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This paper presents the creation and realization of a precision time base (PTB) for mitigating jitter and measuring time interval error (TIE) in digital sampling oscilloscopes (DSO), achieved through the utilization of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Our proposed method focuses on mitigating jitter through PTB, which involves the sampling of two reference channels having a phase shift of approximately 90∘ (at quadrature) for an accurate timebase correction. Through extensive experimentation and analysis, we were able to achieve a reduction in root mean square (RMS) jitter, minimizing it to around 260 fs. This outcome demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of DSO measurements. Expanding on the application of our previously proposed technique, we demonstrate that the same sampling error correction approach can be utilized for TIE measurement. By sampling a large amount of data at either the rising or falling edge of a sinusoidal signal, TIE can be accurately evaluated. This extension enhances the versatility of our FPGA-based implementation by enabling comprehensive TIE analysis alongside PTB compensation in DSOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to increase precision of sampling oscilloscopes time-base then using a new hybrid time-base architecture. The traditional time-base of sampling oscilloscope has three kinds of time base error including time base drift, time base jitter and time base distortion. New hybrid time-base architecture allows to minimize this kind of errors. Santrauka Stroboskopiniame osciloskope išmatuoto signalo rekonstrukciją iš jo imčių – jų išdėstymą laiko skalėje – vykdo specialus skaitmeninis įtaisas. Šiuo atveju kiekvienai imčiai, be išmatuotos įtampos vertės, skaitmeninis įtaisas nustato tam tikrą vėlinimą (sinchronizacijos įvykio – vaizduojamo ekrane signalo pradžios atžvilgiu), kurį formuoja stroboskopinio osciloskopo laiko kanalas. Norint išmatuoti signalą kelių dešimčių femto sekundžių raiška, stroboskopinio osciloskopo laiko kanalas minėtus vėlinimus privalo formuoti labai tiksliai. Tačiau praktikoje tai padaryti labai sudėtinga. Laiko kanalo grandis yra jautri valdymo signalų ir maitinimo triukšmams, todėl rekonstruotame signale pasireiškia kaip sukeliamas išmatuotų imčių fazės triukšmas. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas stroboskopinio osciloskopo alternatyviojo laiko kanalo įgyvendinimo būdas, kurio išmatuotų imčių laiko skalėje rekonstravimo tikslumas priklauso tik nuo paties stroboskopinio osciloskopo įtampos matavimo (t. y. vertikalaus Y kanalo) tikslumo. Siūlomo precizinio laiko kanalo sandara leidžia kelis kartus sumažinti, lyginant su įprastu kanalu, sukuriamą fazės imčių triukšmą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: stroboskopinis osciloskopas; fazės triukšmas; amplitudės triukšmas; hibridinis laiko kanalas; atsitiktinis strobavimas; rekonstrukcijos metodas pagal harmoninį virpesį.

Recent progress of widebandgap semiconductor switching devices enabled extremely high-frequency operation of power converters owing to their ultrafast switching capability. Fast switching may cause large switching noise at the common source inductance, which may increase the switching loss and lead to false triggering. Therefore, measurement of the common source inductance is often intensely required in practical design of fast switching power converters. However, measurement of the common source inductance is difficult, because 1) the wiring path hidden beneath the molded package significantly contributes to this inductance, 2) the mutual inductance between the gating circuit and the power circuit also contributes to this inductance, and 3) this inductance cannot be defined as the stray inductance of a loop wiring path. These difficulties are addressed in this paper by proposing a novel measurement method of the common source inductance. The proposed method is applicable to already-mounted power circuits. In addition, the proposed method offers a straightforward measurement procedure with common instruments, such as a signal generator, an oscilloscope, and voltage and current probes. Along with the measurement principle, this paper also presents an experiment to evaluate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a method to increase precision of sampling oscilloscopes time-base then using a new hybrid time-base architecture. The traditional time-base of sampling oscilloscope has three kinds of time base error including time base drift, time base jitter and time base distortion. New hybrid time-base architecture allows to minimize this kind of errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an algorithm to reduce limitations in band-width measurements of sampling oscilloscopes then using a swept sine-wave measurement method. The traditional swept sine-wave method allow measure only magnitude response. Phase response can be computed only if a sampler is a minimal phase circuit. In this paper alternative bandwidth measurement algorithm using the nose-to-nose method with measurements corrections for the non-idle properties of oscilloscope is de-scribed. Algorithm includes for noise, time base distortions and jitter in measurement signals corrections methods. Proposed algorithm allows to measure phase and magnitude responses when only two similar oscilloscopes and the source of sync pulse are used. Algorithm performs as well as the swept sine-wave method in case when both samplers have the same frequency characteristics. Santrauka Stroboskopiniai osciloskopai skirti matuoti sparčius periodinius signalus naudojant sąlyginai nesparčius didelio skiltiškumo analoginius-skaitmeninius keitiklius. Vienas iš pagrindinių stroboskopinio osciloskopo mazgų, užtikrinančių, kad osciloskopo charakteristikos atitiktų metrologinius reikalavimus, ir kuriame vyksta matuojamo aukštadažnio signalo spektro transformacija į žemų dažnių sritį, yra strobavimo įtaisas. Šiame darbe pateikiamas strobavimo įtaiso veikimo principas, nagrinėjami įtaiso dažninių charakteristikų matavimo būdai taikant pastovios amplitudės, kintančio dažnio harmoninio virpesio ir priešpriešiais sujungtų strobavimo grandinių metodus. