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Aims Serelaxin is effective in relieving dyspnoea and improving multiple outcomes in acute heart failure (AHF). Many AHF patients have preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Given the lack of evidence-based therapies in this population, we evaluated the effe

© 2014 The Authors European Journal of Heart Failure.Aims We studied the characteristics and clinical outcome related to diuretic response and the effects of serelaxin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF).Methods and results RELAX-AHF was

Aim Patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) differ with respect of many clinical characteristics which may influence their prognosis and response to treatment.We have assessed possible differences in the effects of serelaxin on dyspnoea relief,

BACKGROUND: Remote monitoring of heart failure (HF) patients may help in the early detection of acute decompensation before the onset of symptoms, providing the opportunity for early intervention to reduce HF-related hospitalizations, improve outcomes, and lower costs. METHODS AND RESULTS: MUSIC is a multicenter nonrandomized study designed to develop and validate an algorithm for prediction of impending acute HF decompensation with the use of physiologic signals obtained from an external device adhered to the chest. A total of 543 HF patients (206 development, 337 validation) with ejection fraction <=40% and a recent HF admission were enrolled. Patients were remotely monitored for 90 days using a multisensor device. Accounting for device failure and patient withdrawal, 314 patients (114 development, 200 validation) were included in the analysis. Development patient data were used to develop a multiparameter HF detection algorithm. Algorithm performance in the development cohort had 65% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and a false positive rate of 0.7 per patient-year for detection of HF events. In the validation cohort, algorithm performance met the prespecified end points with 63% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and a false positive rate of 0.9 per patient-year. The overall rate of significant adverse skin response was 0.4%. CONCLUSION: Using an external multisensor monitoring system, an HF decompensation prediction algorithm was developed that met the prespecified performance end point. Further studies are required to determine whether the use of this system will improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote monitoring of heart failure (HF) patients may help in the early detection of acute HF decompensation before the onset of symptoms. Appropriate early intervention in these patients may reduce HF-related hospitalizations and costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) carry a diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), but coronary angiography is infrequently performed. This purpose of this study was to determine the influence of coronary angiography on use of therapeutics and early postdischarge outcomes in patients with AHFS. Methods: The Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure program enrolled 48,612 patients admitted with AHFS at 259 academic and community hospitals throughout the United States Inhospital treatments and outcomes were tracked in all patients and postdischarge outcomes in a prespecified 10% sample. Outcome data were prospectively collected and analyzed according to whether coronary angiography was performed during the index hospitalization and whether a patient had CAD. Results: Overall, 8.7% of all patients underwent inhospital angiography. Among patients with CAD who underwent angiography, 27.5% underwent inhospital myocardial revascularization. At the time of discharge, patients with CAD who underwent angiography were significantly more likely to be receiving aspirin (68.9% vs 50.3%, P < .0001), statins (56.6% vs 40.6%, P < .0001), beta-blockers (78.6% vs 67.5%, P < .0001), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (64.9% vs 51.5%, P < .0001). In patients with AHFS and CAD, the use of inhospital angiography was associated with significantly lower mortality and rehospitalization risk in the first 60 to 90 days post hospital discharge after adjustment for multiple comorbidities and patient factors: mortality (HR 0.31 [95% CI 0.14-0.70], P = .004) and death or rehospitalization (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.50-0.86], P = .003). There were no significant differences in any of these outcomes in patients with AHFS and a nonischemic etiology based the performance of inhospital angiography. Conclusions: The performance of inhospital angiography on patients with AHFS and CAD is associated with an increased use of aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and myocardial revascularization. This corresponded with significantly lower rates of death, rehospitalization, and death or rehospitalization at 60 to 90 days post discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multimorbidity frequently occurs in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). The co-occurrence of comorbidities often follows specific patterns., Objectives: This study investigated multimorbidity subtypes and their associations with clinical outcomes., Methods: From the prospective RELAX-AHF-2 (Relaxin for the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure-2) trial, 6,545 patients (26% with HF with preserved ejection fraction, defined as LVEF ≥50%) were classified into multimorbidity groups using latent class analysis. The association between subgroups and clinical outcomes was examined. Validation of these findings was conducted in the RELAX-AHF trial, which comprised 1,161 patients., Results: Five distinct multimorbidity groups emerged: 1) diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (often male, high prevalence of CKD and diabetes mellitus); 2) ischemic (ischemic HF); 3) elderly/atrial fibrillation (AF) (oldest, high prevalence of AF); 4) metabolic (obese, hypertensive, more often HF with preserved ejection fraction); and 5) young (fewest comorbidities). After adjusting for confounders, patients in the diabetes and CKD (HR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.50-2.20), elderly/AF (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.20-1.70), and metabolic (HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.20-1.80) groups had higher rates of the composite outcome than patients in the young group, primarily driven by differences in rehospitalization. Treatment allocation (placebo or serelaxin) modified these associations (P interaction  <0.001). Serelaxin-treated patients in the young group were associated with a lower risk for all-cause mortality (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.40-0.90). Similarly, patients from the RELAX-AHF trial clustered in 5 multimorbidity groups. The clinical characteristics and associations with outcomes could also be validated., Conclusions: Comorbidities naturally clustered into 5 mutually exclusive groups in RELAX-AHF-2, showing variations in clinical outcomes. These data emphasize that the specific combination of comorbidities can influence adverse outcomes and treatment responses in patients with AHF., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures This study was funded by the PROMINENT project (funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 754425). Dr Tromp is supported by the National University of Singapore Start-up grant, the tier 1 grant from the ministry of education, and the CS-IRG New Investigator Grant from the National Medical Research Council; has received consulting or speaker fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche Diagnostics, and Us2.ai; and owns patent US-10702247-B2 unrelated to the present work. Drs Cotter and Davison are employees of Momentum Research, Inc, which has received grants from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, Celyad, Cirius Therapeutics Inc, Corteria Pharmaceuticals, Roche Diagnostics Inc, Sanofi, Windtree Therapeutics Inc, and XyloCor Therapeutics. Dr Felker has received research grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the American Heart