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2. In situ assembly of an injectable cardiac stimulator

Author

Aydemir, Umut, Mousa, Abdelrazek H., Dicko, Cedric, Strakosas, Xenofon, Shameem, Muhammad Anwar, Hellman, Karin, Yadav, Amit Singh, Ekström, Peter, Hughes, Damien, Ek, Fredrik, Berggren, Magnus, Arner, Anders, Hjort, Martin, and Olsson, Roger

Published
2024
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3. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors

Author

Luo, Yifei, Abidian, Mohammad Reza, Ahn, Jong-Hyun, Akinwande, Deji, Andrews, Anne M, Antonietti, Markus, Bao, Zhenan, Berggren, Magnus, Berkey, Christopher A, Bettinger, Christopher John, Chen, Jun, Chen, Peng, Cheng, Wenlong, Cheng, Xu, Choi, Seon-Jin, Chortos, Alex, Dagdeviren, Canan, Dauskardt, Reinhold H, Di, Chong-an, Dickey, Michael D, Duan, Xiangfeng, Facchetti, Antonio, Fan, Zhiyong, Fang, Yin, Feng, Jianyou, Feng, Xue, Gao, Huajian, Gao, Wei, Gong, Xiwen, Guo, Chuan Fei, Guo, Xiaojun, Hartel, Martin C, He, Zihan, Ho, John S, Hu, Youfan, Huang, Qiyao, Huang, Yu, Huo, Fengwei, Hussain, Muhammad M, Javey, Ali, Jeong, Unyong, Jiang, Chen, Jiang, Xingyu, Kang, Jiheong, Karnaushenko, Daniil, Khademhosseini, Ali, Kim, Dae-Hyeong, Kim, Il-Doo, Kireev, Dmitry, Kong, Lingxuan, Lee, Chengkuo, Lee, Nae-Eung, Lee, Pooi See, Lee, Tae-Woo, Li, Fengyu, Li, Jinxing, Liang, Cuiyuan, Lim, Chwee Teck, Lin, Yuanjing, Lipomi, Darren J, Liu, Jia, Liu, Kai, Liu, Nan, Liu, Ren, Liu, Yuxin, Liu, Yuxuan, Liu, Zhiyuan, Liu, Zhuangjian, Loh, Xian Jun, Lu, Nanshu, Lv, Zhisheng, Magdassi, Shlomo, Malliaras, George G, Matsuhisa, Naoji, Nathan, Arokia, Niu, Simiao, Pan, Jieming, Pang, Changhyun, Pei, Qibing, Peng, Huisheng, Qi, Dianpeng, Ren, Huaying, Rogers, John A, Rowe, Aaron, Schmidt, Oliver G, Sekitani, Tsuyoshi, Seo, Dae-Gyo, Shen, Guozhen, Sheng, Xing, Shi, Qiongfeng, Someya, Takao, Song, Yanlin, Stavrinidou, Eleni, Su, Meng, Sun, Xuemei, Takei, Kuniharu, Tao, Xiao-Ming, Tee, Benjamin CK, Thean, Aaron Voon-Yew, and Trung, Tran Quang

Subjects
Data Management and Data Science, Information and Computing Sciences, Humans, Wearable Electronic Devices, Quality of Life, soft materials, mechanics engineering, flexible electronics, conformable sensors, bioelectronics, human-machine interfaces, body area sensor networks, technology translation, sustainable electronics, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Abstract

Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.

