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This study collected ten treated wastewater samples from Vinh Long General Hospital to determine their physicochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties. All treated wastewater samples collected during the monitoring periods complied with national regulations. In addition, these samples did not contain bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae. The investigation yielded a total of 25 Escherichia coli isolates. The E. coli isolates exhibied highest antibiotic resistance rate to ampicillin (100%), followed by ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cefazolin (96%, 92%, and 92%, respectively). The resistance rate to fosfomycin was 88%, whereas 80% of the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The resistance rate to gentamicin was 72%, whereas that to imipenem and tetracycline was 52%. In addition, 44% isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 32% of isolates were colistin-resistant. Among analyzed isolates, three were resistant to 10 of 11 tested antibiotics but only displayed intermediate resistance to imipenems (carbapenems). Surprisingly, 23 out of 25 isolates showed a positive ESBL phenotype. Eleven of them had both the bla TEM and bla CTX-M-1 group structural genes, while twelve only had the bla CTX-M-1 group gene. Furthermore, none of the isolated E. coli isolates exhibited the bla SHV gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin exceeded 4 μg/mL in 8 out of 25 (32%) isolates. Seven of eight isolates (87.5%) carried the mcr-1 gene, while one (12.5%) carried the mcr-8 gene. None of the other mcr (mcr-2 to mcr-9) genes were found., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Fate modelling of artificial radionuclides (ARs) in top soils are necessary to assess the radiological effects to population. Among ARs, 137 Cs, 90 Sr and 131 I are very important since the large abundances in the environment. In this study, the fates of 137 Cs, 90 Sr and 131 I in the surface soil layers were simulated by the soil model which was developed by the Canadian Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry (CEMC). The scenario that 137 Cs, 90 Sr and 131 I contaminated in topsoil in the exclusion of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) accident was evaluated. The results show the expected time for the minimum hazardous level of exposure. It is 115.5 days after the exposure, when the total effective dose is 1 mSv y -1 in which 0.46 mSv y -1 from ingestion and 0.54 mSv y -1 from gamma exposure. Hazard levels due to exposure progresses are varied in order gamma exposure (82.14%) > ingestion (17.47%) > inhalation (0.39%). The hazard levels from radionuclides are varied in order 137 Cs (63.34%) >  131 I (33.48%) >  90 Sr (3.18%)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Viet Nam has high modern contraceptive prevalence (68%), with most services received through the public sector. As the country transitions to middle-income status, Viet Nam's donors have ceased donations of contraceptive supplies, causing a large projected shortfall in the family planning budget. In response, the Ministry of Health has decided to prioritize free or subsidized contraceptives for poor and vulnerable groups, while enhancing social marketing and sales of contraceptives in the free market. To support planning for this "total market approach", a descriptive exploratory study was conducted with 38 public and private sector family planning stakeholders to gain their perceptions of the proposals. There was a high level of support for government leadership of public-private coordination and stewardship of the entire family planning system. Key information gaps were identified regarding how the reforms can promote equitable access to family planning and financial sustainability in pricing. The government's experience with this transition may yield valuable guidance for other settings., (Copyright © 2010 Reproductive Health Matters. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)