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This paper examines the public dialogues used in the wilderness designation effort on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington state, USA, to either support or negate the designation. Conflict in the concept of wilderness sprouts from incompatible philosophies of broader human-nature relationships. The concept of “wilderness” in the USA, as embedded in the 1964 Wilderness Act, reflects how the pro-designation community interprets humankind’s relationship to nature and the physical landscapes protected under the Wilderness Act are managed to reflect that community's’ understanding of nature. Conflicts arise when other communities perceive their own understandings of nature to be threatened by the concept of wilderness and the constraints it places on activities in the protected area. Using this case study of Wilderness Area designation on the Olympic Peninsula, this paper demonstrates how different sides of a conflict over wilderness legislation use cultural narratives to dominate the public dialogues surrounding wilderness. Actors in the debate seek to create a story of powerlessness and use this as a tool to legitimize their claim that nature and heritage are at risk. The case study is placed within the broader literature on political ecology and the complex role wilderness plays in American identity and heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the environmental and cultural aspects of archaeological sites on the shoreline of northern Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, including through referencing archaeological assemblages and lithic remains of Northwest Coast indigenous peoples. An overview of the sea level history of northern Olympic Peninsula, including the sea's higher than modern sea levels during the mid Holocene period, is provided.

A small fossil sand crab carapace collected from early Eocene shallow water marine strata of the Crescent Formation exposed at Crescent Bay, Clallam County, Washington State, represents a new genus and species, Sklallamia buchanani. The carapace of S. buchanani is nearly as long as wide, is almost equally convex when viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, or laterally with smooth carapace grooves and a low median ridge, has a narrow front with anterior margins that are broadly convex on either side of the lateral margins of the ocular sinus, with broad, short ocular spines and a broad, short rostrum. This is the first confirmed fossil record of the family Albuneidae from the Pacific Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present evidence that the Seattle fault zone of Washington State extends to the west edge of the Puget Lowland and is kinematically linked to active faults that border the Olympic Massif, including the Saddle Mountain deformation zone. Newly acquired highresolution seismic reflection and marine magnetic data suggest that the Seattle fault zone extends west beyond the Seattle Basin to form a >100-km-long active fault zone. We provide evidence for a strain transfer zone, expressed as a broad set of faults and folds connecting the Seattle and Saddle Mountain deformation zones near Hood Canal. This connection provides an explanation for the apparent synchroneity of M7 earthquakes on the two fault systems ~1100 yr ago. We redefi ne the boundary of the Tacoma Basin to include the previously termed Dewatto basin and show that the Tacoma fault, the southern part of which is a backthrust of the Seattle fault zone, links with a previously unidentifi ed fault along the western margin of the Seattle uplift. We model this northsouth fault, termed the Dewatto fault, along the western margin of the Seattle uplift as a low-angle thrust that initiated with exhumation of the Olympic Massif and today accommodates north-directed motion. The Tacoma and Dewatto faults likely control both the southern and western boundaries of the Seattle uplift. The inferred strain transfer zone linking the Seattle fault zone and Saddle Mountain deformation zone defi nes the northern margin of the Tacoma Basin, and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone forms the northwestern boundary of the Tacoma Basin. Our observations and model suggest that the western portions of the Seattle fault zone and Tacoma fault are complex, require temporal variations in principal strain directions, and cannot be modeled as a simple thrust and/or backthrust system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the installation of a new broadband seismic station near the Pacific coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network recorded elevated background seismic noise at periods exceeding 30 s. We observed power spectral density variations of about 15-20 dB in the horizontal-component seismograms between times of high and low noise, and differences of up to about 25 dB between the horizontal and vertical components during noisy intervals. The amplitude of the signal at long periods exhibited clear correlations with cyclic daytime fluctuations of air temperature and wind speed. Our observations provided measurable evidence that the variations of the local atmospheric pressure field associated with local wind systems represents an effective source of ground displacements and rotations. The rotational component of the pressure-field-induced motion is recorded by horizontal-component seismometers that, below their low-frequency corner, are sensitive to surface tilts. The response of seismometers to ground rotations is characterized by a transfer function, which we use to estimate the amplitude of tilt. We measured a pressure-field-induced surface tilt of the order of several tenths of μrad. Based on simple modeling, tilt contamination is expected to attenuate rapidly with depth and to become negligible just a few hundreds of meters below the surface. Removal of this unwanted effect from seismograms remains a challenging task as the details of tilting depend on the nonstationary character of the pressure field, the compliance of the near surface to pressure variations, and the design and construction of the seismic station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) were a group of extinct wing-propelled marine birds that are known from Paleogene-aged sediments (Eocene to Miocene), mostly around the Pacific Rim (especially Japan and the northwest coast of North America). While these birds exhibit a strikingly similar wing morphology to penguins (Spheniscidae), they also share derived characters with pelecaniform birds that are absent in penguins and exhibit apparently superficial similarities with auks (Alcidae: Charadriiformes). Despite quite an abundant fossil record, these birds have been little studied, and in particular their functional morphology remains little understood. Here we present osteological overviews of specimens from the northwest coast of Washington state (USA). We give an amended diagnosis for the well-represented North American genus, Tonsala Olson, 1980, describe a new large species, and examine the functional morphology of plotopterids showing that the ratio of humeral strength to femoral strength is quite low in one well-represented species Tonsala buchanani sp.nov., relative to both extant penguins and alcids. While the femoral strength of Tonsala buchanani is 'penguin-grade', its humeral strength is more 'alcid-grade'. These results have implications for understanding the mode-of-locomotion of these extinct marine birds. Although not related to Spheniscidae, our descriptions and functional results suggest that Tonsala buchanani sustained similar loads in walking, but slightly lower humeral loads during swimming, than a modern penguin. This suggests a swimming mode that is more similar to living alcids, than to the highly-specialised locomotor strategy of living and fossil penguins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on how to fish for bass. The author describes his experience of being an English professor who goes on a morning fishing trip at his sister-in-law's house on Mason Lake in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. He discusses his capture of a bass that is nicknamed Walter by his sister-in-law, Candy, and an embarrassing errant cast of his fishing lure.