Published
2023

4. A biologically interfaced evolvable organic pattern classifier

Author

Gerasimov, Jennifer, Tu, Deyu, Hitaishi, Vivek, Harikesh, Padinhare Cholakkal, Yang, Chi-Yuan, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Rad, Meysam, Donahue, Mary J., Ejneby, Malin Silverå, Berggren, Magnus, Forchheimer, Robert, and Fabiano, Simone

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Future brain-computer interfaces will require local and highly individualized signal processing of fully integrated electronic circuits within the nervous system and other living tissue. New devices will need to be developed that can receive data from a sensor array, process data into meaningful information, and translate that information into a format that living systems can interpret. Here, we report the first example of interfacing a hardware-based pattern classifier with a biological nerve. The classifier implements the Widrow-Hoff learning algorithm on an array of evolvable organic electrochemical transistors (EOECTs). The EOECTs' channel conductance is modulated in situ by electropolymerizing the semiconductor material within the channel, allowing for low voltage operation, high reproducibility, and an improvement in state retention of two orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art OECT devices. The organic classifier is interfaced with a biological nerve using an organic electrochemical spiking neuron to translate the classifier's output to a simulated action potential. The latter is then used to stimulate muscle contraction selectively based on the input pattern, thus paving the way for the development of closed-loop therapeutic systems.

Published
2022

5. Stable ion-tunable antiambipolarity in mixed ion-electron conducting polymers enables biorealistic artificial neurons

Author

Harikesh, Padinhare Cholakkal, Yang, Chi-Yuan, Wu, Han-Yan, Zhang, Silan, Huang, Jun-Da, Berggren, Magnus, Tu, Deyu, and Fabiano, Simone

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Bio-integrated neuromorphic systems promise for new protocols to record and regulate the signaling of biological systems. Making such artificial neural circuits successful requires minimal circuit complexity and ion-based operating mechanisms similar to that of biology. However, simple leaky integrate-and-fire model neurons, commonly realized in either silicon or organic semiconductor neuromorphic systems, can emulate only a few neural features. More functional neuron models, based on traditional complex Si-based complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) or negative differential resistance (NDR) device circuits, are complicated to fabricate, not biocompatible, and lack ion- and chemical-based modulation features. Here we report a biorealistic conductance-based organic electrochemical neuron (c-OECN) using a mixed ion-electron conducting ladder-type polymer with reliable ion-tunable antiambipolarity. The latter is used to emulate the activation/inactivation of Na channels and delayed activation of K channels of biological neurons. These c-OECNs can then spike at bioplausible frequencies nearing 100 Hz, emulate most critical biological neural features, demonstrate stochastic spiking, and enable neurotransmitter and Ca2+-based spiking modulation. These combined features are impossible to achieve using previous technologies.

Published
2022

6. Fully 3D-Printed Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Author

Massetti, Matteo, Zhang, Silan, Padinare, Harikesh, Burtscher, Bernhard, Diacci, Chiara, Simon, Daniel T., Liu, Xianjie, Fahlman, Mats, Tu, Deyu, Berggren, Magnus, and Fabiano, Simone

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are currently being investigated for various applications, ranging from sensors to logics and neuromorphic hardware. The fabrication process must be compatible with flexible and scalable digital techniques to address this wide spectrum of applications. Here, we report a direct-write additive process to fabricate fully 3D printed OECTs. We developed 3D printable conducting, semiconducting, insulating, and electrolyte inks to achieve this. The 3D-printed OECTs, operating in the depletion mode, can be fabricated on thin and flexible substrates, yielding high mechanical and environmental stability. We also developed a 3D printable nanocellulose formulation for the OECT substrate, demonstrating one of the first examples of fully 3D printed electronic devices. Good dopamine biosensing capabilities (limit of detection down to 6 uM without metal gate electrodes) and long-term (~1 hour) synapses response underscore that the present OECT manufacturing strategy is suitable for diverse applications requiring rapid design change and digitally enabled direct-write techniques.

