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Objectives: Unmet supportive care needs are associated with psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety. However, so far, few studies have explored the protective psychological factors of unmet needs. Therefore, this study intends to explore the protective effect of self‐compassion on unmet needs of Chinese cancer patients and to examine the predictive role of self‐compassion on these needs during treatment. Methods: A longitudinal study was performed at Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital in Xi'an, China. A total of 153 heterogeneous cancer patients were assessed after the first diagnosis (T1), at the beginning (T2) and end (T3) of medical treatment. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the research questions. Results: Cross‐sectional regression analyses showed that self‐compassion at T1 was significantly related to psychological needs at T1. Negative self‐compassion at T1 was significantly related to total unmet needs, psychological needs, health system, and information and sexual needs. Longitudinal regression analyses showed that self‐compassion at T1 significantly predicted total unmet needs; health system and information (HSI) needs at T2, psychological needs at T3, and negative self‐compassion at T1 significantly predicted total unmet needs, HSI needs, physical needs, and patient care needs at T2 when controlling for unmet needs at T1. Positive self‐compassion was not a predictor of unmet needs. Conclusions: Self‐compassion can be a protective factor of unmet needs in cancer patients. Future intervention studies should focus on improving the overall level of self‐compassion and reducing the level of negative self‐compassion in cancer patients to reduce patients' unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]