Association, Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Merck, Cytokinetics, and CSL-Behring; has acted as a consultant to Novartis, Amgen, BMS, Cytokinetics, Medtronic, Cardionomic, Boehringer Ingelheim, American Regent, Abbott, AstraZeneca, Reprieve, Myovant, Sequana, Windtree Therapeutics, and Whiteswell; and has served on clinical endpoint committees/data safety monitoring boards for Amgen, Merck, Medtronic, EBR Systems, V-Wave, LivaNova, Siemens, and Rocket Pharma. Dr Gimpelewicz is an employee of Novartis. Dr Greenberg is a consultant for or on the advisory board of AstraZeneca, Bayer, Ionis, Merck, Mesoblast, and Tenaya; and has been on the Data Safety Monitoring Board of ACI, Axon, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cytokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, EBR Systems, Faraday, Inventiva, Impulse Dynamics, Ionis, Salubris, Vifor, Viking, and Windtree. Dr Lam is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Bayer and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the Advisory Board/Steering Committee/Executive Committee for Actelion, Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous Inc, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ProSciento Inc, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, and Us2.ai; and serves as co-founder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Voors has received research support and/or has been a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Merck, MyoKardia, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics. Dr Metra received personal fees of minimal amounts in the last 3 years from Actelion, Amgen, LivaNova, and Vifor pharma as a member of Executive or Data Monitoring Committees of sponsored clinical trials; and from AstraZeneca, Abbott Vascular, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Edwards Therapeutics for participation on advisory boards and/or speeches at sponsored meetings. Dr Teerlink has received research support and/or has been a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Servier, and Windtree Therapeutics. Dr van der Meer received grant support and/or consultancy fees from Novartis, Pharma Nord, Pfizer, Ionis, Astra Zeneca, Vifor Pharma, Pharmacosmos, BridgeBio, and Novo Nordisk. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Craniosynostosis is a group of disorders of premature calvarial suture fusion. The identity of the calvarial stem cells (CSCs) that produce fusion-driving osteoblasts in craniosynostosis remains poorly understood. Here we show that both physiologic calvarial mineralization and pathologic calvarial fusion in craniosynostosis reflect the interaction of two separate stem cell lineages; a previously identified cathepsin K (CTSK) lineage CSC 1 (CTSK + CSC) and a separate discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2) lineage stem cell (DDR2 + CSC) that we identified in this study. Deletion of Twist1, a gene associated with craniosynostosis in humans 2,3 , solely in CTSK + CSCs is sufficient to drive craniosynostosis in mice, but the sites that are destined to fuse exhibit an unexpected depletion of CTSK + CSCs and a corresponding expansion of DDR2 + CSCs, with DDR2 + CSC expansion being a direct maladaptive response to CTSK + CSC depletion. DDR2 + CSCs display full stemness features, and our results establish the presence of two distinct stem cell lineages in the sutures, with both populations contributing to physiologic calvarial mineralization. DDR2 + CSCs mediate a distinct form of endochondral ossification without the typical haematopoietic marrow formation. Implantation of DDR2 + CSCs into suture sites is sufficient to induce fusion, and this phenotype was prevented by co-transplantation of CTSK + CSCs. Finally, the human counterparts of DDR2 + CSCs and CTSK + CSCs display conserved functional properties in xenograft assays. The interaction between these two stem cell populations provides a new biologic interface for the modulation of calvarial mineralization and suture patency., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Aims: The impact of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) is not well established. We assessed the role of MR in patients enrolled in the Relaxin in Acute Heart Failure 2 (RELAX-AHF-2) trial., Methods and Results: Patients enrolled in RELAX-AHF-2 with available data regarding MR status were included in this analysis. Baseline characteristics, in-hospital data, and clinical outcomes through 180-day follow-up were evaluated. The impact of moderate/severe MR was assessed. Among 6420 AHF patients with known MR status, 1810 patients (28.2%) had moderate/severe MR. Compared to patients with no/mild MR, those with moderate/severe MR were more likely to have history of heart failure (HF), prior HF hospitalization, more comorbidities, symptoms/signs of HF, lower left ventricular ejection fraction and higher N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels. Moderate/severe MR was associated with longer length of hospital stay, higher rates of residual dyspnoea, increased jugular venous pressure through the index hospitalization and a higher unadjusted risk of the composite of cardiovascular (CV) death or rehospitalization for HF/renal failure (RF) through 180 days (crude hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.27, p = 0.01). The association between moderate/severe MR and poorer outcomes was not maintained in a multivariable model including several covariates of interest (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.91-1.17, p = 0.65). Similar findings were observed for HF/RF rehospitalization alone., Conclusions: In patients with AHF, moderate/severe MR was associated with a worse clinical profile but did not have an independent prognostic impact on clinical outcomes., (© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Nutrition in the cardiovascular field to date has focused on improving lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension and diabetes from the viewpoint of secondary prevention. For these conditions, "nutrition for weight loss" is recommended, and nutritional guidance that restricts calories is provided. On the other hand, in symptomatic Stage C and D heart failure, it is known that underweight patients who manifest poor nutrition, sarcopenia, and cardiac cachexia have a poor prognosis. This is referred to as the "Obesity paradox". In order to "avoid weight loss" in patients with heart failure, a paradigm shift to nutritional management to prevent weight loss is needed. Rather than prescribing uniform recommendation for salt reduction of 6 g/day or less, awareness of the behavior change stage model is attracting attention. In this setting, the value of salt restriction will need to be determined to determine the priority level of intervention for undernutrition versus the need to prevent congestive signs and symptoms. In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) for acute heart failure, nutritional intervention should be considered within 48 h of admission. Key points are selection of access route, timing of intervention, and monitoring of side effects. In nutritional management at home and in end-of-life care, food is a reflection of an individual's values, as well as a source of joy and encouragement. The importance of digestive tract should also be recognized in heart failure from oral flail to intestinal edema, constipation, and the intestinal bacteria called the heart-gut axis. Finally, we would like to propose a new term "heart nutrition" for nutritional management in patients with heart failure in this review. Compared to the evidence for exercise therapy in heart failure, studies assessing nutritional management remain scarce and there is a need for research in this area in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Heart failure (HF) remains a major public health problem with increasing prevalence in China. This study evaluated the clinical performance and quality measures for HF management to identify gaps in the standardization of care for patients hospitalized for HF in China., Methods and Results: Following the results of China-HF stage I (2012-2015), the second stage of the China-HF was launched in 2017. Among 113 hospitals with ≥100 cases, the China-HF Stage II assessed the quality of care measures for HF and compared results with previous data in China and the US-based Get with The Guidelines-Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) registries. In total, 34 938 patients hospitalized with HF were enrolled from January 2017 to October 2020. Echocardiographic left ventricular function and natriuretic peptide test were performed in 93.7% and 93.0% of the cases, respectively. Adherence to standardized guidelines in China-HF stage II was higher than that in the China-HF stage I, but generally lower than GWTG-HF registry with 78.2% of eligible patients was prescribed oral diuretics, 78.7% renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors, and 82.2% beta-blockers. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices were implanted in 3.9% and 14.6%, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of eligible patients discharged with spironolactone (87.8%) was higher than GWTG-HF. The median length of hospitalization was 9 (6, 12) days, and 938 (2.8%) patients died or withdrew from treatment during hospitalization., Conclusions: Despite significant improvements in the use of guideline-recommended testing and therapy, there remain major gaps in quality of care for patients hospitalized for HF in China that are generally larger than gaps observed in the United States., (© 2022 The Authors. ESC Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Aim: Recent data suggest that guideline-directed medical therapy of patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) might improve clinical outcomes in patients with HF up to a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 55-65%, whereas patients with higher LVEF do not seem to benefit. Recent data have shown that LVEF may have a U-shaped relation with outcome, with poorer outcome also in patients with supranormal values. This suggests that patients with supranormal LVEF may be a distinctive group of patients., Methods and Results: RELAX-AHF-2 was a multicentre, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of serelaxin on 180-day cardiovascular (CV) mortality and worsening HF at day 5 in patients with acute HF. Echocardiograms were performed at hospital admission in 6128 patients: 155 (2.5%) patients were classified as HF with supranormal ejection fraction (HFsnEF; LVEF >65%), 1440 (23.5%) as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF 50-65%), 1353 (22.1%) as HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF; LVEF 41-49%) and 3180 (51.9%) as HFrEF (LVEF <40%). Patients with HFsnEF compared to HFpEF were more often women, had higher prevalence of non-ischaemic HF, had lower levels of natriuretic peptides, were less likely to be treated with beta-blockers and had higher blood urea nitrogen plasma levels. All-cause mortality was not statistically different between groups, although patients with HFsnEF had the highest numerical rate. A declining trend was seen in the proportion of 180-day deaths due to CV causes from HFrEF (290/359, 80.8%) to HFsnEF (14/24, 58.3%). The reverse was observed with death from non-CV causes. No treatment effect of serelaxin was observed in any of the subgroups., Conclusions: In this study, only 2.5% of patients were classified as HFsnEF. HFsnEF was primarily characterized by female sex, lower natriuretic peptides and a higher risk of non-CV death., (© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Previous studies have suggested that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel yet readily evaluable inflammatory biomarker that may be useful for determining cardiovascular prognosis during acute episodes. The study investigated the role of NLR in predicting cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (HF). Individual patient data from the BLAST-AHF (phase 2b study of the biased ligand of the angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor, TRV027), Pre-RELAX-AHF (phase 2b study of recombinant human relaxin-2, serelaxin), and RELAX-AHF (phase 3 study of serelaxin) randomized, placebo-controlled studies for patients with acute HF were pooled for analysis. Dyspnea visual analog scale area under the curve through day 5, worsening HF through day 5, 30-day all-cause mortality, 60-day HF/renal failure rehospitalizations or CV death, 180-day all-cause mortality, and 180-day CV death were assessed. There were several differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients divided by NLR tertile, with patients in the higher NLR having worse clinical characteristics. NLR was an independent predictor of 30-day all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per log 2 NLR increment: 1.66 [1.22 to 2.25], p = 0.001), 60-day HF/renal failure rehospitalizations or CV death: 1.33 [1.12 to 1.57], p = 0.001), 180-day all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.27 [1.08 to 1.50], p = 0.003), and 180-day CV death (adjusted HR 1.24 [1.04 to 1.49], p = 0.018). NLR, a readily available inflammatory biomarker, was associated with independent risk for short- and long-term adverse outcomes in acute HF, surpassing traditional markers, such as natriuretic peptides., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of systemic inflammation in reduced cognitive functioning in patients with early-stage heart failure (HF) while determining associations with other cardiovascular risk factors., Methods: Patients with stage B HF (n = 270; mean [standard deviation] age = 66.1 [10.1] years) were examined cross-sectionally for relationships among cardiovascular disease (CVD) and psychological risk factors, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. A subsample (n = 83) at high risk for stage C HF (B-type natriuretic peptide levels ≥65 pg/ml) were followed up for 12 months for relationships between CRP levels and cognitive function., Results: Baseline smoking (χ2 = 6.33), unmarried (χ2 = 12.0), hypertension (χ2 = 5.72), greater body mass index (d = 0.45), and physical fatigue (d = 0.25) were related to higher CRP levels (p values < .05). Cross-sectionally, CRP levels were negatively related to MoCA scores, beyond CVD (ΔR2 = 0.022, β = -0.170, p < .010) and psychological risk factors (ΔR2 = 0.016, β = 0.145, p < .027), and related to mild cognitive impairment criteria (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-1.81, p = .046). Across 12 months, B-type natriuretic peptide high-risk patients with CRP levels ≥3 mg/L had lower MoCA scores (23.6; 95% CI = 22.4-24.8) than did patients with CRP levels <3 mg/L (25.4; 95% CI = 24.4-26.5; p = .024)., Conclusions: Patients with stage B HF and heightened CRP levels had greater cognitive impairment at baseline and follow-up, independent of CVD and potentially psychological risk factors. Low-grade systemic inflammation may be one mechanism involved in cognitive dysfunction at early stages of HF., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Psychosomatic Society.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between systolic blood pressure (SBP) drop, worsening renal function (WRF), and prognosis in patients with acute heart failure (AHF)., Background: A large drop in SBP early after hospital admission for AHF might be associated with increased risk for WRF and prognosis. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the interaction between WRF and a drop in SBP on clinical outcomes., Methods: A post hoc analysis among 6,544 patients with AHF enrolled in the RELAX-AHF-2 (Relaxin in Acute Heart Failure-2) trial was performed. Blood pressure was uniformly and repetitively measured. Peak SBP drop was defined as the difference between baseline SBP and lowest SBP documented during the first 48 hours. WRF was defined by an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline to day 5., Results: Peak SBP drop was independently associated with a higher risk for WRF (HR: 1.11 per 10 mm Hg SBP drop; P < 0.001), 5-day worsening heart failure (HR: 1.12 per 10 mm Hg SBP drop; P = 0.006), and 180-day cardiovascular death (HR: 1.09 per 10 mm Hg SBP drop; P = 0.026) after adjustment for potential confounders including baseline SBP. There was no interaction between the prognostic value of early SBP drop according to the presence or absence of WRF., Conclusions: In patients hospitalized for AHF, a greater early drop in SBP was associated with a higher incidence of WRF, worsening heart failure, and an increased risk for 180-day cardiovascular death. However, the association between SBP drop and prognosis was not influenced by WRF. (Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Serelaxin When Added to Standard Therapy in AHF [RELAX-AHF-2]; NCT01870778)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The RELAX-AHF-2 trial was funded by Novartis. Dr Matsue is affiliated with a department endowed by Philips Respironics, ResMed, Teijin Home Healthcare, and Fukuda Denshi; and has received an honorarium from Otsuka Pharmaceutical and Novartis Japan. Dr Metra has received consulting honoraria as a member of trial committees or advisory boards for Abbott Vascular, Amgen, Bayer, Edwards Therapeutics, and Vifor Pharma. Dr Greenberg has received research support from the American Heart Association, the National Institutes of Health, and Rocket Pharma; and serves as a consultant for ACI, Actelion, Akcea, Amgen, EBR Systems, Ionis, Janssen, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Sanofi, Viking, Zensun, and Zoll. Drs Cotter and Davison have received research grants and personal fees from Novartis during the trials’ conduct; and have received grants from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, Celyad, Cirius Therapeutics, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Windtree Therapeutics. Dr Felker has received research grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the American Heart Association, Amgen, Bayer Merck, Cytokinetics, and Roche Diagnostics; and has acted as a consultant to Novartis, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Medtronic, Cardionomic, V-Wave, MyoKardia, InnoLife, EBR Systems, Arena, Abbott, Roche Diagnostics, Alnylam, LivaNova, Rocket Pharma, Reprieve, and SC Pharma. Dr Filippatos has participated in committees for trials and registries sponsored by Novartis, Servier, Medtronic, Vifor, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Bayer. Dr Pang has served as a consultant for Baxter, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Merck; and has received research or other support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Novartis, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, OrthoDiagnostics, and Abbott. Dr Ponikowski has received consulting fees and speaker honoraria from Vifor Pharma, Amgen, Servier, Novartis, Berlin Chemie, Bayer, Pfizer, Cibiem, Impulse Dynamics, Renal Guard Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, and AstraZeneca; and has received research grants from Vifor Pharma. Dr Voors has received consultancy fees and/or grant support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, MyoKardia, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, Servier, and Vifor Pharma. Dr Teerlink has received research grants and/or consulting fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, EBR Systems, Medtronic, Merck, and Novartis. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In international trials, glucagon-like protein-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) were effective in improving cardiovascular (CV) outcomes., Methods: We assessed the effect of GLP-1RAs and SGLT2Is treatment effect on CV endpoints by geographical region in multiple international trials using random effects weighted least squares meta-regressions., Results: The estimated effects of both SGLT2Is and GLP-1RAs on major adverse CV events (MACE) in North America (SGLT2Is n = 12,399, HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.01; GLP-1RAs n = 12,515, HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83- 1.09) and in Europe (SGLT2Is n = 19,435, HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.85-1.02; GLP-1RAs n = 22,812, HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.99) were numerically lower but not statistically different to the rest of the world (ROW) (SGLT2Is n = 15,127, HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.92, p-value for interaction 0.26; GLP-1RAs n = 17,494, HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73-0.92, p-value for interaction 0.28). Effects of SGLT2Is on heart failure readmission or CV death varied significantly by region (P = 0.0094). The effect of SGLT2Is was significantly smaller in Europe (n = 18,653, HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.95) than in the ROW (n = 12,463, HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61-0.76, P = 0.0024). The smaller effect in North America (n = 9776, HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.87) did not differ significantly from that in the ROW (P = 0.2370)., Conclusion: The effects of SGLT2Is on HF events are larger in the ROW. Further analyses and studies are needed to better elucidate the differential effects of SGLTIs and GLP-1RAs by geographical regions., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Despite advances in medical and device therapy, patients with heart failure remain at high risk for morbidity and mortality. Experimental and clinical studies have shown an association between heart failure and a hypercoagulable state, and that patients with heart failure experience an increased incidence of stroke and other thromboembolic events, regardless of whether they are in atrial fibrillation. Although oral anticoagulation is recommended when atrial fibrillation is present, the benefits of this therapy in patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm are uncertain. Older randomized controlled trials comparing warfarin with antiplatelet therapy were, for the most part, underpowered and failed to show convincing benefits of warfarin therapy in this population. Several recent studies that assessed the effects of low-dose direct-acting oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease in sinus rhythm either included or specifically targeted patients with heart failure. Post hoc analysis of their results showed that this treatment strategy was associated with improved outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome or stable coronary artery disease and also a significant reduction in thromboembolic events, including ischemic stroke. This review presents the rationale for anticoagulant therapy in patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm, discusses gaps in our knowledge base, offers suggestions for when anticoagulation might be considered, and identifies potential directions for future research., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr. Metra has received consulting honoraria from Amgen, Astra, Bayer, Fresenius, Novartis, Servier, and Vifor; they corresponded to low amounts and were received in the last 3 years. Dr. Butler has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and the European Union; and serves as a consultant for Abbott, Amgen, Array, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx, Eli Lilly, G3 Pharmaceutical, Impulse Dynamics, Innolife, Janssen, Luitpold, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Relypsa, Sequana, StealthPeptide, and Vifor. Dr. Greenberg was co-chair of the COMMANDER HF trial; and has received honoraria from Janssen and Bayer. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diabetes and heart failure (HF) are common diseases, each affecting large segments of the world population. Moreover, prevalence rates for both are expected to rise dramatically over coming decades. The high prevalence rates of both diseases and wellrecognized association of diabetes as a risk factor for HF make it inevitable that both diseases co-exist in a large number of patients, complicating their management and increasing the risk of a poor outcome. Management of diabetes has been shown to impact clinical events in patients with HF and there is emerging evidence that agents used to treat diabetes can reduce HF events, even in non-diabetic patients. In this review we summarize the clinical course and treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and HF and review the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents in patients with T2DM at risk for HF and those with established disease.