Published
2022

8. Low-power/high-gain flexible complementary circuits based on printed organic electrochemical transistors

Author

Yang, Chi-Yuan, Tu, Deyu, Ruoko, Tero-Petri, Gerasimov, Jennifer Y., Wu, Han-Yan, Harikesh, P. C., Kroon, Renee, Müller, Christian, Berggren, Magnus, and Fabiano, Simone

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

The ability to accurately extract low-amplitude voltage signals is crucial in several fields, ranging from single-use diagnostics and medical technology to robotics and the Internet of Things. The organic electrochemical transistor, which features large transconductance values at low operation voltages, is ideal for monitoring small signals. Its large transconductance translates small gate voltage variations into significant changes in the drain current. However, a current-to-voltage conversion is further needed to allow proper data acquisition and signal processing. Low power consumption, high amplification, and manufacturability on flexible and low-cost carriers are also crucial and highly anticipated for targeted applications. Here, we report low-power and high-gain flexible circuits based on printed complementary organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). We leverage the low threshold voltage of both p-type and n-type enhancement-mode OECTs to develop complementary voltage amplifiers that can sense voltages as low as 100 $\mu$V, with gains of 30.4 dB and at a power consumption < 2.7 $\mu$W (single-stage amplifier). At the optimal operating conditions, the voltage gain normalized to power consumption reaches 169 dB/$\mu$W, which is > 50 times larger than state-of-the-art OECT-based amplifiers. In a two-stage configuration, the complementary voltage amplifiers reach a DC voltage gain of 193 V/V, which is the highest among emerging CMOS-like technologies operating at supply voltages below 1 volt. Our findings demonstrate that flexible complementary circuits based on printed OECTs define a power-efficient platform for sensing and amplifying low-amplitude voltage signals in several emerging beyond-silicon applications.

Published
2021
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9. Continuous iontronic chemotherapy reduces brain tumor growth in embryonic avian in vivo models

Author

Handl, Verena, Waldherr, Linda, Arbring Sjöström, Theresia, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Seitanidou, Maria, Erschen, Sabine, Gorischek, Astrid, Bernacka-Wojcik, Iwona, Saarela, Helena, Tomin, Tamara, Honeder, Sophie Elisabeth, Distl, Joachim, Huber, Waltraud, Asslaber, Martin, Birner-Grünberger, Ruth, Schäfer, Ute, Berggren, Magnus, Schindl, Rainer, Patz, Silke, Simon, Daniel T., and Ghaffari-Tabrizi-Wizsy, Nassim

Published
2024
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10. Controlling the rate of posolyte degradation in all-quinone aqueous organic redox flow batteries by sulfonated nanocellulose based membranes: The role of crossover and Michael addition

Author

Lander, Sanna, Pang, Jiu, Erlandsson, Johan, Vagin, Mikhail, Jafari, Mohammad Javad, Korhonen, Leena, Yang, Hongli, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Ding, Penghui, Gueskine, Viktor, Mehandzhiyski, Aleksandar Y., Ederth, Thomas, Zozoulenko, Igor, Wågberg, Lars, Crispin, Reverant, and Berggren, Magnus

Published
2024
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11. Redox-tunable structural colour images based on UV-patterned conducting polymers

Author

Chen, Shangzhi, Rossi, Stefano, Shanker, Ravi, Cincotti, Giancarlo, Gamage, Sampath, Kuhne, Philipp, Stanishev, Vallery, Engquist, Isak, Berggren, Magnus, Edberg, Jesper, Darakchieva, Vanya, and Jonsson, Magnus P.

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

Precise manipulation of light-matter interaction has enabled a wide variety of approaches to create bright and vivid structural colours. Techniques utilizing photonic crystals, Fabry-P\'erot cavities, plasmonics, or high-refractive index dielectric metasurfaces have been studied for applications ranging from optical coatings to reflective displays. However, complicated fabrication procedures for sub-wavelength nanostructures, limited active areas, and inherent absence of tunability with these approaches significantly impede their further developments towards flexible, large-scale, and switchable devices compatible with facile and cost-effective production. Herein, we present a way to generate structural colours based on conducting polymer thin films prepared on metallic surfaces via vapour phase polymerization and ultraviolet (UV) light patterning. Varying the UV dose leads to synergistic variation of film absorption and thickness, which generates controllable colours from violet to red. Together with greyscale photomasks this enables fabrication of high-resolution colour images using single exposure steps. We further demonstrate spatiotemporal tuning of the structurally coloured surfaces and images via electrochemical modulation of the polymer redox state. The simple structure, facile fabrication, wide colour gamut, and dynamic colour tuning make this concept competitive for future multi-functional and smart displays.

