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Abstract Background The objective of this research was the development and evaluation of 203Pb-labelled panitumumab (203Pb-PSC-panitumumab) as an immuno-SPECT radioligand for the detection of EGFR + head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model. The 51.9 h physical half-life and favourable γ-emission (279 keV; 81%) of 203Pb offer an excellent opportunity for developing immuno-SPECT radioligands. Moreover, 203Pb has a complementary therapeutic radionuclide (212Pb), making 203Pb and 212Pb an ideal matched radiotheranostic pair. Results Radiolabeling of panitumumab was performed at a pH of 5.0 and room temperature for 5–10 min with [203Pb]Pb(OAc)2, and the incorporation efficiency was determined using radio-TLC. 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab (~ 10 MBq, 140 μl of saline) was injected into the tail vein of NRG mice bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) HNSCC patient-derived xenografts (PDX). SPECT/CT images were acquired at 48 and 120 h post-injection. For biodistribution studies, mice were euthanized five days after 203Pb-panitumumab injection. The tumour and normal tissues were collected and weighed, and uptake of 203Pb was measured in a γ-counter. The uptake was calculated as the percent injected dose per gram of each tissue (ID%/g). Blocking experiments were performed by pretreating a group of mice (n = 5) with 1 mg of panitumumab 1 h before administering 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab. 4–5 chelators of a new lead-specific chelator (PSC) were attached per antibody; radiolabeling efficiency was 99.2 ± 0.7%. The isolated radiochemical yield of 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab was 41.4 ± 8% (n = 5), and the molar activity was 1.2 ± 0.35 GB/mg. SPECT imaging and biodistribution confirmed high accumulation and retention of 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab in the tumour (26% ID/g) at 120 h post-injection (p.i.), which could be reduced to 6.2%ID/g at 120 h p.i. by predosing with panitumumab (1 mg) confirming EGFR specificity of 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab uptake. Conclusions Panitumumab was successfully and reproducibly labelled with 203Pb in high radiochemical purity using the chelator PSC-NCS. 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab was specifically accumulated and retained in EGFR + tumours in NRG mice with s.c. HNSCC PDX. 203Pb-PSC-panitumumab is a suitable immuno-SPECT radioligand for imaging EGFR + tumours and has great potential for combining with 212Pb-PSC-panitumumab in a radiotheranostic strategy for imaging and treating HNSCC.

Mammalian DNA extracted from the invertebrates, especially blowfly-derived DNA, has been suggested as a useful tool to complement traditional field methods for terrestrial mammal monitoring. However, the accuracy of the estimated location of the target mammal detected from blowfly-derived DNA is largely dependent on the knowledge of blowflies' dispersal range. Presently, published data on adult blowfly dispersal capabilities remain scarce and mostly limited to temperate and subtropical regions, with no published report on the adult blowfly dispersal range in the Tropics. We seek to determine the blowfly flight range and dispersal activity in a tropical plantation in Malaysia by mark-release-recapture of approximately 3000 wild blowflies by use of rotten fish-baited traps for nine consecutive days. Out of the 3000 marked Chrysomya spp., only 1.5% (43) were recaptured during the 9-day sampling period. The majority of the blowflies (79%) were recaptured 1 km from the release point, while 20.9% were caught about 2-3 km from the release point. One individual blowfly travelled as far as 3 km and before being recaptured, which was the maximum dispersal distance recorded in this study. This result suggests that the estimated locations of the mammals detected from blowfly-derived iDNA is likely to be within 1-2 km radius from the origin of the blowfly sampling location. However, a more accurate estimated distance between the target mammal and the blowfly sampling location requires further investigation due to various factors, such as blowfly species, wind speed and direction that may potentially affect the blowfly dispersal activities. This study contributes further understanding on the development of a blowfly-derived DNA method as a mammalian monitoring tool in the tropical forests.