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and also non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. We performed a narrative literature review, manual-search of reference lists of included articles and relevant reviews. Our literature review indicates that the incidence of LVT following acute MI has decreased, probably due to improvement in patient care as a result of better and earlier reperfusion techniques. Predictors of LVT include anterior MI, involvement of left ventricular (LV) apex (regardless of the coronary territory affected), LV akinesis or dyskinesis, reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF), severe diastolic dysfunction and large infarct size. LVT is associated with increased risk of systemic embolism, stroke, cardiovascular events and death, and there is evidence that anticoagulant therapy for at least 3 months can reduce the risk of these events. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has the highest diagnostic accuracy for LVT, followed by echocardiography with the use of echocardiographic contrast agents (ECAs). Although current guidelines suggest use of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for a minimum of 3 to 6 months, there is growing evidence of the benefits of direct acting oral anticoagulants in treatment of LVT. Embolic events appear to occur even after resolution of LVT suggesting that anticoagulant therapy needs to be considered for a longer period in some cases. Recommendations for the use of triple therapy in the presence of the LVT are mostly based on extrapolation from outcome data in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and MI. We conclude that the presence of LVT is more likely in patients with anterior ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) (involving the apex) and reduced ejection fraction (EF). LVT should be considered a marker of increased long-term thrombotic risk that may persist even after thrombus resolution. Ongoing clinical trials are expected to elucidate the best management strategies for patients with LVT., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7839). The series “Heart Failure Update and Advances in 2021” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. JBCR served as the unpaid Guest Editor of the series. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare., (2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Over the last 30 years, many medicine development programmes in acute and chronic heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have failed, in contrast to those in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We explore how the neutral results in larger HF trials may be attributable to chance and/or the dilution of statistical power., Methods and Results: Using simulations, we examined the probability that a positive finding in a Phase 2 trial would result in the study of a truly effective medicine in a Phase 3 trial. We assessed the similarity of clinical trial and registry patient populations. We conducted a meta-analysis of paired Phase 2 and 3 trials in HFrEF and acute HF examining the associations of trial phase and size with placebo event rates and treatment effects for HF events and death. We estimated loss in trial power attributable to dilution with increasing trial size. Appropriately powered Phase 3 trials should have yielded ∼35% positive results. Patient populations in Phase 3 trials are similar to those in Phase 2 trials but both differ substantially from the populations of 'real-life' registries. We observed decreasing placebo event rates and smaller treatment effects with increasing trial size, especially for HF events (and less so for mortality). This was more pronounced in trials in acute HF patients., Conclusions: The selection of more positive Phase 2 trials for further development does not explain the failure of HFpEF and acute HF medicine development. Increasing sample size may lead to reduced event rates and smaller treatment effects, resulting in a high rate of neutral Phase 3 trials., (© 2020 European Society of Cardiology.)

In the United States, heart failure (HF) affects approximately 6.5 million adults. While studies show that individuals with HF often suffer from adverse symptoms such as depression and anxiety, studies also show that these symptoms can be at least partially offset by the presence of spiritual wellbeing. In a sample of 327 men and women with AHA/ACC classification Stage B HF, we found that more spirituality in patients was associated with better clinically-related symptoms such as depressed mood and anxiety, emotional variables (affect, anger), well-being (optimism, satisfaction with life), and physical health-related outcomes (fatigue, sleep quality). These patients also showed better self-efficacy to maintain cardiac function. Simply belonging to a religious organization independent of spiritualty, however, was not a reliable predictor of health-related benefits. In fact, we observed instances of belonging to a religious organization unaccompanied by parallel spiritual ratings, which appeared counterproductive., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. P.R.T. is a consultant for Sanofi/Regeneron, Novo-Nordisk, Boehringer-Ingleheim, Janssen, Pfizer and Amgen. She is a stockholder of Cardero Therapeutics. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Aims: Although left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is routinely used to categorize patients with heart failure (HF), whether it predicts outcomes after hospitalization for acute heart failure (AHF) is uncertain. Consequently, we assessed the relationship between LVEF and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in a large, well characterized cohort of patients hospitalized for AHF., Methods and Results: The 6128 patients from the RELAX-AHF-2 trial who had LVEF measured during AHF hospitalization were separated into LVEF quartiles and the relationship between LVEF and a composite of CV mortality and rehospitalization for HF or renal failure through 180 days was assessed. We found progressively lower risk for this composite outcome as LVEF increased (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.93-0.98 per 5% LVEF increase, P < 0.001) that was driven predominantly by decreased risk for rehospitalization. The smoothed spline curve depicting risk remained stable as LVEF decreased until reaching approximately 40%, at which point risk increased progressively with further reductions in LVEF. Significant differences between LVEF quartiles for post-discharge CV risk were seen in patients with an ischaemic aetiology or with a history of HF preceding index hospitalization, but were less robust in patients with non-ischaemic aetiology and absent in those with de novo HF., Conclusion: In patients hospitalized with AHF, CV events over 180 days were more frequent in patients with lower LVEF. This was due predominantly to a significant increase in risk for HF/renal failure rehospitalization but not in either CV or all-cause mortality. LVEF had greater prognostic value in patients with ischaemic aetiology or pre-existing HF., (© 2020 European Society of Cardiology.)