Published
2021

12. Advanced materials provide solutions towards a sustainable world

Author

Hultman, Lars, Mazur, Sara, Ankarcrona, Caroline, Palmqvist, Anders, Abrahamsson, Maria, Antti, Marta-Lena, Baltzar, Malin, Bergström, Lennart, de Laval, Pontus, Edman, Ludvig, Erhart, Paul, Kloo, Lars, Lundberg, Mats W., Mikkelsen, Anders, Moons, Ellen, Persson, Cecilia, Rensmo, Håkan, Rosén, Johanna, Rudén, Christina, Selleby, Malin, Sundgren, Jan-Eric, Dick Thelander, Kimberly, Tybrandt, Klas, Weihed, Pär, Zou, Xiaodong, Åstrand, Maria, Björkman, Charlotte Platzer, Schneider, Jochen M., Eriksson, Olle, and Berggren, Magnus

Published
2024
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22. Engineering Conductive Hydrogels with Tissue‐like Properties: A 3D Bioprinting and Enzymatic Polymerization Approach.

Author

Li, Changbai, Naeimipour, Sajjad, Rasti Boroojeni, Fatemeh, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Strakosas, Xenofon, Yi, Yangpeiqi, Rilemark, Rebecka, Lindholm, Caroline, Perla, Venkata K., Musumeci, Chiara, Li, Yuyang, Biesmans, Hanne, Savvakis, Marios, Olsson, Eva, Tybrandt, Klas, Donahue, Mary J., Gerasimov, Jennifer Y., Selegård, Robert, Berggren, Magnus, and Aili, Daniel

Abstract

Hydrogels are promising materials for medical devices interfacing with neural tissues due to their similar mechanical properties. Traditional hydrogel‐based bio‐interfaces lack sufficient electrical conductivity, relying on low ionic conductivity, which limits signal transduction distance. Conducting polymer hydrogels offer enhanced ionic and electronic conductivities and biocompatibility but often face challenges in processability and require aggressive polymerization methods. Herein, we demonstrate in situ enzymatic polymerization of π‐conjugated monomers in a hyaluronan (HA)‐based hydrogel bioink to create cell‐compatible, electrically conductive hydrogel structures. These structures were fabricated using 3D bioprinting of HA‐based bioinks loaded with conjugated monomers, followed by enzymatic polymerization via horseradish peroxidase. This process increased the hydrogels' stiffness from about 0.6 to 1.5 kPa and modified their electroactivity. The components and polymerization process were well‐tolerated by human primary dermal fibroblasts and PC12 cells. This work presents a novel method to fabricate cytocompatible and conductive hydrogels suitable for bioprinting. These hybrid materials combine tissue‐like mechanical properties with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, providing new ways to use electricity to influence cell behavior in a native‐like microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. PEDOT:PSS-based Multilayer Bacterial-Composite Films for Bioelectronics.

Author

Zajdel, Tom J, Baruch, Moshe, Méhes, Gábor, Stavrinidou, Eleni, Berggren, Magnus, Maharbiz, Michel M, Simon, Daniel T, and Ajo-Franklin, Caroline M

Subjects
Bacteria, Polystyrenes, Polymers, Membranes, Artificial, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Acoustic Impedance Tests, Biosensing Techniques, Electric Conductivity, Electronics, Polymerization, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Membranes, Artificial, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Other Physical Sciences
Abstract

