) and α-humulene (36.69%). For Basilicum polystachyon, 41 and 37 components were identified in the leaf and flower oils, accounting for 91.32% and 92.44% of the total oils, respectively. Germacrene D (16.33% and 16.32%), germacrene B (14.95% and 16.23%), α-cubebene (13.38% and 19,04%), α-copaene (5.81% and 5.77%), δ-cadinene (4.78% and 4.18%), β-cis-elemene (4.34% and 4.66%), and γ-elemene (4.31% and 4.72%) were the major constituents in both oils. For the leaves of Litsea bavienes, 40 components were identified, representing 91.73% of the total oil contents, in which hepten-3-one (70.46%) was the most abundant compound in this oil. The chemical constituents of essential oils from Z. pellitum (inflorescences), B. polystachyon (leaves and flowers) and L. baviensis (leaves) were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: This work aims to evaluate the chemical composition of Paramignya scandens essential oils (EOs), their in vitro α -amylase, tyrosinase inhibitory activities, and in silico molecular docking study. Methods: The EOs of P scandens trunks and leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation process and the chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These EOs were also tested for in vitro α -amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Additionally, in silico molecular docking simulations on the main components of the EOs were performed. Results: The EO profiles of P scandens trunks and leaves included 21 (98.8%) and 34 (89.7%) components, respectively. The main compounds in the trunk EO were (E)- β -caryophyllene (60.8%), α -humulene (13.0%), and germacrene D (7.4%). The predominant compounds of the leaf EO were caryophyllene oxide (16.7%), (E) -β -caryophyllene (14.6%), spathulenol (12.2%), germacrene D (6.5%), and α -humulene (5.0%). Moreover, their α -amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects were demonstrated for the first time. In molecular docking results, (E)- β -caryophyllene was the potential compound in EOs with the best binding affinity against the α -amylase enzyme, whereas spathulenol revealed the strongest binding ability with the tyrosinase enzyme. Furthermore, the assessment of potential interactions between the main components of the EOs and the selected proteins was elucidated. Conclusions: The results of this work revealed that EOs of P scandens trunks and leaves had α -amylase and tyrosinase inhibition properties and potential applications in nutraceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of five Vietnamese Syzygium species (Syzygium levinei, S. acuminatissimum, S. vestitum, S. cumini, and S. buxifolium) were first hydro-distilled and analyzed using GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography–flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry). Monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were the main chemical classes in these oils. All these essential oils showed good–excellent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, and the yeast Candida albicans. S. levinei leaf essential oil, rich in bicyclogermacrene (25.3%), (E)-β-elemene (12.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2%), and β-selinene (7.4%), as well as S. acuminatissimum fruit essential oil containing (E)-caryophyllene (14.2%), α-pinene (12.1%), caryophyllene oxide (10.9%), β-selinene (10.8%), α-selinene (8.0%), and α-humulene (5.7%), established the same MIC value of 8 µg/mL against E. faecalis and B. cereus, which were much better than the positive control streptomycin (MIC 128–256 µg/mL). The studied essential oils showed the potential to defend against mosquitoes since they caused the 24 and 48 h LC50 values of less than 50 µg/mL against the growth of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae. Especially, S. buxifolium leaf essential oil strongly inhibited Ae. aegypti larvae with 24 and 48 h LC50 values of 6.73 and 6.73 µg/mL, respectively, and 24 and 48 h LC90 values of 13.37 and 10.83 µg/mL, respectively. These findings imply that Vietnamese Syzygium essential oils might have potential for use as supplemental antibacterial agents or as "green" alternatives for the control of mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Camellia longii Orel and Luu was discovered for the first time in Cat Tien National Park of Lam Dong Province, Southern Vietnam, was determined as a new species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical and bioactivity of this species. Methods: The chemical profile of essential oil (EO) prepared from C. longii flowers was determined by GC/MS analysis and comparison of the recorded retention indices and the corresponding literature values. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in different flower extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods with a spectrophotometer, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by various bioassays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside solution as a substrate and acarbose as the positive control. Results: Fifty-seven compounds were identified from the EO of C. longii flowers. Among these, the main components were α-eudesmol (16.1%), followed by (E)-nerolidol (13.0%), β-eudesmol (8.9%), τ-cadinol (6.5%), and γ-eudesmol (5.8%). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found high in ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and ethanol extracts (206.8-378.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g crude extract and 298.5-390.3 mg rutin equivalents/g crude extract, respectively). These extracts were shown to possess potent antioxidant activities in the examined bioassays. As for the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate, butanol, and ethanol extracts were shown to be more potent than acarbose with IC50 values of 2.16 ±0.04, 1.95±0.05, and 1.53 ±0.04 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The findings first provide the phytochemical profiles of Camellia longii Orel and Luu and its bioactivities, indicating moderate potentials in antioxidant activity and strong α-glucosidase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the essential oil obtained from Litsea balansae Lecomte leaves and investigate its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Methods: Fresh L balansae leaves were collected in Quangtri, Vietnam, and subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus to extract the essential oil. The essential oil composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, while the inhibition of nitric oxide production was assessed in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Results: GC-MS analysis identified 71 compounds, constituting 99.3% of the essential oil. Key constituents included carvacrol (20.8%), caryophyllene oxide (11.0%), cis-β-guaiene (6.4%), khusimone (3.9%), bicycloelemene (3.7%), and spathulenol (3.7%). The essential oil exhibited a moderate antioxidant effect (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=208.37±10.67 μg/mL) and significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=28.09± 1.53 μg/mL). Conclusion: The essential oil derived from L balansae leaves showcases potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, as indicated by its chemical composition and biological activities. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research in the development of therapeutic agents from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedychium yunnanense Gagnep., belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, has aroused much interest due to its non-volatile chemical constituents. Nevertheless, no data about essential oils (EOs) of this species is available. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of EOs from leaves and rhizomes of H. yunnanense collected in Vietnam were analyzed. The EOs of the rhizomes and leaves were obtained as yellow oils with extraction yields of 0.21 and 0.09%, respectively. Fifty-seven chemical components, accounting for 94.35-98.92%, were identified in the two EOs. The rhizomes EO mainly contains β-pinene (21.07%), 1,8-cineole (20.63%), α-pinene (8.80%) and camphene (6.35%), while the leaves EO was rich in β-pinene (45.92%), α-pinene (19.48%), and β-caryophyllene (18.26%). Both EOs exhibited more potent antimicrobial activities than the standard drug, streptomycin, as they demonstrated significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations against the tested bacteria and fungus. Additionally, the leaves EO may possess stronger antimicrobial activities than the rhizomes EO. The findings of the study will provide a better understanding of the chemical composition and bioactivities of H. yunnanense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meistera, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, is a genus of medicinal plants that contain a rich resource of essential oils (EOs) as well as have many valuable bioactivities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the EOs of Meistera vespertilio, which has not been reported before. The EOs were distilled by hydrodistillation method from M. vespertilio rhizomes collected in two different regions (Phu Tho and Nghe An Provinces) of Vietnam. The compositional analysis of two EO samples was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis showed that the two samples had a different number of chemical components. The Phu Tho EO sample consisted of more components (51 compounds) compared to the Nghe An EO sample (41 compounds). However, the two EOs were identified with some similar components including α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, and limonene. Furthermore, both EO samples possessed good inhibitory effects on α-amylase, with average IC50 values ranging from 0.61 to 0.91 (mg/mL). Especially, the EO of M. vespertilio rhizomes from Nghe An Province showed intense α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 0.61 ± 0.00 mg/mL) which was stronger than acarbose, an antidiabetic drug (IC50 value of 0.92 ± 0.01 mg/mL), while the figure for Phu Tho EO showed approximately equivalent activity. The results obtained in the present study showed the potential of M. vespertilio EOs as a valuable source of chemical compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland is commonly known as Vietnamese balm - a spicy, lemonscented culinary herb in Asian cuisine, especially in Vietnam. The biological activities of E. ciliata essential oils (Ec EOs) in Vietnam have yet to be thoroughly studied and have received less attention than other species of genus Elsholtzia in the world. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer of Ec EOs and examined their chemical compositions. Fresh leaves of E. ciliata were hydro-distilled to yield essential oil of 0.82% dry weight, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that Ec EOs principally possessed complex mixtures of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. (Z)-ß-Farnesene (22.72%), neral (15.66%), geranial (15.62%), and ß-ocimene (13.30%) were the major components of Ec EOs. In the antioxidant assay, the radical scavenging capacities of Ec EOs against DPPH were 26.55 g/L (IC50). In the antimicrobial assay, the evaluation of antimicrobial activity using the agar wells diffusion method showed that Ec EOs in all concentrations was active against the Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae). In the anticancer assay, EcE Os can be toxic to Hep G2 cells with IC50 reaching 0.00204%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum basilicum Linn (Lamiaceae), also known as sweet Basil, is a widely recognized medicinal plant. Although this species has been extensively researched on its biological activities and chemical composition in some Provinces of Vietnam, however, studies on the chemical composition and biological properties of this species growing in Dak Lak Province have not been investigated to date. The chemical composition of the essential oil from O. basilicum, collected in Vietnam, was analyzed using the gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The essential oil content yielded 0.55%, with 34 compounds being determined. Among them, the major constituents (%) were as follows: estragole (73.66%), eucalypto (6.41%), trans-α-bergamotene (3.97%), linalool (2.25%), fenchol (1.64%), 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene (1.47%), 1,3,6-octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-(Z) (1.36%), (+)-2-bornanone (1.34%), and methyl eugenol (1.11%). Furthermore, an antibacterial test on O. basilicum essential oil was conducted, and the results demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 18.6 ± 0.9 mm and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (4.3 ± 0.2 mg/mL). Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of Basil essential oil was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antioxidant efficiency of essential oil was determined with an IC50 of 6.