Social and environmental determinants of health (SEDoH) are crucial for achieving a holistic understanding of patient health. In fact, geographic factors may have more influence on health outcomes than patients’ genetics. Integrating SEDoH into the electronic health record (EHR), however, poses notable technical and compliance-related challenges. We evaluated barriers to the integration of SEDoH in the EHR and developed a privacy-preserving strategy to mitigate risk of protected health information exposure. Using coded identifiers for patient addresses, the strategy evaluates an alternative approach to ensure efficient, secure geocoding of data while preserving privacy throughout the data enrichment processes from numerous SEDoH data sources.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to determine whether heartworm infective larvae (L3) collected from mosquitoes fed on dogs during low-dose, short-treatment-regimen doxycycline and ivermectin could develop normally in dogs. Methods Twelve Beagles in a separate study were infected with 10 pairs of adult male and female Dirofilaria immitis by IV transplantation and randomly allocated to three groups of four dogs. Starting on Day 0, Group 1 received doxycycline orally at 10 mg/kg sid for 30 days plus ivermectin (min., 6 mcg/kg) on Days 0 and 30; Group 2 received doxycycline orally at 10 mg/kg sid until individual dogs became microfilaria negative (72–98 doses) and ivermectin every other week for six to seven doses. These dogs served as microfilaremic blood donors for the current mosquito studies. Aedes aegypti were allowed to feed on group-pooled blood samples from treated Groups 1-M and 2-M and untreated control Group 3-M on Days 22 (Study M-A) and 42 (Study M-C) and from Groups 1-M and 2-M on Day 29 (Study M-B) after treatment was started. From the Day 22 mosquito feeding, two dogs in Groups 1-M and 2-M and one dog in Group 3-M were given 50 L3 by SC inoculation. From the Day 29 feeding, two dogs in Groups 1-M and 2-M were given 50 L3. From the Day 42 feeding, two dogs in Group 1-M received 30 L3, while two dogs in Group 2-M and one dog in Group 3-M received 40 L3. All 14 dogs were necropsied for recovery and enumeration of adult heartworms 163–183 days PI. Results None of the 12 dogs that received L3 from mosquitoes fed on blood from treated dogs 22, 29 or 42 days after treatment started had any adult heartworms at necropsy, while the two control dogs had a total of 26 and 43 heartworms, respectively. Conclusions Treatment of microfilaremic dogs with doxycycline plus an ML, which later renders the L3 incapable of normal development in the animal host, widens the scope of the multimodal approach to heartworm prevention in reducing the spread of heartworm disease. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Microfilarial (mf) counts were monitored over 21.3 months for any rebound that might occur in counts, and adulticidal efficacy was assessed following administration of low dosage with short- and long-treatment regimens of doxycycline and ivermectin to heartworm-microfilaremic dogs. Methods Twelve heartworm-naïve beagles infected with 10 pairs of adult Dirofilaria immitis by intravenous transplantation were randomly allocated to three groups of four dogs. All treatments started on day 0. On day 0, Group 1 (short-treatment regimen) received doxycycline orally at 10 mg/kg once daily for 30 days plus ivermectin orally (minimum, 6 mcg/kg) on days 0 and 30. Group 2 (long-treatment regimen) received doxycycline orally at 10 mg/kg once daily until individual dogs became mf-negative (72–98 days) and ivermectin every other week until individual dogs became mf-negative (6–7 doses). Group 3 was the untreated control. Mf counts and antigen (Ag) tests were conducted. Dogs were necropsied for recovery and enumeration of heartworms on day 647. Results Day −1 mean mf counts were 15,613, 23,950, and 15,513 mf/ml for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mean counts for Groups 1 and 2 declined until days 239 and 97, respectively, when all were negative. Group 3 had high mf counts throughout the study. There was not a rebound in mf counts in any of the treated dogs after they became amicrofilaremic. All dogs in group 1 and group 3 were Ag-positive throughout the study and had at least one live female worm at necropsy. All dogs in treated Group 2 were positive for Ag through day 154, but were antigen-negative on days 644 and 647, as all had only male worms. Mean live adult worm recoveries for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 6.8 (range, 5–8), 3.3 (range, 1–6), and 16.0 (range, 14–17), respectively, with a percent reduction in adult worm counts of 57.5% for Group 1 and 79.3% for Group 2. Conclusions These data lend support to the use of the American Heartworm Society Canine Guidelines for adulticide therapy recommending the initiation of doxycycline plus a macrocyclic lactone (ML) at the time of the heartworm-positive diagnosis. Graphical Abstract