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nagrinėjamas strobavimo įtaisas nepriklauso minimalios fazės grandinių klasei ir apskaičiuoti įtaiso dažninę fazės charakteristiką (DFCh) iš dažninės amplitudės charakteristikos (DACh) neįmanoma, tačiau taikant priešpriešiais sujungtų strobavimo grandinių matavimo metodą galima gauti įtaiso DACh ir DFCh nenaudojant papildomos aukštadažnės matavimo įrangos ir mažinant matavimo proceso trukmę. Reikšminiai žodžiai: stroboskopinis osciloskopas, dažninė charakteristika, minimalios fazės grandinė, Hilberto transformacija, strobavimo įtaisas, priešpriešiais sujungtų strobavimo grandinių (PSSG) matavimo metodas, kintančio dažnio harmoninio virpesio matavimo metodas.

This paper proposes an algorithm to reduce limitations in bandwidth measurements of sampling oscilloscopes then using a swept sine-wave measurement method. The traditional swept sine-wave method allows to measure only magnitude response. Phase response can be computed only if a sampler is a minimal phase circuit. In this paper alternative bandwidth measurement algorithm using the nose-to-nose method with measurements corrections for the non-idle properties of oscilloscope is described. Algorithm includes noise, time base distortions and jitter in measurement signals corrections methods. Proposed algorithm allows to measure phase and magnitude responses when only two similar oscilloscopes and the source of sync pulse are used. Algorithm performs as well as the swept sine-wave method in case when both samplers have the same frequency characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed excitation of small size monopole antennas for generating wideband electromagnetic pulses was used. The monopoles were excited by electrical pulses having rise times of 600 ps, 200 ps, 70 ps and voltages 100 V, 15 V, and 0.4 V respectively. Antennas spanning (0.3-26) GHz bandwidth, including broadband horns with coaxial outputs, were employed to receive signals, which were investigated using (0-26) GHz passband sampling oscilloscope. It was found that waveforms of signals, received by the antennas, mostly depend on the pulse rise time and on the details of geometry of monopoles. The electromagnetic pulses have relatively long duration of about 30 ns and spectral harmonics up to 22 GHz. Therefore they can be attributed to pulses with large base. The results show that the upper frequencies of the spectrum most probably are cut off by existing arrangement. Usage of such pulses can find wide practical application when they are received after transmission trough different media by a number of antennas having different operational frequency ranges, followed by digital signal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is presented to estimate and compensate sampling instrument's time base distortion. Method requires periodic test signal. Presented method also provides an algorithm to eliminate time base distortion. Evaluation and correction process is described and illustrated using real acquired test signal. Correction improvement is verified using signal amplitude spectrum comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a fully automated measurement system based around a Tektronix sampling oscilloscope. The system is capable of measuring calibrated time domain voltage and current waveforms at the device plane. A novel active load-pull loop is incorporated which has proved very useful for increasing the speed of multi-tone device characterization, moreover the architecture opens up the possibility of multi-tone load pull measurements, novel concepts are discussed which explain how the system can be used to perform non-linear device characterization in real time, the system also incorporates an intermediate frequency (IF) test set to measure the complete waveforms, which could be useful in characterization of memory effects. Triggering issues of sampling oscilloscopes are discussed in some detail along with a novel sampling approach which allows for more efficient measurement of multi-tone waveforms. Some interesting applications of the system are also introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New measurement system for characterizing within-die delay variations of individual standard cells is presented. The proposed measurement system are able to characterize rising and falling delay variations separately by directly measuring the input and output waveforms of individual gate using an on-chip sampling oscilloscope in 65 nm 1.2V CMOS process. Seven types of standard cells are measured with 60 DUTs for each type. Good correlations of within-die delay