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.) is an important North American tree species, but little information is available on its long-term responses to silvicultural treatments. Stand responses (mortality, ingrowth, basal area and volume growth, and distributions of trees by diameter and height classes) were followed for 25 years after thinning and fertilization treatments (alone and in combination) were applied to a naturally regenerated, low site quality western redcedar stand on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA. Mortality was low overall, but the densest stands experienced competition-related mortality. Thinning resulted in additional stem recruitment; after 25 years, the number of ingrowth trees exceeded the number of trees in the cohort left after thinning. Fertilization (with nitrogen and phosphorus) flattened size distributions and skewed them to larger size classes. Thinning plus fertilization resulted in the largest individual trees and the most large trees, but also many trees in a wide range of diameter classes. The recruitment of a second cohort did not result in a two-storied stand. Fertilization without thinning resulted in the greatest stand basal area and volume, as well as trees with fewer live lower branches. Le thuya géant (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.) est une espèce d'arbre importante en Amérique du Nord, mais peu d'informations sont disponibles concernant sa réaction à long terme aux traitements sylvicoles. Les réactions à l'échelle du peuplement (la mortalité, le recrutement, la croissance en surface terrière et en volume, ainsi que la distribution des arbres par classes de diamètre et de hauteur) ont été mesurées pendant la période de 25 ans qui a suivi l'application de traitements d'éclaircie et de fertilisation (seuls ou combinés) dans un peuplement de thuya géant naturellement régénéré sur une station de faible qualité de la presqu'île Olympique dans l'ouest de l'État de Washington, aux tats-Unis. La mortalité était globalement faible, mais les peuplements les plus denses ont subi une mortalité induite par la compétition. L'éclaircie a provoqué le recrutement additionnel de nouveaux arbres; après 25 ans, le nombre d'arbres recrutés dépassait le nombre d'arbres de la cohorte laissée après l'éclaircie. La fertilisation (avec de l'azote et du phosphore) a aplani la distribution de la taille des arbres tout en l'étirant vers les classes constituées des plus gros arbres. La combinaison de l'éclaircie et de la fertilisation a produit les plus gros individus et la plus grande quantité de gros arbres, mais aussi plusieurs arbres distribués dans une large gamme de classes de diamètre. Le recrutement d'une deuxième cohorte n'a pas créé un peuplement bi-étagé. La fertilisation sans éclaircie a produit les plus grandes valeurs de surface terrière et de volume de même que des arbres avec le moins de branches vivantes dans le bas de la cime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conserving the natural ecology of an area through environmental restrictions has become increasingly common. The harvest limitations on national forests in the habitat of the Northern Spotted Owl in the 1990s are a well-known example. The controversy that ensued with this listing quickly became framed as one of jobs versus the environment, a contention that often characterizes conservation efforts. This contention is closely tied to export-based economic theory which assumes that a rural area''s natural resource commodity base is the most important factor in economic development and community well-being. However, other factors could impact well-being including a prior period of industrial restructuring, the presence of minorities, and mitigating factors such as increasing educational attainment, retirement migration and commuting patterns. Focusing on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, I use panel regression to examine the power of indicators of these different factors to explain poverty and unemployment rates on the peninsula in 2000. Industrial restructuring and the presence of minorities are the only significant explanatory variables for poverty. The presence of minorities is the only significant variable for unemployment rates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Flowering sex ratios of dioecious plants are commonly male-biased but rarely female-biased. While greater costs of reproduction from females have been repeatedly demonstrated and explain male biases, male reproductive costs almost never exceed female costs, making the origins of female biases enigmatic. I investigated the seagrasses Phyllospadix scouleri and P. serrulatus (surfgrasses), which have some of the most extreme female-biased sex ratios documented (>90% female), to identify the mechanisms driving sex ratio bias. I developed sex-linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and applied them to three P. scouleri life stages at four sites to determine when during the life cycle sex ratio bias arises. Sex ratios were even among seedlings but became more female-biased at later life stages, indicating that sex ratios were driven by male-biased mortality. To identify when during the life cycle sex ratio bias developed, I examined sex differences in survival among seedlings and three aspects of reproductive costs that could potentially generate biased sex ratios under field conditions. No differences in seedling survival between the sexes were detected, and there was no evidence of substantial sex differences in costs of reproduction. I found no support for a trade-off between current and future reproduction or between reproductive investment and growth. Thus, costs of reproduction appear unlikely to drive sex ratio bias in surfgrass. Instead, small sex differences in growth and survival spread across the life cycle appear to be responsible for female-biased sex ratios and suggest that life history trade-offs other than reproductive costs drive sex ratio bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which examined the effectiveness of smokewater as a restoration tool in germinating beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax). Beargrass is a herbaceous perennial that produces a club- or cone-shaped inflorescence of white flowers. Conservation of beargrass and restoration of its habitat on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington has been a project of the Olympic National Forest staff with the help of Skokomish and Quinault Indian Nations which reintroduced anthropogenic burning. Results of the greenhouse study revealed that higher germination rates were recorded for Quinault seeds soaked in smokewater and after undergoing stratification.