This paper discusses the derivation of a set of dynamic load factors for calculation of walking response on the basis of measurements made during a biomechanics research carried out with young adults. Firstly, a quite large number of experimental data on single footstep force were collected. The single footstep forces were then superimposed to generate the force time history for a continuous walk. This was followed by the transformation of the resultant force to the frequency domain from which the dynamic load factors for the first ten harmonics of a pacing rate can be extracted. A statistical analysis was employed on the dynamic load factors to acquire their design values in terms of the 90-th or 95-th percentile. The waking force function recommended by various design guides and that developed in the paper were then used in a comprehensive finite element model to predict the vibration level of a building floor. Current design guides on floor vibration normally suggest using four harmonics in the walking force whereas load factors for ten harmonics were developed in this paper. The acceleration response of the floor was found to increase by 5-33 % when walking harmonics beyond the fourth harmonic were considered. The inclusion of higher harmonics would therefore lead to a more conservative estimation of the floor response.

This article highlights recent developments of SPECT and PET diagnostic imaging surrogates for targeted alpha particle therapy (TAT) radiopharmaceuticals. It outlines the rationale for using imaging surrogates to improve diagnostic-scan accuracy and facilitate research, and the properties an imaging-surrogate candidate should possess. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of each potential imaging surrogate. Thirteen surrogates for TAT are explored: 133La, 132La, 134Ce/134La, and 226Ac for 225Ac TAT; 203Pb for 212Pb TAT; 131Ba for 223Ra and 224Ra TAT; 123I, 124I, 131I and 209At for 211At TAT; 134Ce/134La for 227Th TAT; and 155Tb and 152Tb for 149Tb TAT.

Abstract The aims of the current study, therefore, were to compare (1) free-living MPS and (2) muscle and metabolic adaptations to resistance exercise in South Asian and white European adults. Eighteen South Asian and 16 White European men were enrolled in the study. Free-living muscle protein synthesis was measured at baseline. Muscle strength, body composition, resting metabolic rate, VO2max and metabolic responses (insulin sensitivity) to a mixed meal were measured at baseline and following 12 weeks of resistance exercise training. Free-living muscle protein synthesis was not different between South Asians (1.48 ± 0.09%/day) and White Europeans (1.59 ± 0.15%/day) (p = 0.522). In response to resistance exercise training there were no differences, between South Asians and White Europeans, muscle mass, lower body strength or insulin sensitivity. However, there were differences between the ethnicities in response to resistance exercise training in body fat, resting carbohydrate and fat metabolism, blood pressure, VO2max and upper body strength with responses less favourable in South Asians. In this exploratory study there were no differences in muscle protein synthesis or anabolic and metabolic responses to resistance exercise, yet there were less favourable responses in several outcomes. These findings require further investigation.

