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Spatially disaggregate models are required to account for non-motorized trips (walk and bicycle) as inter-zonal trips. However, models are developed at census defined ward level with inter-zonal distance being relatively more than the average walking and bicycling distance in cities. As a result, a large proportion of non-motorized transport (NMT) trips are counted as intra-zonal trips and therefore NMT trips are not included in mode choice and trip assignment steps. One of the major limitations in developing spatially disaggregate models is availability of data at finer scales. In Visakhapatnam 3062 enumeration blocks (EB) were demarcated for conducting census survey in 2011 that contain demographic data. Of these, spatial information is available for only 49% of the total EBs. This study aims to disaggregate city population at spatially finer level than wards so as to account for maximum NMT trips as inter-zonal trips. In the study, the spatially finer zones are termed as non-motorized traffic analysis zones (NMT-TAZ). For the city area with missing data, 634 NMT-TAZ boundaries are defined based on the Google Earth imageries (2010), road profile (2011), ward boundaries (2011) and natural boundaries. To disaggregate population, four methods are applied and tested on the available dataset – equal weighing technique, zonal classification based weighing technique, global regression and regional regression. Based on the residual statistics, it is concluded that regional regression method outperforms the other three methods at both NMT-TAZ and ward level. Regional regression provides more accurate estimates in high population density wards as compared to low population density wards. The model shows that local and collector road density, number of residential units and available built up area in NMT-TAZ have significant and positive impact on population count. The population at NMT-TAZ level for the city area with missing data is estimated using regional regression resulting in under prediction of total population of the region by 10% that is adjusted with respect to the error obtained at ward level. The use of small size NMT-TAZ helps in accounting for 83% of the total walk trips as inter-zonal trips as compared to only 17% when ward boundaries are used as TAZ. The method is useful in estimating population at spatially finer scale in case of limited data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of emissions and energy consumption by vehicular fleet in India are not backed by reliable values of parameters, leading to large uncertainties. We report new methods, including primary surveys and secondary data sources, to estimate in-use fleet size, annual mileage (kilometers per year), and fuel efficiency of cars and motorised two-wheelers (MTW) for Delhi, and except fleet size and annual mileage of cars, for Visakhapatnam and Rajkot. We estimated that the official number of registered cars and MTW in Indian cities is more than two times the actual number of in-use vehicles. The private vehicular fleet in India is the youngest, its fuel efficiency one of the highest, and annual kilometers travelled is the lowest, compared to many high-income countries, such as the USA and those in European Union. Along with high renewal rate of fleet, the data suggest that it is possible for India to have one of the most fuel-efficient vehicle fleets in the world in the future, if fuel-efficiency standards and fiscal policies to contain growing dieselization are implemented in the country at the earliest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]