The Saddle Mountain fault, first recognized in the early 1970s, is now well mapped in the Hoodsport area, southeastern Olympic Peninsula (northwestern United States), on the basis of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) surveys, aerial photography, and trench excavations. Drowned trees and trench excavations demonstrate that the Saddle Mountain fault produced a MW 6.5- 7.0 earthquake 1000-1300 yr ago, likely contemporaneous with the MW 7.5 Seattle fault earthquake 1100 yr ago and with a variety of other fault and landslide activity over a wide region of the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Lowland. This near synchroneity suggests that the Saddle Mountain and Seattle fault may be kinematically linked. Aeromagnetic anomalies and LIDAR topographic scarps define an en echelon sequence of faults along the southeastern Olympic Peninsula of Washington, all active in Holocene time. A detailed analysis of aeromagnetic data suggests that the Saddle Mountain fault extends at least 35 km, from 6 km southwest of Lake Cushman northward to the latitude of the Seattle fault. A magnetic survey over Price Lake using a nonmagnetic canoe illuminated two east-dipping reverse faults with 20 m of vertical offset at 30 m depth associated with 2-4 m of vertical displacement at the topographic surface. Analysis of regional aeromagnetic data indicates that the Seattle fault may extend westward across Hood Canal and into the Olympic Mountains, where it terminates near the northward terminus of the Saddle Mountain fault. The en echelon alignment of the Saddle Mountain and nearby Frigid Creek and Canyon River faults, all active in late Holocene time, reflects a >45-km-long zone of deformation that may accommodate the northward shortening of Puget Lowland crust inboard of the Olympic massif. In this view, the Seattle fault and Saddle Mountain deformation zone form the boundaries of the northward-advancing Seattle uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little information available on the long-term effects of managing western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don). In a 15- to 20-year-old naturally regenerated second-growth redcedar stand on a poor site on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, we tested crop tree (largest 250 trees·ha–1) response to precommercial thinning and fertilization in a replicated study. Fertilization treatments were N or N+P applied at study installation and year 13; precommercial thinning occurred at installation. Precommercial thinning without fertilization produced a sustained increase in periodic individual-tree basal area (BA) growth rate from years 3 through 25 posttreatment. However, through year 12, higher BA growth rates resulted from fertilization. During years 13 through 25, when intraspecific competition increased, the highest BA growth rate resulted from the combination of fertilization and precommercial thinning. Compared with the unthinned–unfertilized control, fertilization without thinning increased year-25 crop-tree height by 34% and BA by 137%; thinning without fertilization increased height by 11% and BA by 91%. Height to live-crown base was decreased by thinning but increased by fertilization, while thinning significantly increased stem taper on the lower bole. Treatment responses and foliar analyses indicate crop tree growth was substantially limited by nutrient availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared summer stream temperature patterns in 40 small forested watersheds in the Hoh and Clearwater basins in the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to examine correlations between previous riparian and basin-wide timber harvest activity and stream temperatures. Seven watersheds were unharvested, while the remaining 33 had between 25% and 100% of the total basin harvested, mostly within the last 40 years. Mean daily maximum temperatures were significantly different between the harvested and unharvested basins, averaging 14.5°C and 12.1°C, respectively. Diurnal fluctuations between harvested and unharvested basins were also significantly different, averaging 1.7°C and 0.9°C, respectively. Total basin harvest was correlated with average daily maximum temperature ( r2 = 0.39), as was total riparian harvest ( r2 = 0.32). The amount of recently clear-cut riparian forest (<20 year) within 600 m upstream of our monitoring sites ranged from 0% to 100% and was not correlated to increased stream temperatures. We used Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) analysis to assess whether