Objective: To study the impact of a 60-day pilot of an innovative virtual-care model using general internal medicine physicians and nurses to respond rapidly to more than 1200 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-positive nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction tests. Patients and Methods: The current study was approved by the Mayo Clinic COVID-19 Research Committee and the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board. The data for all SARS-CoV-2–positive patients treated by our team were entered into a prospectively maintained internal research electronic data capture database. We searched this database retrospectively for the first 60 days of our program (March 23, 2020 to May 22, 2020). The data included basic deidentified demographics; symptoms at intake into the program; date of symptom onset; risk factors; location; and outcomes including hospitalization, admission to intensive care unit, and death. Results: Patients were contacted, on average, 6.3 hours after their results became available. There was a total of 138 ED visits. Of these, 40% were admitted to the hospital, with 36% of those admitted requiring intensive care unit level of care. Of the 849 patients in this sample, there were only 2 deaths (0.23%) at 60 days. Conclusion: Our innovative multidisciplinary COVID team provided excellent clinical care for patients with COVID, with a very low mortality rate compared with the national average. Although data are not available on a national scale for time to contact patient, our team was able to contact patients within the established recommendation for contact within 48 hours of testing, which is optimal.

Abstract This study reports the high-yield production of a novel 133/135La theranostic pair at a 22 MeV proton beam energy as an attractive alternative to the recently introduced 132/135La pair, demonstrating over an order of magnitude production increase of 133/135La (231 ± 8 MBq 133La and 166 ± 5 MBq 135La at End of Bombardment (EOB)) compared to 11.9 MeV production of 132/135La (0.82 ± 0.06 MBq 132La and 19.0 ± 1.2 MBq 135La) for 500 µA·min irradiations. A new sealed solid cyclotron target is introduced, which is fast to assemble, easy to handle, storable, and contains reusable components. Radiolabeling with macrocyclic chelators DOTA and macropa achieved full incorporation, with respective apparent 133La molar activites of 33 ± 5 GBq/µmol and 30 ± 4 GBq/µmol. PET centers with access to a 22 MeV capable cyclotron could produce clinically-relevant doses of 133/135La, via natBa irradiation, as a standalone theranostic agent for PET imaging and Auger electron therapy. With lower positron energies and less energetic and abundant gamma rays than 68Ga, 44Sc and 132La, 133La appears to be an attractive radiometal candidate for PET applications requiring a higher scanning resolution, a relatively long isotopic half-life, ease of handling, and a low patient dose.

Abstract Background People with young-onset dementia (YOD) can often struggle getting the right treatment. This is because of their frequently different characteristics and needs compared to people with late-onset dementia. The aim of this project was to assess a memory service for its adaptation to the needs and wishes of people with YOD and their carers. Methods This project evaluated a memory service in the North West of England by performing two focus groups with clinical staff and six semi-structured interviews with people with YOD and carers. The focus groups took place on site and lasted one hour each. People with YOD and their carers were identified via the memory clinics caseload and via the local Alzheimer’s Society charity organisation. Both focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. The public (a person living with YOD and his carer) were involved from the design stages of the project through to the analysis and dissemination. Results Eleven members of staff with different clinical backgrounds participated in the focus groups and six interviews were held with people with YOD and their carers. Both indicated that whilst the diagnostic process is relatively well conducted at the service, the post-diagnostic service has many gaps. These include limited post-diagnostic support by the service, better enabling peer support, as well as providing meaningful activities, as some activities provided might be more suitable to older adults with dementia. Conclusions Post-diagnostic services and support for people with YOD and their carers need to be improved. The next step will be to implement the findings from this service evaluation in practice and improve service satisfaction and relevance to people with YOD.

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counterintuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α = 2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed >600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: preflare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α = 1.63 ± 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating.

The eighteenth data release (DR18) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is the first one for SDSS-V, the fifth generation of the survey. SDSS-V comprises three primary scientific programs or “Mappers”: the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), the Black Hole Mapper (BHM), and the Local Volume Mapper. This data release contains extensive targeting information for the two multiobject spectroscopy programs (MWM and BHM), including input catalogs and selection functions for their numerous scientific objectives. We describe the production of the targeting databases and their calibration and scientifically focused components. DR18 also includes ∼25,000 new SDSS spectra and supplemental information for X-ray sources identified by eROSITA in its eFEDS field. We present updates to some of the SDSS software pipelines and preview changes anticipated for DR19. We also describe three value-added catalogs (VACs) based on SDSS-IV data that have been published since DR17, and one VAC based on the SDSS-V data in the eFEDS field.