Microbial electrochemical systems provide an environmentally-friendly means of energy conversion between chemical and electrical forms, with applications in wastewater treatment, bioelectronics, and biosensing. However, a major challenge to further development, miniaturization, and deployment of bioelectronics and biosensors is the limited thickness of biofilms, necessitating large anodes to achieve sufficient signal-to-noise ratios. Here we demonstrate a method for embedding an electroactive bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, inside a conductive three-dimensional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) matrix electropolymerized on a carbon felt substrate, which we call a multilayer conductive bacterial-composite film (MCBF). By mixing the bacteria with the PEDOT:PSS precursor in a flow-through method, we maintain over 90% viability of S. oneidensis during encapsulation. Microscopic analysis of the MCBFs reveal a tightly interleaved structure of bacteria and conductive PEDOT:PSS up to 80 µm thick. Electrochemical experiments indicate S. oneidensis in MCBFs can perform both direct and riboflavin-mediated electron transfer to PEDOT:PSS. When used in bioelectrochemical reactors, the MCBFs produce 20 times more steady-state current than native biofilms grown on unmodified carbon felt. This versatile approach to control the thickness of bacterial composite films and increase their current output has immediate applications in microbial electrochemical systems, including field-deployable environmental sensing and direct integration of microorganisms into miniaturized organic electronics.

Published
2018

28. Contributors

Author

Abolhasani, Mohammad Mahdi, primary, Altomare, Aldo, additional, Asadi, Kamal, additional, Bae, Insung, additional, Berggren, Magnus, additional, Bozorg, Maryam, additional, Cardoso, V.F., additional, Carvalho, E.O., additional, Cornelissen, Tim, additional, Correia, D.M., additional, Costa, C.M., additional, Cui, Heng, additional, Fabiano, Simone, additional, Gradov, Oleg V., additional, Gradova, Margaret A., additional, Gruverman, Alexei, additional, Han, Zhubing, additional, He, Wen, additional, Horiuchi, Sachio, additional, Ishibashi, Shoji, additional, Kemerink, Martijn, additional, Khaliq, Jibran, additional, Khanbareh, Hamideh, additional, Kochervinskii, Valentin V., additional, Lanceros-Mendez, S., additional, Loos, Katja, additional, Lu, Haidong, additional, Ma, Rujun, additional, Malyshkina, Inna A., additional, Marques-Almeida, T., additional, Martins, P.M., additional, Meira, R.M., additional, Michels, Jasper J., additional, Park, Cheolmin, additional, Pei, Qibing, additional, Peřinka, N., additional, Rasheed, Aatif, additional, Rodrigues-Marinho, T., additional, Sani, Negar, additional, Sharifi-Dehsari, Hamed, additional, Tokura, Yoshinori, additional, Wang, Qing, additional, Zhang, Zhongbo, additional, Zhou, Yao, additional, and Zhu, Lei, additional

Published
2022
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32. Organic Electrochemical Transistor Aptasensor for Interleukin-6 Detection

Author

Diacci, Chiara, Burtscher, Bernhard, Berto, Marcello, Ruoko, Tero-Petri, Lienemann, Samuel, Greco, Pierpaolo, Berggren, Magnus, Borsari, Marco, Simon, Daniel T., Bortolotti, Carlo A., and Biscarini, Fabio

Abstract

We demonstrate an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensor for the detection of interleukin 6 (IL6), an important biomarker associated with various pathological processes, including chronic inflammation, inflammaging, cancer, and severe COVID-19 infection. The biosensor is functionalized with oligonucleotide aptamers engineered to bind specifically IL6. We developed an easy functionalization strategy based on gold nanoparticles deposited onto a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) gate electrode for the subsequent electrodeposition of thiolated aptamers. During this functionalization step, the reduction of sulfide bonds allows for simultaneous deposition of a blocking agent. A detection range from picomolar to nanomolar concentrations for IL6 was achieved, and the selectivity of the device was assessed against Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), another cytokine involved in the inflammatory processes.