other physical variables could explain some of the observed variation in stream temperature. We found that variables related to elevation, slope, aspect, and geology explain between 5% and 14% more of the variability relative to the variability explained by percent of basin harvested (BasHarv), and that the BasHarv was consistently a better predictor than the amount of riparian forest harvested. While the BasHarv is in all of the models that perform well, the AIC analysis shows that there are many models with two variables that perform about the same and therefore it would be difficult to choose one as the best model. We conclude that adding additional variables to the model does not change the basic findings that there is a relatively strong relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total amount of harvest in a basin, and strong, but slightly weaker relationship between maximum daily stream temperatures and the total riparian harvest in a basin. Seventeen of the 40 streams exceeded the Washington State Department of Ecology’s (DOE) temperature criterion for waters defined as “core salmon and trout habitat” (class AA waters). The DOE temperature criterion for class AA waters is any seven-day average of daily maximum temperatures in excess of 16°C. The probability of a stream exceeding the water quality standard increased with timber harvest activity. All unharvested sites and five of six sites that had 25-50% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. In contrast, only nine of eighteen sites with 50-75% harvest and two of nine sites with >75% harvest met DOEs water quality standard. Many streams with extensive canopy closure, as estimated by the age of riparian trees, still had higher temperatures and greater diurnal fluctuations than the unharvested basins. This suggests that the impact of past forest harvest activities on stream temperatures cannot be entirely mitigated through the reestablishment of riparian buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eocene-Oligocene Makah Formation and subjacent middle Eocene Hoko River Formation of the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, yield mollusks, crustaceans, foraminifera, and early neocete whales; their age has never been precisely established. We sampled several sections; most samples showed a stable single-component remanence held largely in magnetite and passed a Class I reversal test. The upper Refugian (late Eocene) and lower Zemorrian (early Oligocene) rocks at Baada Point correlate with Chron C13r (33.7.34.7 Ma) and Chron C12r (30.33 Ma). The Ozette Highway section of the Makah Formation spanned the early Refugian to late Refugian, with a sequence that correlates with Chrons C15r-C13r (33.7.35.3 Ma), and a long reversed early Zemorrian section that correlates with Chron C12r (30.33 Ma). The type section of the Hoko River Formation correlates with Chron C18r (40.0.41.2 Ma). The area sampled shows about 45. of post-Oligocene counterclockwise tectonic rotation, consistent with results obtained from the Eocene-Oligocene rocks in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine benthic invertebrates living in dense, intraspecific aggregations are important community members because they provide structural habitat for other species. Here, we determined the mechanisms that facilitate gregarious larval settlement and promote group living. Using suspension-feeding oysters (Crassostrea gigas) residing in large assemblages (‘reefs’), experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions that simulated critical aspects of natural estuarine habitats. Oyster larvae were attracted to the scent of their conspecific elders. In still-water trials, they moved downward and settled after contacting a waterborne, adult chemical cue. Yet, mortality of larvae placed in the adult pallial cavity was very high (mean of 91.3%). This seeming paradox of larval attraction to adult cannibals was resolved via laboratory flume (2 cm/s and 6 cm/s flows) experiments. Suspension-feeding activity did not significantly affect flow speeds or directions. Moreover, weak (mean of 1.65 mm/s) adult ciliary currents effectively entrained phytoplankton but rarely captured larvae. In fact, only a small percentage (≤4.6%) of settlers was cannibalized in flume trials, even when they passed within 1 mm of the inhalant opening, or ‘gape’ (a narrow slit between two valves). Larvae cued by conspecifics potentially attach to any portion of the shell surface, but there is a low probability that they will land in or near the inhalant opening. On juvenile