Background: The advent of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) modulators like ivacaftor have revolutionised the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, due to the plethora of variances in disease manifestations in CF, there are inherent challenges in unified responses under CFTR modulator treatment arising from variability in patient outcomes. The pharmacokinetic (PK) data available for ivacaftor-lumacaftor cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drug combination is limited.Methods: Secondary objectives were to identify (1) patient characteristics and (2) the interactions between ivacaftor-lumacaftor responsible for interindividual variability (IIV).Results: Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of ivacaftor - lumacaftor were >10 fold lower than expected compared to label information. The one-way ANOVA indicated that the patient site had an effect on Cmax values of ivacaftor metabolites ivacaftor-M1, ivacaftor-M6, and lumacaftor (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The Spearman’s rho test indicated that patient weight and age have an effect on the Cmax of lumacaftor (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively) and ivacaftor metabolite M1 (p = 0.020 and p < 0.001, respectively). Age (p < 0.001) was found to effect on Cmax of ivacaftor M6 and on Tmax of ivacaftor M1 (p = 0.026). A large impact of patient characteristics on the IIV of PK parameters Cmax and Tmax, was observed among the CF patients.Conclusion: Understanding the many sources of variability can help reduce this individual patient variability and ensure consistent patient outcomes.

This article describes the formation of The Tasmanian Historical Dataset a longitudinal data resource spanning the 19th and early 20th century. This resource contains over 1.6 million records drawn from digitised prison and hospital admission registers, military enlistment papers, births, deaths and marriages, census and muster records, arrival and departure lists, bank accounts and property valuations, maps and plans and meteorological observations. As well as providing an account of the many different sources that have been digitised coded and linked as part of this initiative, the article outlines current and past research uses to which this data has been put. Further information on tables and key variables is provided in an appendix.

La enfermedad fungosa más limitante del duraznero (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) en Colombia es la pudrición parda, Monilia spp., que afecta flores, brotes y frutos, causando pérdidas hasta del 80%. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar el patógeno asociado a pudrición parda en cuatro variedades: Dorado, Rubidoux, Diamante y Rey negro en el departamento de Boyacá. El estudio inicio con la colecta de frutos enfermos en Jenesano, Paipa, Tuta, Sotaquirá y Nuevo Colón. En laboratorio se realizó la obtención, aislamiento y purificación de los hongos presentes. Se realizó también caracterización morfológica de las colonias y conidias sobre cultivos monospóricos y caracterización molecular mediante amplificación por PCR del ADN ribosomal empleando iniciadores ITS4 e ITS5. Se obtuvieron 32 aislamientos del género Monilia y se identificaron tres especies presentes en la zona muestreada: Monilia fructícola, Monilia fructígena y Monilia laxa, en 62,5%, 25% y 12,5%, respectivamente. En la amplificación de la región ribosomal se observaron diferencias entre las dos primeras especies, en el tamaño de las bases amplificadas, siendo M. fructicola de 550 pb y M. fructigena de 545pb. Este trabajo contribuye a la caracterización de las especies de Monilia que afectan al duraznero en varias regiones del departamento de Boyacá.

Abstract Conflicts between the interests of biodiversity conservation and other human activities pose a major threat to natural ecosystems and human well‐being, yet few methods exist to quantify their intensity and model their dynamics. We develop a categorization of conflict intensity based on the curve of conflict, a model originally used to track the escalation and deescalation of armed conflicts. Our categorization assigns six intensity levels reflecting the discourse and actions of stakeholders involved in a given conflict, from coexistence or collaboration to physical violence. Using a range of case studies, we demonstrate the value of our approach in quantifying conflict trends, estimating transition probabilities between conflict stages, and modeling conflict intensity as a function of relevant covariates. By taking an evidence‐based approach to quantifying stakeholder behavior, the proposed framework allows for a better understanding of the drivers of conservation conflict development across a diverse range of socioecological scenarios.