Published
2024
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34. Study on the Rectification of Ionic Diode Based on Cross-Linked Nanocellulose Bipolar Membranes

Author

Yang, Hongli, Edberg, Jesper, Say, Mehmet Girayhan, Erlandsson, Johan, Gueskine, Viktor, Wågberg, Lars, Berggren, Magnus, Engquist, Isak, Yang, Hongli, Edberg, Jesper, Say, Mehmet Girayhan, Erlandsson, Johan, Gueskine, Viktor, Wågberg, Lars, Berggren, Magnus, and Engquist, Isak

Abstract

Nanocellulose-based membranes have attracted intense attention in bioelectronic devices due to their low cost, flexibility, biocompatibility, degradability, and sustainability. Herein, we demonstrate a flexible ionic diode using a cross-linked bipolar membrane fabricated from positively and negatively charged cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The rectified current originates from the asymmetric charge distribution, which can selectively determine the direction of ion transport inside the bipolar membrane. The mechanism of rectification was demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with voltage biases. The rectifying behavior of this kind of ionic diode was studied by using linear sweep voltammetry to obtain current-voltage characteristics and the time dependence of the current. In addition, the performance of cross-linked CNF diodes was investigated while changing parameters such as the thickness of the bipolar membranes, the scanning voltage range, and the scanning rate. A good long-term stability due to the high density cross-linking of the diode was shown in both current-voltage characteristics and the time dependence of current., QC 20240326

Published
2024
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35. Conducting Polymer‐Based e‐Refinery for Sustainable Hydrogen Peroxide Production

Author

Wu, Zhixing, Ding, Penghui, Gueskine, Viktor, Boyd, Robert, Glowacki, Eric Daniel, Odén, Magnus, Crispin, Xavier, Berggren, Magnus, Björk, Emma, Vagin, Mikhail, Wu, Zhixing, Ding, Penghui, Gueskine, Viktor, Boyd, Robert, Glowacki, Eric Daniel, Odén, Magnus, Crispin, Xavier, Berggren, Magnus, Björk, Emma, and Vagin, Mikhail

Abstract

Electrocatalysis enables the industrial transition to sustainable production of chemicals using abundant precursors and electricity from renewable sources. De-centralized production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water and oxygen of air is highly desirable for daily life and industry. We report an effective electrochemical refinery (e-refinery) for H2O2 by means of electrocatalysis-controlled comproportionation reaction (2(H)O + O -> 2(HO)), feeding pure water and oxygen only. Mesoporous nickel (II) oxide (NiO) was used as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), producing oxygen at the anode. Conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) drove the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), forming H2O2 on the cathode. The reactions were evaluated in both half-cell and device configurations. The performance of the H2O2 e-refinery, assembled on anion-exchange solid electrolyte and fed with pure water, was limited by the unbalanced ionic transport. Optimization of the operation conditions allowed a conversion efficiency of 80%., Funding: Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) [2016-05156]; Swedish Energy Agency [42022-1]; Swedish Research Council [VR 2021-04427, VR 2019-05577, VR 2016-05990]; Centre in Nanoscience and Technology (CeNano, Linkoeping Institute of Technology (LiTH), Linkoeping University, 2020, 2021); Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (H2O2) [KAW 2018.0058]

Published
2024
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36. Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistor Platforms for Efficient Electropolymerization of Thiophene Based Oligomers

Author

Gryszel, Maciej, Byun, Donghak, Burtscher, Bernhard, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Brodsky, Jan, Simon, Daniel T, Berggren, Magnus, Glowacki, Eric Daniel, Strakosas, Xenofon, Donahue, Mary, Gryszel, Maciej, Byun, Donghak, Burtscher, Bernhard, Abrahamsson, Tobias, Brodsky, Jan, Simon, Daniel T, Berggren, Magnus, Glowacki, Eric Daniel, Strakosas, Xenofon, and Donahue, Mary

