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Jam is a popular traditional and modern food product for daily consumption. However, the benefits of mixed jams over single-fruit jams have not been thoroughly explored, with analyses limited to superficial indices. In this study, Xinjiang special Morus nigra L. and Prunus domestica L. were used as raw materials to prepare single-fruit and mixed jams, and their differences in antioxidants, organoleptic qualities, pH, texture, and color were analyzed. The dynamics of metabolites before and after thermal processing were assessed using untargeted metabolomics. The results indicate that the main metabolites were flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and carbohydrates. Flavonoid metabolites changed significantly after thermal processing, with 40 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. During storage, polyphenols were the prominent differential metabolites, with fifty-four down-regulated and one up-regulated. Volatile aroma components were analyzed using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS); the aroma components E-2-hexenal, E-2-pentenal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-ol, tetrahydro-linalool, 1-penten-3-one, hexyl propionate, isoamyl acetate, α-pinene, and propionic acid in mixed jam were significantly higher than in single-fruit jam. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and GC-IMS were used to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth evaluation system for jam analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland ecosystems are an important component of global terrestrial ecosystems and play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is important to study the carbon dioxide (CO2) process in the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem, which can be regarded as a typical representative of the mountain grasslands in Xinjiang. Eddy covariance (EC) and the global carbon fluxes dataset (GCFD) were utilized to continuously monitor the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem in Xinjiang throughout the 2018 growing season. The findings revealed notable daily and monthly fluctuations in net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco). On a daily basis, there was net absorption of CO2 during the day and net emission during the night. The grassland acted as a carbon sink from 6:00 to 18:00 and as a carbon source for the remaining hours of the day. On a monthly scale, June and July served as carbon sinks, whereas the other months acted as carbon sources. The accumulated NEE, GPP, and Reco during the growing season were −329.49 g C m−2, 779.04 g C m−2, and 449.55 g C m−2, respectively. On the half-hourly and daily scales, soil temperature (Ts) was the main contributor to CO2 fluxes and had the greatest influence on the variations in CO2 fluxes. Additionally, air temperature (Ta) showed a strong correlation with CO2 fluxes. The grassland ecosystems exhibited the strongest CO2 uptake, reaching its peak at soil temperatures of 25 °C. Moreover, as the air temperatures rose above 15 °C, there was a gradual decrease in NEE, while CO2 uptake increased. The applicability of GCFD data is good in the grassland ecosystem of the Middle Tien Shan Mountains, with correlations of 0.59, 0.81, and 0.73 for NEE, GPP, and Reco, respectively, compared to field observations. In terms of remote sensing spatial distribution, the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem exhibits a carbon sink phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss. grows in Xinjiang, China. A new macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid, namely hyssopusizine (1), along with sixteen known compounds were isolated and identified from the aerial parts of H. cuspidatus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. Among them, fifteen compounds were isolated from H. cuspidatus for the first time. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established by comparing the calculated and experimental ECD spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Among them, compound 10 exhibited significant effects on ABTS free-radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 15.6 μM. Compounds 5–7 exhibited potent antioxidant activities against ABTS and DPPH. Most compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities. Hyssopusizine (1) is the first macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid discovered from the Hyssopus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the daily precipitation data of 96 stations in Xinjiang, China, from 1970 to 2021, the trend of summer extreme precipitation indices and their regional characteristics are analyzed. The generalized extreme value (GEV) model is used to investigate the probability distribution characteristics of summer extreme precipitation indices in northern, southern, and eastern Xinjiang. The results show that (1) The summer maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1day) and maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5day) of most stations in Xinjiang showed an increasing trend, while the summer consecutive dry days (CDD) showed a decreasing trend. (2) The climatology (mean intensity) of RX1day, RX5day, and CDD at most stations in northern Xinjiang were more than 10 mm, more than 15 mm, and less than 25 days, respectively, while those at most stations in southern and eastern Xinjiang were less than 10 mm, less than 15 mm, and more than 25 days. The regional averaged climatology and inter-annual variability of RX1day/RX5day (CDD) in southern and eastern Xinjiang were smaller (larger) than that in northern Xinjiang. (3) The 20-year return level (RL20) of RX1day, RX5day, and CDD at stations in northern Xinjiang were 19.38–56.57 mm, 28.05–70.91 mm, and 22.51–51.05 days, respectively. The RL20 of RX1day, RX5day, and CDD at stations in southern Xinjiang were 21.31–46.07 mm, 23.99–72.89 mm, and 14.94–89.80 days, respectively. The RL20 of RX1day, RX5day, and CDD at stations in eastern Xinjiang were 8.89–36.36 mm, 10.13–50.66 mm, and 26.75–92.00 days, respectively. Compared with northern Xinjiang, there were lesser RX1day and RX5day events, with weaker intensity and smaller variability in southern and eastern Xinjiang. And the CDD events were opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic scores to the occurrence, progression and prognosis of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCA), assessing the definition of the variables of metabolic syndrome, and the potential mechanisms of MetS and mPCA. Methods: Data were obtained from the database of prostate cancer follow-up at the Urology Centre of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (N=1303). After screening by inclusion and exclusion criteria, clinical data of 190 patients diagnosed with mPCA by pathology and imaging from January 2010 to August 2021 were finally included, including 111 cases in the MetS group and 79 cases in the Non-MetS group. Results: The MetS group was higher than the Non-MetS group: T stage, Gleasson score, initial PSA, tumor load, PSA after 7 months of ADT (P<0.05), with a shorter time to progression to CRPC stage(P<0.05)[where the time to progression to CRPC was relatively shorter in the high metabolic score subgroup of the MetS group than in the low subgroup (P<0.05)].Median survival time was significantly shorter in the MetS group than in the NonMetS group (P<0.05),and there was a correlation with metabolic score, with the higher metabolic score subgroup having a lower survival time than the lower metabolic score subgroup (P<0.05). Conclusion: Those with mPCA combined with MetS had lower PSA remission rates, more aggressive tumors, shorter time to progression to CRPC and shorter median survival times than those with mPCA without MetS. Tumour progression and metabolic score showed a positive correlation, predicting that MetS may promote the progression of mPCA, suggesting that MetS may be a risk factor affecting the prognosis of mPCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the implementation of an updated radar reflectivity assimilation scheme with the three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) system of Weather Research and Forecast (WRF). The updated scheme, instead of the original scheme assuming the relative humidity to a fixed value where radar reflectivity is higher than a threshold, assimilates pseudo water vapor retrieved by the Bayesian method, which would be consistent with clouds/precipitations provided by the model in theory. To verify the effect of the updated scheme to the improvement of precipitation simulation, a convective case in Wenquan County and the continuous monthly simulation with contrasting experiments in Xinjiang were performed. The test of single reflectivity observation demonstrates that the water vapor retrieved by the Bayesian method is consistent with the meteorological situation around. In the convective case, both the updated and original scheme results show that the assimilation of pseudo water vapor can adjust to the environmental conditions of water vapor and temperature. This can improve the hourly precipitation forecast skill more than the contrasting experiment, which was designed to only assimilate conventional observations and radar radial velocity data. In the continuous monthly experiments, the updated scheme reveals that the analysis of water vapor is more reasonable, and obtains a better precipitation forecast skill for 6 h accumulated precipitation than the contrasting experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]