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL, compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with an IC50 value of 6.1 ± 0.1 μg/mL. These findings indicate that O. basilicum grown in Vietnam possesses a high natural potential for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study describes the chemical compositions, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil (EO) from the stems of Croton kongensis Gagnep., collected from two wild-growing populations in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, namely Nhu Xuan and Thuong Xuan. According to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses, the major components in the Nhu Xuan EO sample were (E)-caryophyllene (10.62%), bornyl acetate (9.81%), (E)-nerolidol (9.15%), and linalool (8.10%). In contrast, linalool (15.05%), bornyl acetate (9.52%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.91%), bicyclogermacrene (7.36%), 1,8-cineole (6.53%), and (E)-nerolidol (6.00%) were the dominant components in the Thuong Xuan EO sample. The two EO samples were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi using a broth microdilution assay and showed promising antimicrobial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 200 μg/mL. Among them, the Nhu Xuan EO sample exhibited better activity against four bacteria and three fungi compared to the Thuong Xuan EO sample, which only showed activity against one bacterium and three fungi. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory study demonstrated that the EO samples from Nhu Xuan and Thuong Xuan inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, with IC50 values of 105.71 ± 0.96 μg/mL and 94.93 ± 1.31 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, this is the first report describing the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the EO from C. kongensis stems. Our results suggest that the EO from C. kongensis stems in both regions could be potentially utilized as new natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ingredients in the medicine and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of essential oils from Zingiber plants are known to exhibit chemical variability. The objective of this work was to analyze for the first time the contents and the chemical diversity of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep, belonging to Zingiberaceae family collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-FID). The essential oils from Z. pellitum were obtained in yield of 0.20% (leaves), 0.12% (stems) and 0.27% (roots). The essential oils from the leaves of Z. pellitum consist mainly of β-caryophyllene (51.7%), β-pinene (12.0%), α-pinene (10.0%), while β-caryophyllene (24.9%), β-pinene (19.8%) and α-humulene (18.8%) were the main constituents of the stems essential oil. On the other hand, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), humulene epoxide II (7.4%), α-humulene (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), β-caryophyllene (4.9%), camphene (4.3%), epi-α-cadinol (4.0%) and cyperotundone (4.0%) were the significant compounds of essential oil from the roots of Z. pellitum. Since the composition of the studied leaves, stems and roots of Z. pellitum essential oils differed considerably from each other and previous reports on the other parts of the plant, the paper discusses further the chemotaxonomic implications of the obtained data with respect to Zingiber pellitum and other Zingiber essential oils from Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia champasakensis Picheans. & Koonterm (Zingiberaceae) is locally known as "Dia Lien hoa trang" in Vietnam. Despite a previous study on the essential oils (EO) of K. champasakensis leaves, no other studies have reported the chemical components and biological activities of K. champasakensis. Therefore, this study aims to identify the chemical constituents of the EO from the rhizomes of K. champasakensis and evaluate their antimicrobial activity, which has been re-confirmed through molecular docking studies. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed sixty-one constituents (95.4%) present in the EO of K. champasakensis rhizomes. Among them, camphene (40.7%), α-pinene (10.2%), and β-pinene (7.6%) were identified as the main compounds in the EO. Bioassays indicated its antimicrobial activity in the order of inhibitory effectiveness: Staphylococcus aureus > Enterococcus faecalis ≈ Candida albicans > Bacillus cereus ≈ Escherichia coli > Salmonella enterica > Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The molecular docking study of ligand-protein interactions involving the major constituents of EO was conducted against target proteins related to Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli main activities. The results revealed that α-pinene exhibited strong binding affinity against E. coli, β-pinene demonstrated more effective inhibition against E. faecalis and B. cereus, and camphene primarily exhibited activity against C. albicans and S. aureus. Furthermore, the analysis of interactions between the main compounds and the selected proteins was elucidated in the current study. This is the first time that chemical components of the EO of K. champasakensis rhizomes and their antimicrobial activity have been reported. These findings contributed to the basis for further studies on the chemical compositions and biological effects of K. champasakensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia is a genus of the Zingiberaceae family containing a rich resource of essential oils (EOs) with various important biological activities. In the present study, the chemical compositions and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the EO of Kaempferia attapeuensis Picheans. & Koonterm were reported for the first time. By the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, a number of 46 compounds were identified in K. attapeuensis rhizomes EO (accounted for 90.61 % of the total content), among which germacrone (25.80%), camphene (18.63%) and α-pinene (10.57%) were the major components. In the in vitro antimicrobial assay, K. attapeuensis rhizomes EO exhibited promising activity against the growth of three Gram-positive bacteria strains (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus), three Gram-negative bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) and the yeast strain (Candida albicans) with their MIC values all