and adult oysters, for example, the mean ratio of gape to shell surface area was only 0.025. Furthermore, in surveys of juvenile/adult oysters at nine field sites (Hood Canal and eastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA), the gape was ≤5.2% of the total plane surface area of the reef. Thus, an oyster larva settling onto a reef of suspension-feeding adults is unlikely to be cannibalized. Given this low mortality risk at settlement, future fitness payoffs (e.g., improved fertilization success) may drive the evolution of a gregarious settlement cue that promotes group living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the existence and character of a little known fire-maintained anthropogenic ecosystem in the southeastern Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, U.S.A. Due to cessation of anthropogenic burning, there is no longer an intact example of this ecosystem. We present evidence from Skokomish oral tradition, historical documents, floral composition, tree-ring analysis, stand structure, and site potential to describe former savanna structure and function. We believe this system was a mosaic of prairies, savannas, and woodlands in a forest matrix maintained through repeated burning to provide culturally important plants and animals. The overstory was dominated by Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii). Bear grass ( Xerophyllum tenax) likely was a dominant understory component of the savannas, woodlands, and prairie edges. These lands grew forests in the absence of anthropogenic burning. Wide spacing of older trees or stumps in former stands and rapid invasion by younger trees in the late 1800s and early 1900s suggest a sudden change in stand structure. Shade-intolerant prairie species are still present where openings have been maintained but not in surrounding forests. Bark charcoal, fire scars, tree establishment patterns, and oral traditions point to use of fire to maintain this system. A common successional trajectory for all these lands leads to forested vegetation. These findings suggest that frequent application of prescribed burning would be necessary to restore this ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is a high profile, federally threatened seabird, but no reliable estimates of population trends at inland breeding areas exist for this species. We conducted land-based radar studies of Marbled Murrelets at 3–7 sites on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, in 1996–2002 and 2004 to estimate population changes and to examine relationships between our counts and oceanographic conditions, murrelet productivity, and regional at-sea counts of murrelets. Morning radar counts of murrelets varied significantly among and within sites but did not decline from 1996–2004, suggesting that the inland breeding population of murrelets is stable in this area. A retrospective power analysis indicated that we had a 25% and 56% chance of detecting 2% and 4% annual declines, respectively. Thus, if relatively small annual declines did occur during our study period, there is a high probability that they would have gone undetected, even though they could add up to a biologically important decline over time. It is unlikely that murrelets on the Olympic Peninsula declined by ≥6% annually, however, because retrospective analyses indicated that power to detect such declines was >88%. There was no significant relationship between radar counts and at-sea counts or productivity of murrelets in the nearby San Juan Islands during the study period. We also did not detect a relationship between radar counts and mean sea-surface temperatures or the Northern Oscillation Index, suggesting that variation in oceanographic conditions (e.g., the strong 1998 El Niño event) was not associated with variation in morning radar counts of Marbled Murrelets. A prospective power analysis indicated that small (2%–4%) annual declines could be detected with reasonably high power (≥80%) with the current radar sampling design by extending the study to 11–15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case study of the restoration of prairie ecosystems in the Olympic National Park and the surrounding region of the Olympic Peninsula using Native American traditional ecological knowledge and practices. Background on a major factor connected with the decline of prairies throughout the West; Importance of Pacific northwest prairie ecosystems to biocultural diversity conservation; Information on the creation of prairie ecosystems through natural and cultural processes.