Category: Hindfoot; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The lateral extensile approach (LEA) to the calcaneus has long been a popular surgical approach to treat calcaneal fractures. However, high rates of wound complications have led surgeons to investigate alternative approaches. As a result, the sinus tarsi approach has grown in popularity. The lateral extensile approach affords substantial visualization of the calcaneus. However, this visualization has never been compared in a quantitative manner to the sinus tarsi approach (STA). The objective of this cadaveric study is to compare calcaneal visualization afforded by a sinus tarsi approach and a lateral extensile approach. Methods: Seven pair-matched, fresh-frozen, below-knee cadaver specimens were obtained. For each pair, one side received an LEA and the other side received a STA. To identify areas of the calcaneus accessible by instrument, a curette was used to mark the visualized calcaneal surfaces. The calcaneus was then disarticulated and cleared of all soft tissue. The curette markings were then identified and marked with blue surgical marker. Photos were taken of each calcaneus, and visualized surface areas were calculated using Image J software. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the articular surfaces accessible between the two approaches (831.99 mm2 for LEA vs. 903.41 mm2 for STA, p=0.53) including the anterior, middle, and posterior facets. The total calcaneal surface area accessible was 3107.08 mm2 for LEA and 1444.19 mm2 for STA (p=0.02). The LEA allowed better exposure to the lateral wall (p

Background: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funds five Regional Tuberculosis Training and Medical Consultation Centers (RTMCCs) that provide training and consultation for tuberculosis (TB) control and management. RTMCC utilization for assistance with diagnosis and management of TB in children has not been described. We analyzed pediatric TB consultations performed across all RTMCCs in terms of question type, provider type, and setting. Methods: The CDC medical consultation database was queried for consultations regarding patients ≤ 18 years provided between 1/1/13–4/22/15 by all RTMCCs (Curry International TB Center, Heartland National TB Center, Mayo Clinic Center for TB, New Jersey Medical School Global TB Institute, Southeastern National TB Center). Each query was categorized into multiple subject areas based on provider type, setting, consultation topic, and patient age. Results: The 5 RTMCCs received 1164 pediatric consultation requests, representing approximately 20% of all consultations performed by the centers during the study period. Providers requesting consults were primarily physicians (46.3%) or nurses (45.0%). The majority of pediatric consult requests were from state and local public health departments (679, 58.3%) followed by hospital providers (199, 17.1%); fewer requests came from clinicians in private practice (84, 7.2%) or academic institutions (40, 3.4%). Consults addressed 14 different topics, most commonly management of children with TB disease (19.1%), latent TB infection (LTBI) (18.2%), diagnosis or laboratory testing (18.7%), and pharmacology (9.2%). Discussion: Pediatric consultations accounted for approximately 20% of all consultations performed by RTMCCs during the study period. RTMCCs were utilized primarily by public health departments regarding management of TB disease, LTBI, and diagnosis or laboratory testing. The relative underutilization of the RTMCCs by clinicians in non-public health settings, who often manage children with TB exposure or infection, warrants further study. As US TB case rates decline and providers become less experienced with childhood TB, medical consultation support may become increasingly important. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Pediatric, Consultation

Background: Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MAbsC) is a significant management dilemma when taking care of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: We undertook a retrospective cohort analysis of all CF patients in whom MAbsC was isolated from 2005 to 2014. The natural history of MAbsC was determined and clinical factors examined in an attempt to predict transient compared to persistent colonization. Results: No correlation was found between recurrent MAbsC isolation and clinical factors such as body mass index, respiratory function, or age. Over two-thirds of our cohort cleared MAbsC colonization with no intervention and no consistent effect on lung function was identified. Four CF patients were initiated on treatment with only one successful outcome. Conclusion: This analysis demonstrates there are no clear predictors of those CF patients who will become persistently colonized with MAbsC and that a significant proportion will spontaneously clear carriage. As treatment success rate is poor, more work is urgently required in improving patient outcomes.