Abstract

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as promising candidates for various fields, including bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, biosensors, and wearable electronics. OECTs operate in aqueous solutions, exhibit high amplification properties, and offer ion-to-electron signal transduction. The OECT channel consists of a conducting polymer, with PEDOT:PSS receiving the most attention to date. While PEDOT:PSS is highly conductive, and benefits from optimized protocols using secondary dopants and detergents, new p-type and n-type polymers are emerging with desirable material properties. Among these, low-oxidation potential oligomers are highly enabling for bioelectronics applications, however the polymers resulting from their polymerization lag far behind in conductivity compared with the established PEDOT:PSS. In this work we show that by careful design of the OECT geometrical characteristics, we can overcome this limitation and achieve devices that are on-par with transistors employing PEDOT:PSS. We demonstrate that the vertical architecture allows for facile electropolymerization of a family of trimers that are polymerized in very low oxidation potentials, without the need for harsh chemicals or secondary dopants. Vertical and planar OECTs are compared using various characterization methods. We show that vOECTs are superior platforms in general and propose that the vertical architecture can be expanded for the realization of OECTs for various applications., Funding agencies: European Research Council (AdG 2018 Magnus Berggren, 834677), the Swedish Research Council (2018-06197), and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (RMX18-0083), the Swedish Research Council (2022-04807, 2023-05459), the Swedish Government Strategic Research Areas in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University (Faculty Grant SFOMat-LiU No. 2009-00971).

Published
2024
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37. Drug delivery via a 3D electro-swellable conjugated polymer hydrogel

Author

Abdel Aziz, Ilaria, Gladisch, Johannes, Griggs, Sophie, Moser, Maximilian, Biesmans, Hanne, Beloqui, Ana, McCulloch, Iain, Berggren, Magnus, Stavrinidou, Eleni, Abdel Aziz, Ilaria, Gladisch, Johannes, Griggs, Sophie, Moser, Maximilian, Biesmans, Hanne, Beloqui, Ana, McCulloch, Iain, Berggren, Magnus, and Stavrinidou, Eleni

Abstract

Spatiotemporal controlled drug delivery minimizes side-effects and enables therapies that require specific dosing patterns. Conjugated polymers (CP) can be used for electrically controlled drug delivery; however so far, most demonstrations were limited to molecules up to 500 Da. Larger molecules could be incorporated only during the CP polymerization and thus limited to a single delivery. This work harnesses the record volume changes of a glycolated polythiophene p(g3T2) for controlled drug delivery. p(g3T2) undergoes reversible volumetric changes of up to 300% during electrochemical doping, forming pores in the nm-size range, resulting in a conducting hydrogel. p(g3T2)-coated 3D carbon sponges enable controlled loading and release of molecules spanning molecular weights of 800-6000 Da, from simple dyes up to the hormone insulin. Molecules are loaded as a combination of electrostatic interactions with the charged polymer backbone and physical entrapment in the porous matrix. Smaller molecules leak out of the polymer while larger ones could not be loaded effectively. Finally, this work shows the temporally patterned release of molecules with molecular weight of 1300 Da and multiple reloading and release cycles without affecting the on/off ratio.

Published
2024
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38. Electrochemical modulation of mechanical properties of glycolated polythiophenes

Author

Abdel Aziz, Ilaria, Gladisch, Johannes, Musumeci, Chiara, Moser, Maximilian, Griggs, Sophie, Kousseff, Christina J., Berggren, Magnus, Mcculloch, Iain, Stavrinidou, Eleni, Abdel Aziz, Ilaria, Gladisch, Johannes, Musumeci, Chiara, Moser, Maximilian, Griggs, Sophie, Kousseff, Christina J., Berggren, Magnus, Mcculloch, Iain, and Stavrinidou, Eleni