Studies the cross-valley profiles from the west slope of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington to investigate the relative effects of fluvial and glacial erosion on valley formation. Complication of the global comparison by data from different settings; Models for the development of valleys; Area of conduction of study; Use of spatial distribution of glacial moraines; Normalization of comparisons of valley morphometry.

Examines the significance of habitat conditions within river drainages on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington to marbled murrelet activity during the breeding season. Identification of a potential nesting habitat at a landscape scale using a consistent classification; Comparison on the number of murrelets using drainages of varying sizes with varying amounts and patterns of potential nesting habitat; Evaluation of annual variation in murrelet counts.

Investigates disturbance events and changes in the composition of riparian forests on a small section of the Queets River floodplain in Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Impetus to the increase in Alnus rubra Bong; Account of the fires occurring in the region; Effects of floods and fire on riparian forests.

Reports on the use of radar to measure the daily, monthly and annual patterns of marbled murrelet abundance and movements in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. Comparison of mean flight speeds of marbled murrelet targets between landward flights and seaward flights; Daily timing of movements; Accuracy rate for identification of murrelets with radar.

Abstract 1 We expanded the island biogeography paradigm to test whether mammalian communities of the heavily fragmented temperate rain forests of the Olympic Peninsula were influenced by local environmental conditions, biogeographic factors (fragment area and isolation) and characteristics of the surrounding landscape. 2 We used live-trapping, sign surveys and infra-red triggered cameras to compare distributions of non-volant mammals among fragments and between fragments and other principal landscape components (continuous old-growth, riparian corridors, second-growth forest and clearcuts). 3 Of the 24 species of non-volant mammals detected during our studies, 18 occurred in at least one fragment. 4 Species richness of old-growth mammals was not significantly correlated with fragment area or isolation, per se, but was significantly and positively correlated with the amount of old-growth fragments and old second-growth (41–159 years) in the surrounding landscape (r2 = 0.95, P < 0.005). 5 Distributions of three old-growth dependent species [shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii), Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) and Trowbridge shew (Sorex trowbridgii)] were significantly associated with local environmental conditions within the fragment, with geographical isolation from continuous old-growth and riparian corridors, and with the amount of old-growth and old second growth in the adjacent matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a limited fauna of relatively simple, thin-walled, hexactinellid sponges found in the Oligocene Lincoln Creek Formation on Canyon River in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Hexactinella conica new species; Hexactinella tubula new species; eurete goederti; Farrea species; How the fossils were preserved.

Offers a systematic description of rare fossils of a small crab, Cancer (Metacarcinus) starri new species, found in the lower Miocene rocks of the uppermost part of the Pysht Formation and the overlaying Clallam Formation on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Measurements; Comparison with closely related species; Collecting localities.

Studies the nests of the Northern Spotted Owls on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State. Measurement and location; Differences in the proportion of nest sites; Variation in the period of nest change; Rates of nest attrition; Frequency of the reuse of nests; Factors affecting habitat selection.

Studies the watersheds in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the southern Appalachian highlands of western North Carolina. Variation of landscape pattern in federal, state, and private lands; Changes in land-cover among owners; Landscape pattern analysis; Models of land-cover change.