Introduced species lists provide essential background information for biological invasions research and management. The compilation of these lists is, however, prone to a variety of errors. We highlight the frequency and consequences of such errors using introduced Melaleuca (sensu lato, including Callistemon) species in South Africa as a case study. We examined 111 herbarium specimens from South Africa and noted the categories and sub-categories of errors that occurred in identification. We also used information from herbarium specimens and distribution data collected in the field to determine whether a species was introduced, naturalized and invasive. We found that 72% of the specimens were not named correctly. These were due to human error (70%) (misidentification, and improved identifications) and species identification problems (30%) (synonyms arising from inclusion of Callistemon, and unresolved taxonomy). At least 36 Melaleuca species have been introduced to South Africa, and field observations indicate that ten of these have naturalized, including five that are invasive. While most of the errors likely have negligible impact on management, we highlight one case where incorrect identification lead to an inappropriate management approach and some instances of errors in published lists. Invasive species lists need to be carefully reviewed to minimise errors, and herbarium specimens supported by DNA identification are required where identification using morphological features is particularly challenging.

Background Acute neurological events may present as an extrapulmonary complication in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). These events can be secondary to a range of different aetiologies.Methods A retrospective analysis of 476 medical records of CF patients attending a large teaching hospital between 2000 and 2018 was performed. Patients presenting with acute neurological events who had MRI brain imaging were evaluated. Patients who had headaches without associated neurological symptoms were excluded from this analysis.Results Acute neurological presentations, excluding headaches without associated neurological symptoms, were reported in 27 index patients out of the 476 patients. Of these, 16 patients had MRI brain imaging for review. Three patients suffered pathology secondary to vascular events, both ischaemic and haemorrhagic; four patients had evidence of ischaemia or infarction not consistent with a vascular territory stroke and the remaining patients experienced a range of different neurological events. The most common presentation among these patients was seizure activity, followed by a transient motor or sensory deficit.Conclusions Neurological complications are recognised among individuals with CF. Although rare, they can be secondary to a range of different aetiologies, including dysfunctional cell energetics. Additional studies are required to further evaluate this association.

La fotorreportería del conflicto armado en Colombia entre 2002-2006 constituye una investigación concomitante al desarrollo de un proyecto de tesis doctoral. Este artículo se circunscribe a la metodología de esa primera investigación preliminar en cuanto base de una fuente primaria y estudio de esa fotorreportería del rotativo El Tiempo de Bogotá. De ahí que el volumen de ese archivo constituya hoy un repositorio visual del conflicto armado en Colombia de estimado valor para el Centro de Documentación en Imagen y Diseño de la Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.

El tomate Solanum lycopersicum L es una hortaliza de gran importancia en el ámbito nacional. Dentro de las principales limitantes de este cultivo se encuentra la mosca blanca, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemíptera: Aleyrodidae). Este estudio evaluó en laboratorio la capacidad reguladora de Chrysoperla externa Hagen(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) sobre mosca blanca T. vaporariorum. A partir de plantas infestadas con T. vaporariorum, se tomaron foliolos con presencia de ninfas de la plaga y se depositaron en recipientes plásticos con tapa, adicionando un individuo en cada estado larval del depredador C. externa. Se emplearon densidades de presa de 50, 75 y 100 individuos en los dos instares iniciales del depredador y 100, 150 y 200 para el tercer instar, con un testigo con 50 individuos sin depredador. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar en condiciones de laboratorio de 17,8 °C y 67,5% de humedad relativa. Se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre densidades de presa en los tres instares evaluados. Se encontró, para cada una de las densidades de presas de T. vaporariorum evaluadas en primer instar de C. externa, porcentajes de mortalidad de 96,8%, 80,5% y 56,4%, respectivamente; para el segundo instar, mortalidades de 94,4%, 77,5% y 75,4%, en su orden y para el tercer instar mortalidades de 99,1 %, 90% y 76,6%, respectivamente. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, C. externa ejerce un efecto regulatorio, presentando una respuesta funcional tipo II en sus tres instares larvales, cuando actúa como depredador de ninfas de T. vaporariorum.

