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Fagopyrum dibotrys, belonging to the family Polygonaceae and genus Fagopyrum, is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is rich in beneficial components, such as flavonoids. As its abundant medicinal value has become increasingly recognized, its excessive development poses a considerable challenge to wild germplasm resources, necessitating artificial cultivation and domestication. Considering these factors, a high-quality genome of F. dibotrys was assembled and the evolutionary relationships within Caryophyllales were compared, based on which 58 individual samples of F. dibotrys were re-sequenced. We found that the samples could be categorized into three purebred populations and regions distributed at distinct elevations. Our varieties were cultivated from the parental populations of the subpopulation in central Yunnan. F. dibotrys is speculated to have originated in the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau region, and that its combination with flavonoids can protect plants against ultraviolet radiation; this infers a subpopulation with a high accumulation of flavonoids. This study assembled a high-quality genome and provided a theoretical foundation for the future introduction, domestication, and development of cultivated varieties of F. dibotrys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overlapping protected area (PA) designations are a global widespread phenomenon and have seriously deteriorated the performance of China's PA system. However, a comprehensive investigation on the extents of both overlapping designations and conservation complementation among different PA categories is still lacking in China. Here, we used the case of Yunnan, southwest China, to quantitatively assess the spatial and institutional overlaps among six primary PA categories. We then investigated the conservation complementation among the different PA categories by measuring their contributions to improving the ecological representation, coverage of areas of conservation importance, and connectivity of the entire PA network. Overlaps existed within most pairs of PA categories; approximately 10% of the total PA area was designated as multiple categories and simultaneously managed by more than one institution. Different PA categories could complement each other in terms of protection coverage, ecological representation and connectivity. The sustainable use PAs effectively complemented the strict PAs by doubling the total PA coverage, increasing the ecological representation, raising the overall connectivity index from 1.44% to 4.03% and taking ~50% of the total area of key connecting PAs. Conflicting management regimes in combination with expanded PA objectives are the major drivers of the overlapping PA designations. By explicitly measuring the extents of overlapping and complementation among different PA categories, our analysis helps to efficiently assess the existing PAs and integrate them into China's new national park system. This study provides insights into empirical generalities about overlapping designations and conservation complementation among multiple PA categories. • We quantitatively assess overlapping protected area (PA) designations in Yunnan, China. • Approximately 10% of the total PA area was designated as multiple categories. • Sustainable use PAs were essential to uphold PA coverage and connectivity. • Conflicting management regimes were the major drivers of overlapping PA designations. • Our study provides evidence-based support for developing China's new national park system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]