Aims: The effectiveness and safety of 48 h intravenous 30 μg/kg/day serelaxin infusion in acute heart failure (AHF) has been studied in six randomized, controlled clinical trials., Methods and Results: We conducted a fixed-effect meta-analysis including all studies of intravenous serelaxin initiated within the first 16 h of admission for AHF. Endpoints considered were the primary and secondary endpoints examined in the serelaxin phase III studies. In six randomized controlled trials, 6105 total patients were randomized to receive intravenous serelaxin 30 μg/kg/day and 5254 patients to control. Worsening heart failure to day 5 occurred in 6.0% and 8.1% of patients randomized to serelaxin and control, respectively (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.89; P = 0.0002). Serelaxin had no statistically significant effect on length of stay, or cardiovascular death, or heart or renal failure rehospitalization. Serelaxin administration resulted in statistically significant improvement in markers of renal function and reductions in both N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin. No significant adverse outcomes were noted with serelaxin. Through the last follow-up, which occurred at an average of 4.5 months (1-6 months), serelaxin administration was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.98; P = 0.0261)., Conclusions: Administration of intravenous serelaxin to patients admitted for AHF was associated with a highly significant reduction in the risk of 5-day worsening heart failure and in changes in renal function markers, but not length of stay, or cardiovascular death, or heart or renal failure rehospitalization. Serelaxin administration was safe and associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality., (© 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2019 European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Previous studies suggest that direct-acting anti-virals (DAAs) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection permits the transplantation of HCV-viremic donor organs in uninfected recipients. This opportunity may expand the donor pool. We assessed the impact of using HCV nucleic acid test-positive (NAT+) donor hearts on heart transplant (HTx) waitlist time and transplant rate., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 156 patients who were listed for HTx from October 2015 through October 2018. Patients were stratified into 2 periods centered on April 27, 2017, when the protocol to accept HCV NAT+ donor organs for transplantation in non-HCV-infected recipients began, Period 1 (October 27, 2015 to April 26, 2017) and Period 2 (April 27, 2017 to October 26, 2018)., Results: In Period 1, 57 of the 71 patients on the HTx waitlist were transplanted, whereas in Period 2, 57 of the 85 patients were transplanted. The median waitlist time to transplant decreased from 63.1 days in Period 1 to 34.1 days in Period 2 (p = 0.002). The transplant rate increased from 168.2 per 100 patient-years in Period 1 to 280.0 per 100 patient-years in Period 2 (incidence rate ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3; p = 0.006). Waitlist mortality rate, hospital stay post-transplantation, and post-transplant mortality did not differ significantly between the time periods. Nineteen patients received HCV NAT+ donor hearts. The short-term post-transplant outcomes were similar between the recipients who received HCV NAT+ and HCV NAT- donor hearts., Conclusions: This single-center retrospective analysis suggests that the use of HCV NAT+ donor hearts may result in a reduced HTx waitlist time and an increased transplant rate. In addition, transplanting HCV NAT+ donor hearts into non-HCV-infected recipients, followed by DAAs, can provide acceptable short-term post-transplant outcomes., (Copyright © 2019 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Serelaxin is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a vasodilator hormone that contributes to cardiovascular and renal adaptations during pregnancy. Previous studies have suggested that treatment with serelaxin may result in relief of symptoms and in better outcomes in patients with acute heart failure., Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven trial, we enrolled patients who were hospitalized for acute heart failure and had dyspnea, vascular congestion on chest radiography, increased plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides, mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency, and a systolic blood pressure of at least 125 mm Hg, and we randomly assigned them within 16 hours after presentation to receive either a 48-hour intravenous infusion of serelaxin (30 μg per kilogram of body weight per day) or placebo, in addition to standard care. The two primary end points were death from cardiovascular causes at 180 days and worsening heart failure at 5 days., Results: A total of 6545 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At day 180, death from cardiovascular causes had occurred in 285 of the 3274 patients (8.7%) in the serelaxin group and in 290 of the 3271 patients (8.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.15; P = 0.77). At day 5, worsening heart failure had occurred in 227 patients (6.9%) in the serelaxin group and in 252 (7.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.07; P = 0.19). There were no significant differences between the groups in the incidence of death from any cause at 180 days, the incidence of death from cardiovascular causes or rehospitalization for heart failure or renal failure at 180 days, or the length of the index hospital stay. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups., Conclusions: In this trial involving patients who were hospitalized for acute heart failure, an infusion of serelaxin did not result in a lower incidence of death from cardiovascular causes at 180 days or worsening heart failure at 5 days than placebo. (Funded by Novartis Pharma; RELAX-AHF-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01870778.)., (Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.)

The inappropriate deposition of extracellular matrix within the heart (termed cardiac fibrosis) is associated with nearly all types of heart disease, including ischemic, hypertensive, diabetic, and valvular. This alteration in the composition of the myocardium can physically limit cardiomyocyte contractility and relaxation, impede electrical conductivity, and hamper regional nutrient diffusion. Fibrosis can be grossly divided into 2 types, namely reparative (where collagen deposition replaces damaged myocardium) and reactive (where typically diffuse collagen deposition occurs without myocardial damage). Despite the widespread association of fibrosis with heart disease and general understanding of its negative impact on heart physiology, it is still not clear when collagen deposition becomes pathologic and translates into disease symptoms. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge of cardiac fibrosis in human patients and experimental animal models, discussing the mechanisms that have been deduced from the latter in relation to the former. Because assessment of the extent of fibrosis is paramount both as a research tool to further understanding and as a clinical tool to assess patients, we have also summarized the current state of noninvasive/minimally invasive detection systems for cardiac fibrosis. Albeit not exhaustive, our aim is to provide an overview of the current understanding of cardiac fibrosis, both clinically and experimentally., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The presence of concomitant Type II diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and depressive symptoms adversely affects individuals with symptomatic heart failure (HF)., Hypothesis: In presymptomatic stage B HF, this study hypothesized the presence of greater inflammation and depressive symptoms in T2DM as compared to non-T2DM Stage B patients., Methods: This cross-sectional study examined clinical parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, and depressive symptoms in 349 T2DM and non-T2DM men with asymptomatic stage B HF (mean age 66.4 years ±10.1; range 30-91)., Results: Fewer diabetic HF patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (P < .05) although more had LV diastolic dysfunction (P < .001). A higher percentage of T2DM HF patients were taking ACE-inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, statins, and diuretics (P values < .05). T2DM HF patients had higher circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < .01), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < .01), and soluble ST2 (sST2) (P < .01) and reported more somatic/affective depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II) (P < .05) but not cognitive/affective depressive symptoms (P = .20). Among all patients, in a multiple regression analysis predicting presence of somatic/affective depressive symptoms, sST2 (P = .026), IL-6 (P = .010), B-type natriuretic peptide (P = .016), and sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [P < .001]) were significant predictors (overall model F = 15.39, P < .001, adjusted R 2 = .207)., Conclusions: Somatic/affective but not cognitive/affective depressive symptoms are elevated in asymptomatic HF patients with T2DM patients. Linkages with elevated inflammatory and cardiac relevant biomarkers suggest shared pathophysiological mechanisms among T2DM HF patients with somatic depression, and these conditions are responsive to routine interventions, including behavioral. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (© 2019 The Authors. Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: The optimal advanced heart failure (HF) therapy strategy for patients aged 60 or older with end-stage HF refractory to optimal medical therapy remains uncertain. This study compares outcomes of three advanced HF therapy strategies in this patient population., Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted in 95 patients aged 60-73 years who had undergone isolated heart transplantation (HTx) or continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation from 2010 to 2017. Patients were stratified into three cohorts by strategy; HTx-only (N.=25), LVAD-to-HTx (N.=29), and LVAD-only (N.=41). Primary end point was 2-year overall survival. Secondary end points included incidence of post-operative adverse events, freedom from first readmission at 1 year, and percentage of days spent in hospital following advanced HF therapy., Results: Two-year survival was 91% in HTx-only patients, 88% in LVAD-to-HTx patients, and 49% in LVAD-only patients (P=0.0008). No significant difference in post-transplant survival was found between patients with or without LVAD-related adverse events preceding transplantation (P=0.42). One-year freedom from first readmission was 38.3% in HTx-only patients, 17.2% in LVAD-to-HTx patients and 7.3% in LVAD-only patients (P=0.0028). Patients in LVAD-to-HTx cohort had higher incidences of gastrointestinal bleeding (38% vs. 3%; P<0.01), major bleeding (28% vs. 3%; P=0.02), and right heart failure (69% vs. 31%; P<0.01) during post-LVAD period compared with post-HTx period. Their percentage of days spent in hospital during post-LVAD period was significantly higher than post-HTx period (7.9% vs. 1.2%; P<0.001)., Conclusions: Our experience with patients over 60 years old undergoing advanced therapy suggests that HTx-only and LVAD-to-HTx strategies had superior medium-term survival than LVAD-only strategy. LVAD-to-HTx strategy is effective in reducing incidence of adverse events and percentage of hospitalized days in this specific patient population.