distributions between measured and Monte Carlo simulated results are observed. The measured results of rising and falling delay are of great use to the modeling of standard cell library of deep-submicrometer process. By virtue of the proposed scheme, the relationship between the rising and falling delay variations and the active area of the standard cells is experimentally shown for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oscilloscopes are typically calibrated using special signals for each parameter. A common method using only sine-wave signals and analysis of sampled data is proposed to calibrate all major parameters of a digital sampling oscilloscope, greatly simplifying the calibration procedure while attaining lower uncertainties. The procedure can be also fully automated as the readout from the oscilloscope screen is no longer needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally demonstrate multicast wavelength conversion by exploiting cross-gain modulation and cross-phase modulation in an InAs/InGaAsP/InP columnar quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier (CQD-SOA). We report wavelength multicasting of 40 and 80 Gb/s return-to-zero signals on four 400-GHz spaced channels. We find in all cases a moderate conversion penalty which we attribute mostly to four-wave mixing (FWM) among the equally spaced converted signals. We study the effect of the FWM impairments and find that the critical number of equally spaced consecutive channels giving significant penalty is 4. Instead, two- and three-channel conversion is possible with a null or negative Q^2 factor penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, six low-cost pulse generator devices having sub-nanosecond transition time are analyzed and compared. Some of the possible applications for these devices are also described, along with an overview of the different approaches for sub-nanosecond pulse generation. Furthermore, the architecture and principle of operation of the realized prototypes are explained. The considered pulse generation techniques are based on logic gates, Step-Recovery Diodes, and transistors driven in the avalanche region. Some experimental results obtained by using an equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer are shown and discussed, providing both a time-domain and a frequency-domain characterization of the prototypes. Finally, an approach for the generation of modulated pulses in the 6-GHz band (for ultra-wideband applications) is investigated, and experimental results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously developed an optical sampling oscilloscope (EDT-OSO) based on an envelope detection triggering method. This EDT-OSO can stably measure eye-diagram waveforms of signals exceeding 100 Gbps without an external high-frequency clock signal. However, far-end waveform measurements over a long distance could not be performed because the EDT-OSO requires the linkage of 10-MHz time bases in the EDT-OSO and a light under test (LUT) generator for synchronizing. To overcome this drawback we developed a direct bit-rate measuring method for synchronizing both 10-MHz time bases virtually and a self-synchronized EDT-OSO (SSEDT-OSO) based on this method. We confirmed that the bit-rate measurement repeatability of the SSEDT-OSO was from 10B9 to 10B8 by evaluating the standard deviation, and showed that the SSEDT-OSO can measure an eye diagram without linking to 10-MHz time bases. This paper explains the basic principle for measuring the bit-rate of the LUT directly. We also describe the configuration of the SSEDT-OSO and present evaluation results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(4): 1–8, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21031 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a post-processing technique that extends the effective measurement bandwidth of narrowband vector receivers by phase aligning overlapping measurements. We study the repeatability of the method and the propagation of errors as increasing numbers of bands are stitched together. The method can be used to find phase errors both in the excitation band of frequencies, as well as in distortion products, for periodic multisine signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The discrimination of neutron and γ-ray events in an organic scintillator has been investigated by using a method based on an artificial neural network (ANN). Voltage pulses arising from an EJ-301 organic liquid scintillation detector in a mixed radiation field have been recorded with a fast digital sampling oscilloscope. Piled-up events have been disentangled using a pile-up management unit based on a fitting method. Each individual pulse has subsequently been sent to a discrimination unit which discriminates neutron and γ-ray events with a method based on an artificial neural network. This discrimination technique has been verified by the corresponding mixed-field data assessed by time of flight (TOF). It is shown that the characterization of the neutrons and photons achieved by the discrimination method based on the ANN is consistent with that afforded by TOF. This approach enables events that are often as a result of scattering or pile-up to be identified and returned to the data set and affords digital discrimination of mixed radiation fields in a broad range of environments on the basis of training obtained with a single TOF dataset. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report on the enhancement of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt's (PTB's) ultrafast optoelectronic measurement facility by characterizing the full impulse and step response of a 70-GHz sampling oscilloscope. A novel optoelec- tronic technique for the generation and the detection of ultrashort voltage pulses, which serve as calibration signals for the oscilloscope, is introduced. The uncertainty of the oscilloscope's time- domain response is derived from a Monte Carlo analysis. Aside from a more complete characterization, our enhanced technique considerably reduces the uncertainty of rise-time measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a sequential phase-shift stroboscope and a subpixel imaging system that is able to measure with high resolution weak in-plane harmonic motions, such as those of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The synchronization of both MEMS stimulus and light strobe can be obtained by either using the camera output frame signal or driving the external trigger of the camera, depending on the operation principle of the camera. Experimental results concern a small silicon cantilever resonator excited in its first and second vibration modes and a quartz tuning fork. Two optical configurations have been developed. The first one is based on the use of a macroobjective for large fields of view with micrometer resolution displacement measurement, and the second is based on an optical microscope for weak amplitude vibration measurements with a resolution down to a few nanometers. The whole logic unit of the stroboscopic signal generator is implemented into a low-cost field-programmable gate array, thus offering high flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the study and the development of a capacitive probe which is suitable for getting fast and high voltage/current measurements. Due to the fact that fast pulses propagate generally in coaxial structures, the probe realized in this work was a capacitive divider with the divider electrode properly designed to assure the same characteristic impedance of the coaxial structure and the recombination time of the split signals during the propagation. It was a folded cylindrical ring of 1.4 cm long and 0.8 cm thick, which introduce a theoretical delay time of about 100 ps. Analyzing the behavior of the probe closed on 520 Ω, the voltage amplification resulted to be of (3.6±0.1)×10-4 and, as a consequence, the current attenuation factor of 56±1 A/V. The response rise time was less than 320 ps, which was limited by oscilloscope bandwave. The capacitor probe can operate voltage measurements of the order of 100 kV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hilbert-Huang method is presented with modifications, for time-frequency analysis of distorted power quality signals. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is enhanced with masking signals based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), for separating frequencies' that lie within an octave. Further, the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the constituent modes obtained by Hilbert spectral analysis are improved by demodulation. The method shows promising time-frequency-magnitude localization capabilities for distorted power quality signals. The performance of the new technique is compared with that of another multiresolution analysis tool, the S-transform—a phase corrected wavelet transform. Analysis on actual measurements of transformer inrush current from an existing laboratory setup is used to demonstrate this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a method of correcting both random and systematic timebase errors using measurements of only two quadrature sinusoids made simultaneously with a waveform of interest is described. The authors estimate the fundamental limits to the procedure due to additive noise and sampler jitter and demonstrate the procedure with some actual measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a straightforward method of separately characterizing up- and down-conversion in microwave mixers using a sampling oscilloscope. The method mismatch-corrects the results, determines both magnitude and phase, and uses a novel time-base correction scheme to improve the accuracy of the measurements. We estimate our measurement accuracy to be on the order of a tenth of a decibel in magnitude and a few degrees in phase. We use the method to characterize the magnitude and phase reciprocity of a microwave mixer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a measuring system developed to investigate time-variant impedances. The initial points for the development of the measuring system were investigations on coaxial λ/4-resonators. At a frequency close to the fundamental resonant frequency of the resonator, plasma can be generated at the tip of the inner conductor, operating the coaxial resonator on a high power level. First investigations had shown a significant change of the resonator input impedance at the feeding point during the process of plasma generation. To optimize the geometry of the resonator with regard to power consumption, time-, frequency- and power-dependent network models of the resonator including the plasma effects were to be found. In the following, a low-cost measuring system is described that facilitates accurate measurements of complex, time-variant