of 32 µg/mL. In general, the present investigation has provided the foundation for additional research on the chemical compositions and biological effects of K. attapeuensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serevenia buxifolia is an evergreen citrus plant and has attracted considerable attention due to its bioactive components and biological activities. In the present study, the essential oil (EO) from S. buxifolia cultivated in Vietnam was demonstrated to exhibit the in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti‐hemolysis, anti‐inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Briefly, the gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the leaf EO of S. buxifolia was composed of 33 components, with the main constituents being β‐carypphyllene (32.5%), and elixene (9.8%). The extracted oil possessed a fairly high free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), with an IC50 value of 190.7 μg/mL compared with positive control, α‐tocopherol, IC50 value of 42.6 μg/mL. The EO also exhibited thrombolytic activity: the percentage of inhibition was found to be 70.75% at 100 μL, in comparison with 87.2% for the positive control, streptokinase. For hemolytic activity, the percentage of inhibition of the EO was from 27.4% to 59.6% at concentrations from 10 to 100 μg/mL, respectively. The results of in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity indicated that the EO of S. buxifolia leaves effectively protects the heat‐induced denaturation, with an IC50 value of 40.25 μg/mL. The EO also exhibited antidiabetic potential, with IC50 values of 87.8 and 134.9 μg/mL against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, respectively. It is noteworthy that the potent biological activities of the obtained S. buxifolia oil increased in a dose‐dependent manner. The results achieved show that the EO of S. buxifolia leaves can be a potential source for oxidative stress, inflammatory, and diabetic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meistera tomrey, Zingiberaceae is a species native to Indochina. The present study reports the chemical compositions of essential oils extracted from the pseudostem and leaves of M tomrey. The results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed varying compositions of specific compounds in both the pseudostem and leaves. In the pseudostem, β-pinene accounted for 14.2% and 1,8-cineole for 13.5%. As for the leaves, β-pinene comprised 6.6% and 1,8-cineole 16.7%. α-Pinene represented 6.9% in the pseudostem and 4.6% in the leaves, while borneol contributed 4.6% in the pseudostem and 4.2% in the leaves. Additionally, (E)-caryophyllene constituted 3.6% in the pseudostem and 4.4% in the leaves, and (E)-nerolidol 3.5% in the pseudostem and 7.6% in the leaves. This is the first report on the chemical compositions of essential oil from M tomrey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ardisia sadirioides C. M. Hu & L. K. Phan (A. sadirioides) belongs to the Myrsinaceae family, which was first discovered and recorded in Central Vietnam in 2012. There have been no reports on the chemical constituents as well as the biological activity of A. sadirioides. This research aims to identify the chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil from the leaves of A. sadirioides. The chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of this species were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty compounds were identified corresponding to 93.38% of the oil content; the main compounds found in the essential oil included methyl salicylate (20.62%), palmitic acid (16.01%), and propylcyclopropane (4.94%). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells was investigated by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (nitric oxide, NO). The screening for anti-inflammatory activity showed that the essential oil had anti-inflammatory effect as measured by inhibition of NO production with an IC50 value of 19.13 ± 1.01 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pluchea eupatorioides Kurz, which belongs to the family Asteraceae, is known for its medicinal properties and has been traditionally used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of P. eupatorioides and evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-three volatile compounds were identified in P. eupatorioides essential oil, including β-caryophyllene (29.36%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (18.41%), α-isocomene (15.74%), and caryophyllene oxide (9.77%) as the major compounds. The antimicrobial activity of P. eupatorioides essential oil was investigated using a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results indicated that P. eupatorioides essential oil demonstrated effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 with a MIC of 100 µg/mL. Moreover, the essential oil was also found to be effective against Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, but with a slightly higher MIC of 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of P. eupatorioides essential oil was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging assays. The IC50 values calculated using the DPPH and ABTS assays were 164.2 and 136.1 µg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the P. eupatorioides essential oil could be used as a potential source of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries. This is the first report describing the chemical compositions, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of P. eupatorioides essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siliquamomum oreodoxa N.S. Lý & Škorničk is a species of the family Zingiberaceae and is currently only found in Vietnam. Information on the chemical components and antimicrobial activity of S. oreodoxa essential oil has not been reported in the literature. In this work, the potentiality of the essential oil of S. oreodoxa rhizomes against bacteria and fungi were investigated using antimicrobial bioassays. The chemical components of the plant essential oil were also determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of forty bioactive compounds represented 89.5% of the oil, the major components of which were β-pinene (31.25%), α-pinene (26.01%), 1,8-cineol (21.35%), α-limonene (4.66%), and γ-terpinene (4.39%). In the antibacterial test, the essential oil showed inhibitory activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 16 μg/mL, IC50 = 5.34 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 64 μg/mL, IC50 = 20.23 μg/mL), and Salmonella enterica (IC50 = 9.24 μg/mL), Candida albicans (IC50 = 9.27 μg/mL), Bacillus cereus (IC50 = 9.45 μg/mL), E. coli (IC50 = 9.76 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 = 12.45 μg/mL) at similar MIC value ≈ 32 μg/mL. These results encourage further experiments on biological effects and validation for the extract composition of other parts of S. oreodoxa, especially the essential oil compound, for functional food and drug development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium plants are known as sources of biologically active substances. The essential oils constituents and antimicrobial activity of Syzygium petelotii Merr. & Perry and Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & Perry from Vietnam are being reported. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of S. petelotii and S. syzygioides collected from Pù Hoạt Nature Reserve, Vietnam. The constituents of the essential oils were determined by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass (GC/MS) spectrometry methods. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The results indicate that γ-guaiene (24.1%), β-caryphyllene (9.3%), α-pinene (7.8%), and β-pinene (6.1%) were the major compounds of S. petelotii. The main constituents of S. syzygioides were caryophyllene oxide (14.8%), α-pinene (10.6%), β-pinene (6.6%) and spathulenol (6.4%). The essential oil of S. petelotii showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC299212, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 16.0 μg/mL and 64.0 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of S. syzygioides only displayed activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL. Both essential oils exhibited antimicrobial activity towards Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC value, 128.0 μg/mL), and anti-candidal action against Candida albicans ATCC10231 with MIC value of 64.0 μg/mL. The chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of S. petelotii and S. syzygioides are being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts from the leaves of Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. from Vietnam. According to gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the major constituents of K. globularia essential oil were β-elemene (25.48%), α-copaene (17.05%), β-caryophyllene (9.37%), and α-humulene (8.42%). The antioxidant activity of the samples was determined using DPPH and ABTS methods. In both assays, the polar subfraction of the methanolic extract showed better antioxidative capacity than the nonpolar subfraction and the essential oil. In addition, the amounts of total phenol value in the polar subfraction and the nonpolar subfraction were determined to be 113.84 μg/mg and 47.52 μg/mg, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the essential oil and methanol extracts of K. globularia possess significant antioxidant activities and may be a new potential source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils from the leaves of Alphonsea monogyma Merr. & Chun and Goniothalamus banii B. H. Quang, R. K. Choudhary & V. T. Chinh from Vietnam were obtained by hydrodisitllation and the chemical components determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antimicrobial assay was conducted by microdilution broth method. The respective yields of the essential oils were 0.18% (v/w) and 0.355% (v/w), respectively. The major components of A. monogyma were (E)- caryophyllene (13.8%), δ-cadinene (12.5%), bicyclogermacrene (12.4%), cis-ß-elemene (12.1%), and germacrene D (11.4%). However, myrcene (47.1%), a-pinene (9.7%) and (E)-caryophyllene (9.1%) were the dominant constituents of the essential oil of G. banii. The leaf essential oil of A. monogyma displayed potent antimicrobial activity towards the Gram-positive microorganisms of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.23 µg/mL, 10.45 µg/mL and 10.33 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, essential oil from G. banii exhibited the most effective antibacterial against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 (MIC 5.67 µg/mL), and anti-candidal action towards Candida albicans ATCC10231 (MIC 32.67 µg/mL). The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of A. monogyma and G. banii were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia hongiaoensis is one of the newly discovered species that belong to the Zingiberaceae family. This study's purpose is to identify the chemical constituents of the essential oils extracted from the leaves and rhizomes of A. hongiaoensis using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A total of sixty-nine compounds were identified in both oils. There are forty-nine components were determined in the leaf oil. Among them, β-pinene (21.2%), aristolochene (11.32%), methyl trans-cinnamate (10.83%), β-selinene (9.44%), and valencene (5.48%) were the main compounds. Meanwhile, fifty compounds were identified in the rhizome oil. The major constituents of the rhizome oil of A. hongiaoensis were β-pinene (28.4%), followed by limonene (10.85%), α-pinene (9.76%), camphene (6.59%), and methyl trans-cinnamate (5.78%). To the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the study of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of A. hongiaoensis in the literature. Therefore, this study provided the first glance at the chemical compositions of essential oils prepared from A. hongiaoensis leaves and rhizomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siliquamomum oreodoxa and Curcuma thorelii in the family Zingiberaceae are two new species native to Vietnam. In the present work, volatile composition of essential oils (EOs) from leaves of the two plant species and their antimicrobial activities were reported for the first time. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical results revealed that the major constituents of the S. oreodoxa leaf EO were α-pinene (39.23%), β-pinene (26.34%), myrtenyl acetate (8.24%), and limonene (7.85%). The results also showed the C. thorelii EO was predominantly composed of β-pinene (21.58%) and caryophyllene (14.26%). In the antimicrobial assay, the two EOs were found to possess strong antimicrobial activities against multiple pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 32 and 128 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: The essential oils (EOs) of Curcuma species contain various volatile compounds with bioactivity. However, the phytochemical profile of Curcuma thorelii and the antimicrobial activities of Curcuma rhabdota, and Curcuma petiolata have received limited attention. This study aims to characterize and compare the major compounds and the antimicrobial activities of EOs extracted from the rhizomes of C. rhabdota, C. thorelii, and C. petiolata collected in Vietnam. Methods: EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation of the rhizomes of three Curcuma species. The chemical profiles were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activities against bacteria and a pathogenic fungus were determined through the broth dilution method. Results: The volatile profiles of C. rhabdota, C. thorelii, and C. petiolata EOs included 63 (97.1%), 47 (98.0%), and 50 (95.6%) compounds, respectively. The major compound in the EO of C. rhabdota rhizomes was 3-carene (16.6%), followed by camphene (9.8%), α-copaene (7.4%), γ-terpinene (7.3%), camphor (5.9%), and β-curcumene (5.7%). The predominant compounds of the EO extracted from C. thorelii rhizome were xanthorrhizol (40.7%), β-curcumene (20.7%), and α-curcumene (8.9%), while camphene (17.0%), (E)-β-elemenone (16.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (13.6%), germacrone (8.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.2%), and camphor (6.0%) were the most abundant components in C. petiolata rhizomes. Except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was less susceptible to the EOs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 128 μg/mL, the three oil samples exhibited potent antimicrobial activities against all investigated strains with MIC values in the range of 2-32 μg/mL. Especially, the EO of C. thorelii rhizomes showed intense activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with a MIC value of 2 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results showed the chemical variability of EOs from three Curcuma species and the prepared EO samples showed potent antimicrobial activities against several microbial strains, indicating a high potential application as a food preservative and in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils (EOs) of the aerial parts of four Asarum species (A. geophilum, A. yentunensis, A. splendens and A. cordifolium) were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by the GC/MS method. The A. cordifolium EO contains 33 constituents with the main component being elemicine (77.20%). The A. geophilum EO was contains 49 constituents with the main components being determined as 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (18.43%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (13.41%), β-caryophyllene (8.05%) and phytol (7.23%). The A. yentunensis EO contains 26 constituents with the main components being safrole (64.74%) and sesquicineole (15.34%). The EO of A. splendens contains 41 constituents with the main components being 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (15.76%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (14.21%), β-caryophyllene (9.52%) and trans-bicyclogermacrene (7.50%). For antimicrobial activity, the A. yentunensis EO exhibited the highest inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the A. cordifolium EO against Bacillus subtillis (MIC values of 100 μg/mL). For antioxidant activity, the A. geophilum EO showed the highest potential with an SC (%) value of 63.34 ± 1.0%, corresponding to an SC50 value of 28.57 µg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activity, the A. splendens EO exhibited the highest potential with an IC50 value of 21.68 µg/mL, corresponding to an inhibition rate of NO production of 69.58 ± 1.3% and the percentage of cell life was 81.85 ± 0.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC., Tridax procumbens (L.) L., and Ageratum houstonianum Mill., of Asteraceae family grown in Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodisitllation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were measured by the microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The main compounds of B. lacera were germacrene D (25.5%), 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (20.6%), β-caryophyllene (17.9%), thymol methyl ether (6.3%). T. procumbens afforded essential oil whose major constituent was β-pinene (13.4%), while germacrene D (21.3%), α-pinene (19.0%), and β-caryophyllene (8.9%) constitute the bulk of A. houstenianum essential oil. The leaf essential oils of A. houstenianum collected in August (MIC, 8.0 μg/mL) and B. lacera (MIC, 16.0 μg/mL) were the most active against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, with corresponding IC50 values of 4.00 μg/mL and 5.67 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of T. procumbens exhibited the most potent activity towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL and IC50 values of 12.45 μg/mL and 7.89 μg/mL, respectively. Also, both A. houstenianum essential oils collected in August and April displayed antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with MIC values of of 64.0 μg/mL (IC50, 21.45 μg/mL) and 32.0 μg/mL and (IC50, 15.22 μg/mL). Both B. lacera and T. procumbens showed anti-candidal property with MIC value of 16.0 μg/mL, as well as IC50 values of 5.69 μg/mL and 8.66 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils from the leaves of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas and Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilg. from Vietnam were obtained by hydrodisitllation and the chemical components determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Also the microdilution broth assay was used to test the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. The yield of the essential oil was 0.22% (v/w). The major components of F. hodginsii were α-pinene (73.2%), limonene (10.3%), myrcene (4.1%) and β-pinene (2.6%). Amentotaxus argotaenia feature essential oil with α-pinene (20.4%), δ-cadinene (7.8%) and β-selinene (7.6%) as main compounds. The leaf essential oil of F. hodginsii displayed potent antimicrobial activity towards the Gram-positive microorganisms of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 32.0 μg/mL and 64.0 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of A. argotaenia showed activity against E. faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 with MIC value of 