Patients with Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) levels 1-2 who either have or are at risk for right ventricular failure face significant morbidity and mortality after continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation. Currently, the options for biventricular support are limited the Total Artificial Heart (TAH; CardioWest, Syncardia, Tuscon, AZ) or biventricular assist device (BiVAD), which uses bulky extracorporeal or implantable displacement pumps. We describe a successful series based on an innovative approach for biventricular support in consecutive INTERMACS levels 1-2 patients utilizing a HeartWare Ventricular Assist Device (HVAD; HeartWare, Framingham, MA) in a left ventricular (LV-HVAD) and a right atrial (RA-HVAD) configuration. From June 2014 through May 2016, 11 consecutive INTERMACS levels 1-2 patients with evidence of biventricular failure underwent implantation of a CF LVAD (10 LV-HVAD and 1 HeartMate II LVAD, Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA) and RA-HVAD pumps. A total of 4,314 BiVAD support days were accumulated in our case series. Seven patients have undergone orthotopic heart transplant, whereas 3 are ambulatory and are either waiting transplant or reconsideration for transplantation. There is one mortality in this case series, which was due to an intracranial bleed from supratherapeutic anticoagulation. Two other patients experienced hemorrhagic strokes, but without neurologic sequelae, whereas no patients have experienced ischemic strokes. There were two episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding. This is the largest series to date involving this approach with outcomes superior to those previously described in patients receiving biventricular support. We conclude this novel therapy is a viable alternative to current practices in the management of biventricular failure.

Background: Site selection is critical in acute heart failure trials. We assessed whether the enrollment rate per site affects patients' characteristics, outcomes and treatment response., Methods and Results: A total of 1161 patients enrolled at 96 sites in the RELAX-AHF trial (serelaxin vs placebo) were included. Annualized enrollment rate was calculated as the total number of patients enrolled at each site divided by time that the site was open (patients per year). Sites were classified in low (<10), medium (10-20) and high enrolling sites (>20 patients per site/year) and were compared for prognosis and serelaxin effect. High enrolling sites were more prevalent in Eastern Europe and Israel. Time from hospital admission to randomization was shorter in high enrolling sites (6.3±4.4h>20 patients sites versus 8.7±4.5h for <10 patients sites; p<0.0001). Patients had slightly fewer comorbidities, lower levels of natriuretic peptides and creatinine and more severe pulmonary congestion in high enrolling sites. Use of evidence-based therapies was higher in high enrolling sites. The rates of worsening heart failure to day 5, 180-day cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and 60-day heart failure/renal failure rehospitalization or cardiovascular death, were similar across study groups even after adjustment for covariates. The effects of serelaxin on these outcomes did not differ by enrollment rate., Conclusions: Characteristics of RELAX-AHF study patients enrolled in high versus low enrolling sites differed only slightly and there were no differences in outcomes. Differences in serelaxin effects by enrollment rate were not discernible., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Since ascorbate is unnecessary for cell growth and survival, cardiac fibroblasts are routinely cultured without it. However, ascorbate is necessary for optimal collagen synthesis, so we hypothesized that its presence would influence cell phenotype. Cardiac fibroblasts cultured without ascorbate had increased intracellular levels of procollagens, with procollagen α1(III) showing the largest accumulation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins that are known to bind single-stranded procollagens were also elevated. These included the catalytic prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunits, lysyl hydroxylases, and hydroxylysyl galactosyltransferases, with prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 and α2 (P4HA1 and P4HA2) demonstrating the largest increases. There were no differences in the levels of protein disulfide isomerase (P4HB/PDI) or the triple-helical procollagen chaperone, HSP47, with or without ascorbate. Results were similar with mouse and rat cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting a conserved response. Ascorbate-replete cells that were subsequently deprived of the vitamin lost the ability to secrete intact procollagen α1(I) within ~3days, approximately when intracellular procollagen α1(III) and P4HA1 levels began to rise. Upon ascorbate re-addition, starved fibroblasts initially secreted high levels of procollagen that gradually declined over ~4days, a pattern that was not universal as extra domain A (EDA)-fibronectin secretion was unchanged. Despite the necessity of the P4HA enzymes for triple-helical procollagen formation, they were not responsible for early increased secretion. However, in the absence of ascorbate, P4HA2 overexpression increased intracellular turnover of procollagens, suggesting that it may help clear accumulating procollagens from the ER. Cardiac fibroblasts change in the absence of ascorbate to cope with increased intracellular levels of procollagens. These changes occur slowly and can render the cells phenotypically altered for several days after ascorbate re-addition. These findings have direct implications for the study of cardiac fibroblasts in culture, and may help our understanding of the response of these cells to fluctuating nutrient levels in ischemic myocardium., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a heterogeneous disorder, with most of the patients presenting with breathlessness along with varying degrees of peripheral edema. The presence of peripheral edema suggests that volume overload is the cause of decompensation leading to AHF, whereas breathlessness in the absence of edema may reflect a "vascular phenotype." This analysis investigated the characteristics, therapeutic response, and outcome of patients with AHF, with and without overt peripheral edema in the RELAX-AHF trial., Methods: Physician-assessed edema scores at baseline were used to categorize the population into