Abstract

Electrochemical doping of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors is key for modulating their conductivity, charge storage and volume enabling high performing bioelectronic devices such as recording and stimulating electrodes, transistors-based sensors and actuators. However, electrochemical doping has not been explored to the same extent for modulating the mechanical properties of OMIECs on demand. Here, we report a qualitative and quantitative study on how the mechanical properties of a glycolated polythiophene, p(g3T2), change in situ during electrochemical doping and de-doping. The Young's modulus of p(g3T2) changes from 69 MPa in the dry state to less than 10 MPa in the hydrated state and then further decreases down to 0.4 MPa when electrochemically doped. With electrochemical doping-dedoping the Young's modulus of p(g3T2) changes by more than one order of magnitude reversibly, representing the largest modulation reported for an OMIEC. Furthermore, we show that the electrolyte concentration affects the magnitude of the change, demonstrating that in less concentrated electrolytes more water is driven into the film due to osmosis and therefore the film becomes softer. Finally, we find that the oligo ethylene glycol side chain functionality, specifically the length and asymmetry, affects the extent of modulation. Our findings show that glycolated polythiophenes are promising materials for mechanical actuators with a tunable modulus similar to the range of biological tissues, thus opening a pathway for new mechanostimulation devices. This work investigates the changes in the mechanical properties of glycolated polythiophenes induced by electrochemical addressing and by electrolyte concentration, due to its ability to stabilize water., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [FFL18-0101]; Swedish Research Council [VR-2020-05045]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoeping University [2009-00971]

Published
2024
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45. Organic Electrochemical Transistor Aptasensor for Interleukin-6 Detection

Author

Diacci, Chiara, primary, Burtscher, Bernhard, additional, Berto, Marcello, additional, Ruoko, Tero-Petri, additional, Lienemann, Samuel, additional, Greco, Pierpaolo, additional, Berggren, Magnus, additional, Borsari, Marco, additional, Simon, Daniel T., additional, Bortolotti, Carlo A., additional, and Biscarini, Fabio, additional

Published
2023
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47. A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics

Author

Yang, Chi-Yuan, Stoeckel, Marc-Antoine, Ruoko, Tero-Petri, Wu, Han-Yan, Liu, Xianjie, Kolhe, Nagesh B., Wu, Ziang, Puttisong, Yuttapoom, Musumeci, Chiara, Massetti, Matteo, Sun, Hengda, Xu, Kai, Tu, Deyu, Chen, Weimin M., Woo, Han Young, Fahlman, Mats, Jenekhe, Samson A., Berggren, Magnus, and Fabiano, Simone

Published
2021
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49. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics

Author

Torricelli, Fabrizio, Adrahtas, Demetra Z., Bao, Zhenan, Berggren, Magnus, Biscarini, Fabio, Bonfiglio, Annalisa, Bortolotti, Carlo A., Frisbie, C. Daniel, Macchia, Eleonora, Malliaras, George G., McCulloch, Iain, Moser, Maximilian, Nguyen, Thuc-Quyen, Owens, Róisín M., Salleo, Alberto, Spanu, Andrea, and Torsi, Luisa

Published
2021
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50. The Fourth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit “Technology Targeting Molecular Mechanisms”: current progress, challenges, and charting the future

Author

Datta-Chaudhuri, Timir, Zanos, Theodoros, Chang, Eric H., Olofsson, Peder S., Bickel, Stephan, Bouton, Chad, Grande, Daniel, Rieth, Loren, Aranow, Cynthia, Bloom, Ona, Mehta, Ashesh D., Civillico, Gene, Stevens, Molly M., Głowacki, Eric, Bettinger, Christopher, Schüettler, Martin, Puleo, Chris, Rennaker, Robert, Mohanta, Saroj, Carnevale, Daniela, Conde, Silvia V., Bonaz, Bruno, Chernoff, David, Kapa, Suraj, Berggren, Magnus, Ludwig, Kip, Zanos, Stavros, Miller, Larry, Weber, Doug, Yoshor, Daniel, Steinman, Lawrence, Chavan, Sangeeta S., Pavlov, Valentin A., Al-Abed, Yousef, and Tracey, Kevin J.

Published
2021
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