64.0 μg/mL; as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC, 32.0 μg/mL). Additionally, the essential oil of A. argotaenia exhibited the most anti-candidal action towards Candida albicans ATCC 10231 with MIC value of 32.0 μg/mL. The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of F. hodginsii were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to identify the volatile compounds of essential oils found in the rhizomes and leaves of Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep. This is the first phytochemical investigation of this species. Essential oils from the rhizomes and leaves of Z. monophyllum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-three compounds accounting for 90.9% of the rhizome oils were identified, while there were seventeen volatile components corresponding to 91.8% in the leaf oil. The major constituents of rhizome and leaf oils were β-pinene (44.9% and 29.8%), borneol (5.2% and 3.1%), α-pinene (4.1% and 1.8%), and myrtenal (3.2% and 4.0%). However, larger amounts of dihydroedulan I (21.7%), n-hexadecanol (7.0%), and α-copaene (6.5%) were found in the leaf oil only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, essential oils from the leaves and stems of Schisandra perulata Gagnep. from Vietnam were reported for their chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the broth microdilution assay was used to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. This study indicates the presence of a high percentage of sesquiterpenes in both the leaf and stem essential oils of S. perulata. The major constituents of the leaf essential oil were β-elemene (18.34%), γ-cadinene (12.26%), α-zingiberene (10.87%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.53%), whereas those of stem essential oil were α-copaene (15.63%), β-elemene (11.84%), γ-cadinene (8.67%), α-cadinol (5.67%) and α-zingiberene (5.46%). The antimicrobial study depicted by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that the leaf and stem essential oils were active against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 200 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Both leaf and stem essential oils possessed good activity against Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC value of 100 μg/mL. However, only stem essential oil inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus with a MIC value of 200 μg/mL. In general, the results are an indication of the potential of S. perulata essential oils as a source of antimicrobial agents. In addition, the chemical components and antimicrobial activity of the S. perulata leaf essential oil are reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils of two Asteraceae plants Blumea riparia DC. and Pluchea pteropoda Hemsl. ex Hemsl., collected from Vietnam, have been studied by hydro-distillation and GC/MS-FID (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-flame ionization detector) analysis. Oil yields of B. riparia fresh leaves and twigs were in the range of 0.1–0.2%, whereas essential oil in the fresh aerial parts of P. pteropoda reached about 0.5%. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the main chemical classes in the essential oils of B. riparia. The leaves and twigs of this species gave essential oils containing germacrene D (33.6-42.6%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (11.2-11.6%), and bicyclogermacrene (9.3-12.1%) as the major components. Oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons achieved the highest amounts in the essential oil of P. pteropoda aerial parts; 2,5-dimethoxy- p -cymene (43.5%), β-maaliene (14.0%), and α-isocomene (9.0%) were characteristic compounds. Particularly, as compared with related Blumea and Pluchea species, B. riparia and P. pteropoda, collected from Vietnam, might be good sources of germacrene D and 2,5-dimethoxy- p -cymene, respectively. The essential oil of B. riparia leaf successfully controlled the growth of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, with an MIC value of 50.0 µg/mL, and the essential oil of P. pteropoda aerial parts showed significant antimicrobial activity against the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the yeast Candida albicans, with the same MIC value of 50.0 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports for the first time the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the leaves of Phoebe macrocarpa C. Y. Wu. The yield of the essential oil was 0.28% (w/w). The essential oil features monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.3%), oxygenated monoterpenes (2.8%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (31.9%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (46.0%). The major compounds of the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (16.6%) and spathulenol (12.6%). The essential oil showed moderate antimicrobial activity towards Enterococcus faecalis ATCC299212 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 128 µg/mL, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 256 µg/mL) and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC 1280 µg/mL). The essential oil did not display anti-candidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum (Xao tam phan), found mostly in South Vietnam, is a herbal medicine traditionally used for liver protection ability and dermatologic diseases. Recent studies showed that different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from P. trimera exhibited many interesting bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. However, research on the chemical profile and bioactivities of essential oil from the peels of this species has been limited. Therefore, this study aims to determine the chemical composition of this product and examine its anticancer and antibacterial activities. Phytochemical profile of the essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Indeed, twenty-four constituents were characterized; of which sesquiterpenes dominated the profile, with three major compounds: β-caryophyllene (19.09%), α-humulene (24.81%), and trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene (24.84%). P. trimera peel essential oil also contained potent inhibitory effects against six clinical multidrug-resistant bacterial strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This extract showed the strongest activity against two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 256 µg/mL for both, followed