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemíptera: Aleyrodidae) es uno de los principales limitantes del cultivo de tomate Solanum lycopersicum, por generar problemas directos e indirectos en este sistema de producción; para el manejo de este insecto (mosca blanca) se acude a excesivas aplicaciones de productos de síntesis química, sin obtener los mejores resultados. Este estudio consistió en evaluar, en condiciones de invernadero, la capacidad reguladora de Chrysoperla externa Hagen (Neuróptera: Chrysopidae) sobre la mosca blanca presente en tomate. En plantas infestadas con individuos de T. vaporariorum se adicionó C. externa en niveles poblacionales de 80, 160 y 240 individuos en estado larval por planta, y se contó con un testigo sin depredador. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar en condiciones de invernadero (temperatura promedio de 20 ºC y humedad relativa del 60 %). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las densidades del depredador, con infestaciones de 35, 52 y 53 % de T. vaporariorum (tras cuatro semanas), correspondientes a las liberaciones de 240, 160 y 80 individuos por planta, respectivamente. Se observó que las plantas del testigo presentaron menor altura y número de ramas, respecto de los tratamientos en los cuales había presencia del depredador C. externa.

El gusano blanco (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache) ocasiona pérdidas considerables en el cultivo de la papa, las cuales pueden llegar hasta el 100% dependiendo del nivel de infestación y manejo del cultivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto individual y combinado de dos aislamientos autóctonos de Beauveria spp. en comparación con dos bioplaguicidas a base de Metarhizium anisopliae y Beauveria brongniartii, sobre P. vorax en condiciones de campo. Se empleó el Diseño Completamente al Azar, con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones Se hicieron inoculaciónes mediante aspersión dirigida a la base de la planta, utilizando una concentración 5x108 conidias.g-1. Se evaluó porcentaje de daño, porcentaje de control y rendimiento al momento de cosecha (t ha-1). Los resultados indicaron que las cepas comerciales en combinación Metaril® W.P + B. brongniartii® W.P (T6) y el aislamiento autóctono de Beauveria sp. Bv01 (T1), presentaron los menores porcentajes de daño (3,1±0,06 y 3,5±0,2%), los mayores porcentajes de control (77±0,46 y 76,7±1,78%), y la mejor producción (19±0,40t ha-1 y 18±0,25t ha-1) con diferencias significativas (Duncan p≤0,05) respecto a los demás tratamientos y el control regional. Se destacó el T6, ya que mostró el mejor potencial biológico por su rendimiento en cosecha, representando una alternativa promisoria para el control de P. vorax al ser incorporado dentro de un esquema de manejo integrado de la plaga en la región.

Understanding the metabolic processes in energy metabolism, particularly during fasted exercise, is a growing area of research. Previous work has focused on measuring metabolites pre and post exercise. This can provide information about the final state of energy metabolism in the participants, but it does not show how these processes vary during the exercise and any subsequent post-exercise period. To address this, the work described here took fasted participants and subjected them to an exercise and rest protocol under laboratory settings, which allowed for breath and blood sampling both pre, during and post exercise. Analysis of the data produced from both the physiological measurements and the untargeted metabolomics measurements showed clear switching between glycolytic and ketolytic metabolism, with the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data showing the separate stages of ketolytic metabolism, notably the transport, release and breakdown of long chain fatty acids. Several signals, putatively identified as short peptides, were observed to change in a pattern similar to that of the ketolytic metabolites. This work highlights the power of untargeted metabolomic methods as an investigative tool for exercise science, both to follow known processes in a more complete way and discover possible novel biomarkers.