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The location of magnetic north has changed significantly during times relevant to historical archaeologists. To accurately locate sites of archaeological interest mentioned in old land surveys, which used magnetic compass bearings, alignment of those old surveys with true (geographic) north is required. This paper describes the method for doing this and provides an archaeological example of this approach for refining the locations of 17th-century wooden palisades in Williamsburg, Virginia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the dismantling of the Nanziattico nation by Virginia colonists between 1704 to 1706, particularly focusing upon what is termed Native dispossession, enslavement, and land seizure. It also examines how English colonists attempted to suppress records of their actions toward Nanziatticos. The article also discusses the history of native-colonial relations including the Powhatan Wars of the 18th century.

The article presents responses to critiques and evaluations of the authors' essays "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia" and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," which appeared elsewhere in the issue. It considers the authors' academic collaboration and responds to omissions in their essays, which focus on slavery in colonial Virginia and British protection of the Chesapeake Bay region's tobacco trade. Scholars addressed include Peter A. Coclanis, Lorena S. Walsh, and April Lee Hatfield.

The article presents a response to the articles "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia," by John C. Coombs and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," by Douglas Bradburn, which appear in the issue. It considers the scholars' response to the book "The Economy of British America," by historians John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard. Topics include transatlantic politics, slavery, and the tobacco trade in colonial Virginia.

An essay is presented in response to the articles "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia," by John C. Coombs and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," by Douglas Bradburn, which appear in the issue. It focuses on Virginia's colonial governing body the Council of State, commenting on its role in introducing slavery and in establishing British protection for Virginia's tobacco trade.

The article presents a response to the articles "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia," by John C. Coombs and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," by Douglas Bradburn, published elsewhere in the issue. It examines Coombs' argument concerning slavery in seventeenth century Virginia and Blackburn's argument concerning British state power in the Chesapeake Bay region's colonial tobacco trade. The work of the group of historians known as the Chesapeake School is also considered.

The article presents a response to the articles "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia," by John C. Coombs and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," by Douglas Bradburn, which appear elsewhere in the issue. It examines these historians' analysis of the Chesapeake Bay region's tobacco trade and slave labor. Topics considered include Virginia's political economy, Virginia planters, and the approach of Atlantic history.

The article presents a response to the articles "The Phases of Conversion: A New Chronology for the Rise of Slavery in Early Virginia," by John C. Coombs and "The Visible Fist: The Chesapeake Tobacco Trade in War and the Purpose of Empire, 1690-1715," by Douglas Bradburn, published in the issue. It examines the historiography of the Chesapeake Bay region, commenting on historians known as the Chesapeake School. Bradburn and Coombs' focus on elites and subregional issues within their studies on slavery and the tobacco trade is considered.

An essay on the development of slavery in seventeenth century Virginia is presented, focusing on chronology. The author examines the spread of slave ownership among the Virginia gentry, particularly among members of the governing body the Council of State. Other topics considered include English trade with Africa, Virginians' ties to English merchants, and the accessibility of Virginians to slaves through Dutch trade.

This article examines how Jamestown, Virginia, celebrated its 400th anniversary and the historical issues raised by the events. Queen Elizabeth of England attended the celebrations and notions of democracy, empire, nation and history were debated. The authors analyzes notions of empire and nation in early America through the lens of cultural history. The interconnectedness of peoples during this era undermines the conventional, simplistic notions of history celebrated at the Jamestown event. A brief overviews of the historiography of early America is also presented.

The article discusses the development of culture with the origins of colonial Virginia and Maryland and how culture from the old world was transplanted in the new. The author focuses on three case studies discussing Native American agriculture, the building of houses and farm buildings, and the creation of towns. The author states that improvisation replaced tradition and received wisdom as colonists struggled to survive.

The article presents information on the lives of three Sephardi Jews who were physicians in the colonial United States. The article focuses on the Williamsburg, Virginia physician John de Sequeyra and compares his life story to those of physicians Samuel Nunes Ribiero and Jacob Lumbrozo. The article provides information on the general events that led Sephardi Jews to come to the colonial U.S. and traces the family history of de Sequeyra. The article explores the social conditions in Virginia in they year of his arrival, 1745. His notes reveal that he had an interest in medicine beyond just treating patients and in caring for General George Washington's step-daughter it is clear he held some prominence in the community.

The author humorously reflects on his mother's adoration for Colonial America. He recalls a childhood trip to Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, remembering his mother's interest in the town and how this prompted her to throw a colonial-themed party called a "payback party." This event involved rooms decorated in the theme of the Boston Tea Party, Constitution Hall, and Governor's Palace and serving food such as salt mackerel, pickled cabbage, and rice pudding.

Discusses the development of livestock husbandry in Chesapeake, Virginia during the 17th century. Purpose of English colonists in Virginia for rewarding cattle to native Americans that presented them with several wolves' heads; Discovery that prompted colonists to raise livestock in Chesapeake; Problems encountered in raising livestock; Outcome of implementing free-range husbandry in the area.

Traces the legislative activities of George Mason IV in behalf of religious liberty in revolutionary Virginia in the 1770s. Contributions to the drafting of Article XVI of the Virginia Declaration of Rights; Initiatives raised in late 1776 and 1779; Involvement in the disestablishment struggle of the mid-1780s.

Attempts to seek a way of seeing some Afro-Americans in slavery and servitude as confidence men in the early colonial history of the United States. Social and economic status of fugitive slaves; Role of the Mid-Atlantic colonies in developing the capitalist concept on slavery; Analysis on some of the runaway advertisements to discern the acts of cultural hybridization of the Afro-Americans.

Presents a letter written by a Virginia slave in 1723, protesting against slavery and providing insights into the conditions of slave life. Date written; Wording and writing style adopted by the writer; Writer's grasp of the English language.