by 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 2 strains of Salmonella sp. with MIC values of 384, 480 and 512 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, P. trimera peel essential oil displayed strong cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner against liver HepG2 cancer cells, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration of 21 µg/mL. This preliminary result suggested the potential bioactivities of P. trimera peel essential oil and can be helpful for further investigation to develop an phytomedicine-based therapy for cancer and infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of essential oils isolated from the leaf and stem of Piper albispicum C. DC. were reported. The main compounds of the leaf essential oil were chavicol acetate (16.3%), bicyclogermacrene (13.8%), sabinene (8.6%), b-pinene (7.7%) and a-pinene (7.3%). On the other hand b-pinene (15.6%), a-pinene (14.6%) and bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) were the significant compounds of the stem essential oil. The leaf oil displayed the best antimicrobial activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 5.82 µg/mL. Both essential oils exhibited similar activities against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC299212 (MIC's, 9.07 µg/mL and 9.81 µg/mL, respectively) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC's, 10.66 µg/mL and 10.91 µg/mL, respectively). However, the stem oil exhibited pronounced activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579, with MIC values of 10.22 µg/mL and 10. 44 µg/mL, respectively. However, the studied essential oils did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enterica ATCC13076. This is the first report on the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of P. albispicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Alseodaphne velutina Chev. (Lauraceae) were investigated for the first time from Viet Nam. Leaf essential oil was hydrodistilled and analysed by GC and GC-MS that totally identified 32 terpenoid compounds (accouting for 89.18% of the total oil) with β-patchoulene (25.74%) and β-caryophyllene (12.81%) as two major sesquiterpene hydrocarbons compounds. The antioxidant potential of leaf essential oil was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and revealed a moderate-to-high activity comparable with already known antioxidant standard Trolox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the prevention of epidemic and pandemic emerging and neglected viral infections, natural products are an important source of lead compounds. Hornstedtia bella Škorničkis is a rhizomatous herb growing in the forest of central Vietnam. Hornstedtia bella essential oil (Hb EO) was recently characterised by our group as endowed of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-Resistant strains. Here, we describe for the first time the evaluation of Hb EO against a spectrum of viruses responsible for important human diseases. Hb EO resulted active against Vaccinia virus (VV) (EC50 values 80 μg/mL), closely related to variola virus, causative agent of smallpox. Hb EO was able to strongly reduce the viral VV titer in cell-based assay at not cytotoxic concentration and its potential mode of action was characterised by virucidal activity evaluation followed by time-of-addition assay. Furthermore, Hb EO antiviral activity was implemented in a combination study with the mycophenolic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the volatile compounds from rhizomes and leaves of Newmania sontraensis. The constituents of essential oil from the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-one compounds were identified in the rhizomes compared to the leaves which showed thirty-two volatile compounds corresponding to 83.28 % and 76.41 % of the oil content, respectively. The chemical composition of the rhizome oil was characterized by hydrocarbon monoterpenes accounting for 36.26 %. The major compounds found in the rhizome oil included β-pinene (22.41%), 1,8-cineole (8.32 %), bicyclogermacrene (6.94 %), α-terpinyl acetate (5.74 %), α-pinene (5.71 %), and camphene (5.58 %). Meanwhile, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main compounds found in the leaf oil accounting for 54.18 %. Bicyclogermacrene (14.60 %), δ-elemene (9.89 %), β-elemene (7.26 %), and α-terpinyl acetate (4.27 %) were determined to be the main components found in leaf oil. This was the first report on the chemical constituents of essential oils from rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil from the leaves of Vitex axillariflora (Merr.) Bramley distributed in Sao La Nature Reserve - Quang Nam was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main chemical constituents of the essential oil were (E)-β-caryophyllene (54.3 %), α-humulene (15.6 %), bicyclogermacrene (7.9 %) and α-copaene (3.3 %). For the first time, the chemical composition of Vitex axillariflora (Merr.) Bramley was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep. is a plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, widely distributed in Asian countries like China, Thailand, India and Vietnam. In traditional oriental medicine, this plant is usually used to treat hemorrhage, heavy menstruation, poor digestion, rheumatism and bone / joint pain (tuberous roots). For the first time, the essential oils from the leaves and the rhizomes of S. thorelii collected in Vietnam were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and investigated for their in vitro anti-microbacterial activity against several Gram (+) / (-) bacteria, fungi and yeast. A total of twenty and thirty components were detected accounting for 81.5 % and 95.5 % of the rhizome and leaf oils, respectively. These volatile compounds were identified as a complex of monoterpene fractions (14.2 % / 9.4 %) and mainly sesquiterpenes (60.0 % / 63.9 %) respectively. The most abundant sesquiterpenes in rhizome were found to be α-copaene (32.2 %) and (-)-allo-aromadendrene (11.3 %) while these compounds in leaves were identified only as 5.0 % and 5.3 %, respectively. In the antibacterial tests, the rhizome oil at MIC 150-200 μg/ml exhibited distinct activity against the Gram (+) bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungi Aspergillus niger. While the oil obtained from leaves at MIC 200 μg/ml showed inhibitory activity against B. subtillis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]