those with no/mild edema (score 0 or 1+) and moderate/severe edema (score 2+ or 3+). The effect of serelaxin vs placebo was assessed within each subgroup., Results: Patients with moderate/severe edema (n = 583; 50.5%) were more likely to have severe dyspnea, orthopnea (>30°), rales (≥1/3), and elevated jugular venous pressure (>6 cm) than the patients with little or no peripheral edema (n=571; 49.5%). The relative benefits of serelaxin in terms of reduction in breathlessness, lower diuretic requirements, decreased length of initial hospital stay and days in intensive care unit/cardiac care unit, and improved prognosis (180-day cardiovascular and all-cause mortality) were generally similar for patients with or without peripheral edema. However, because patients with moderate/severe peripheral edema had worse outcomes, the absolute benefit was generally greater than in patients with no/mild edema., Conclusions: Overall, patients with AHF and moderate/severe peripheral edema have a worse prognosis but appear to receive similar relative benefit and perhaps greater absolute benefit from serelaxin administration., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: We evaluated the added prognostic value of a multi-time point-based multimarker panel of biomarkers in patients with acute heart failure (AHF)., Methods and Results: Seven circulating biomarkers [NT-proBNP, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), soluble ST2 (sST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), cystatin-C, galectin-3, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] were measured at baseline and on days 2, 5, 14, and 60 in 1161 patients enrolled in the RELAX-AHF trial. Patients with BNP ≥350 ng/L or NT-proBNP ≥1400 ng/L, mild to moderate renal impairment, and systolic blood pressure >125 mmHg were included in the trial. Time-dependent Cox regression analysis was utilized to evaluate the incremental value of serial measurement of biomarkers. Added value of individual biomarkers and their combination, on top of a pre-specified baseline model, was quantified with the gain in the C-index. Serial biomarker evaluation showed incremental predictive value over baseline measurements alone for the prediction of 180-day cardiovascular mortality except for galectin-3. While a repeat measurement as early as day 2 was adequate for NT-proBNP and cystatin-C in terms of maximizing discriminatory accuracy, further measurements on days 14 and 60 provided added value for hs-cTnT, GDF-15, sST2, and hs-CRP. Individual biomarker additions on top of the baseline model showed additional prognostic value. The greatest prognostic gain was, however, attained with the combination of NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, GDF-15, and sST2, which yielded 0.08 unit absolute increment in the C-index to 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.83-0.91]., Conclusion: In patients with AHF and mild to moderate renal impairment, a multimarker approach based on a panel of serially evaluated biomarkers provides the greatest prognostic improvement unmatched by a single time point-based single marker strategy., (© 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2017 European Society of Cardiology.)

Patients admitted for acute heart failure (AHF) experience high rates of in-hospital and post-discharge morbidity and mortality despite current therapies. Serelaxin is recombinant human relaxin-2, a hormone with vasodilatory and end-organ protective effects believed to play a central role in the cardiovascular and renal adaptations of human pregnancy. In the phase 3 RELAX-AHF trial, serelaxin met its primary endpoint of improving dyspnoea through day 5 in patients admitted for AHF. Compared to placebo, serelaxin also reduced worsening heart failure (WHF) by 47% through day 5 and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by 37% through day 180. RELAX-AHF-2 ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01870778) is designed to confirm serelaxin's effect on these clinical outcomes. RELAX-AHF-2 is a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven, phase 3 trial enrolling ∼6800 patients hospitalized for AHF with dyspnoea, congestion on chest radiograph, increased natriuretic peptide levels, mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency, and systolic blood pressure ≥125 mmHg. Patients are randomized within 16 h of presentation to 48 h intravenous infusions of serelaxin (30 µg/kg/day) or placebo, both in addition to standard of care treatments. The primary objectives are to demonstrate that serelaxin is superior to placebo in reducing: (i) 180 day cardiovascular death, and (ii) occurrence of WHF through day 5. Key secondary endpoints include 180 day all-cause mortality, composite of 180 day combined cardiovascular mortality or heart failure/renal failure rehospitalization, and in-hospital length of stay during index AHF. The results from RELAX-AHF-2 will provide data on the potential beneficial effect of serelaxin on cardiovascular mortality and WHF in selected patients with AHF., (© 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a common comorbidity in HF and affects patients' outcome. We sought to assess the effects of serelaxin in patients with and without AFib., Methods: In a post hoc analysis of the RELAX-AHF trial, we compared the effects of serelaxin on efficacy end points, safety end points and biomarkers in 1161 patients with and without AFib on admission electrocardiogram., Results: AFib was present in 41.3% of patients. Serelaxin had a similar effect in patients with and without AFib, including dyspnea relief by visual analog scale through day 5 [mean change in area under the curve, 541.11 (33.79, 1048.44), p = 0.0366 in AFib versus 361.80 (-63.30, 786.90), p = 0.0953 in non-AFib, interaction p = 0.5954] and all-cause death through day 180 [HR = 0.42 (0.23, 0.77), p = 0.0051 in AFib versus 0.90 (0.53, 1.52), p = 0.6888 in non-AFib, interaction p = 0.0643]. Serelaxin was similarly safe in the two groups and induced similar reductions in biomarkers of cardiac, renal and hepatic damage. Stroke occurred more frequently in AFib patients (2.8 vs. 0.8%, p = 0.0116) and there was a trend for lower stroke incidence in the serelaxin arm in AFib patients (odds ratios, 0.31, p = 0.0759 versus 3.88, p = 0.2255 in non-AFib, interaction p = 0.0518)., Conclusions: Serelaxin was similarly safe and efficacious in improving short- and long-term outcomes and inducing organ protection in acute HF patients with and without AFib.