input impedances in a defined frequency and power range. The measurement principle-like in commercially available network analyzers-is the determination of the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient with the subsequent calculation of the input impedance. To determine the time-variant behavior of the reflection coefficient, a modified detector circuitry is used. The measurement setup consists mainly of a directional coupler, a combined magnitude and phase detector, and an oscilloscope for sampling. Due to the applications the setup requires high-frequency and high-power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new data acquisition technique has been designed for measuring chaotic attractors in periodically driven systems. Analog output hardware generates a continuous periodic waveform used in the drive while analog input hardware digitizes one or more chaotic waveforms characterizing the system phase space variables. With both processes synchronized to a common clock, the construction of multiple Poincaré sections is reduced to the simple process of redimensioning the chaotic waveforms and taking slices in one of the array indices. The implementation described here is applied to an electronic Duffing oscillator running at 1.6 kHz and provides quality Poincaré sections in near real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a precompliance test-set for the measurement of conducted emissions based on a medium-level sampling oscilloscope and on a fast filtering algorithm is presented. This system has been designed as a low-cost alternative to the typical precompliance test-sets that are based on spectrum analyzers equipped with EMC filters and peak detectors. Experimental examples of the results obtained using a sampling oscilloscope with 8 kbytes of memory are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semi-classical theory of photodetection noise for an optically amplified signal has been obtained and the explicit dependence of the photovoltage variance on the incoherent source spectral profile has been identified. The theoretical predictions have been compared with experimental results measured using a digital sampling oscilloscope for cases of a coherent source, an incoherent source, and a mixture of coherent and incoherent sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined several problems related to the characterization of the timebase in high-speed sampling oscilloscopes. Estimation of additive and jitter noises; Analysis of the uncertainty of timebase estimates; Effects of amplitude, phase drifts and jitter error on the estimation of timebase distortion.

Presents a study which described a deconvolution approach for reconstructing impulsive signals that have been measured with a sampling oscilloscope. Measurement bandwidth and selection of filters; Optimization; Results and examples.

Focuses on the performance of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) sampler. Circuit diagram of the HTS sampler; Picosecond and microampere resolutions; Achievement of superior temporal response using high-speed single-flux-quantum pulses.

Presents information on a study which described an iterative sine-fit method used in determining the time-base distortion of sampling instruments like the oscilloscope calibration software package. Information on iterative sine-fit method; Simulation results; Experimental results; Conclusions.

Pulsed excitation of a horn antenna for generating large B wideband electromagnetic pulses was used. The antenna was excited by electrical pulses with rise time of 200 ps and pulse voltage of 15 V. The spectral properties of the electromagnetic pulses were investigated using different wide band antennas and (0-18) GHz passband sampling oscilloscope. It was found that the signal spectra is wide and ranges from 0.3 GHz to higher than 12 GHz. Hollow cylinders made from opaque for visible light materials were used to hide other cylinders with certain electrical properties. To reveal their presence we employ the electromagnetic pulses. Transmitted through and reflected from investigated objects pulses were received by several antennas having different frequency ranges and detected to obtain needed information. The experiments show that analyzing this information leads to conclusions about the presence of the object and its electrical properties. This methodic supposedly can be employed to disclose electrical properties of objects having complex electrical properties if broadband amplifiers and digital oscilloscopes are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time evolution of photodetachment perturbation signal induced by a diode laser was observed in an O2 plasma. Photodetachment current collected by a Langmuir probe was directly measured and recorded by a digital oscilloscope. After integrating the recorded signal data, the waveform of the photodetachment current showed a time dependence resembling an error function. The waveform had changed its shape in accordance as the position between the probe and the laser beam axis was changed. These characteristics of the photodetachment signal are well explained by a diffusion model. The method has the possibility to yield information on various negative ion containing plasmas, but requires quiescence in the electron saturation current with the fluctuation level less than 10-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]