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Soil carbon loss is likely to increase due to climate warming, but microbiomes and microenvironments may dampen this effect. In a 30-year warming experiment, physical protection within soil aggregates affected the thermal responses of soil microbiomes and carbon dynamics. In this study, we combined metagenomic analysis with physical characterization of soil aggregates to explore mechanisms by which microbial communities respond to climate warming across different soil microenvironments. Long-term warming decreased the relative abundances of genes involved in degrading labile compounds (e.g. cellulose), but increased those genes involved in degrading recalcitrant compounds (e.g. lignin) across aggregate sizes. These changes were observed in most phyla of bacteria, especially for Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes. Microbial community composition was considerably altered by warming, leading to declined diversity for bacteria and fungi but not for archaea. Microbial functional genes, diversity, and community composition differed between macroaggregates and microaggregates, indicating the essential role of physical protection in controlling microbial community dynamics. Our findings suggest that microbes have the capacity to employ various strategies to acclimate or adapt to climate change (e.g. warming, heat stress) by shifting functional gene abundances and community structures in varying microenvironments, as regulated by soil physical protection.

Unravelling biosphere feedback mechanisms is crucial for predicting the impacts of global warming. Soil priming, an effect of fresh plant-derived carbon (C) on native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, is a key feedback mechanism that could release large amounts of soil C into the atmosphere. However, the impacts of climate warming on soil priming remain elusive. Here, we show that experimental warming accelerates soil priming by 12.7% in a temperate grassland. Warming alters bacterial communities, with 38% of unique active phylotypes detected under warming. The functional genes essential for soil C decomposition are also stimulated, which could be linked to priming effects. We incorporate lab-derived information into an ecosystem model showing that model parameter uncertainty can be reduced by 32-37%. Model simulations from 2010 to 2016 indicate an increase in soil C decomposition under warming, with a 9.1% rise in priming-induced CO2 emissions. If our findings can be generalized to other ecosystems over an extended period of time, soil priming could play an important role in terrestrial C cycle feedbacks and climate change.

Objective To investigate the effect of deletion of Sirtuin type 1(Sirt1) gene on liver inflammation of mice and its mechanism. Methods The body weight of C57BL/6J male mice and liver specific Sirt1 deficiency (Sirt1-LKO) male mice were recorded weekly. The sensitivity of inflammatory response was tested by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg LPS. The survival curve was used to reflect the sensitivity of mice to inflammatory response.The expression of inflammatory factors was detected by Western blot and q-PCR. Results Compared with control wild type mice, Sirt1-LKO mice showed significantly reduced body weight (P＜0.05). In addition, The survival curve was shown by kaplane Meier diagram,Sirt1-LKO mice showed lower sensitivity to LPS (P＜0.05).The protein level of NF-κB in primary liver cells of Sirt1-LKO mice was increased (P＜0.05),Tnfα and IL6 of NF-κB downstream target genes were up-regulated(P＜0.05). Conclusions Hepatocyte-specific Sirt1 deletion aggravates liver inflammation response in mouse model.

This study undertakes a systematic investigation into the influence of cryogenic rolling (CR) deformation on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of low‐density Fe‐28Mn‐8Al‐1C steel. The results reveal that the microstructure undergoes a series of transformations, from equiaxed austenite grains to elongated grains with strain bands, twinning, dislocation entanglements, and dislocation cells. The texture evolves from brass to copper with increasing deformation. Besides, the mechanical properties exhibit a direct correlation with the extent of deformation, as evidenced by the notable increase in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and microhardness from 882 to 1861, 505 to 1791 MPa, and 284 to 578 HV, respectively. However, elongation decreases from 64% to 6.6%, indicative of the strength‐ductility trade‐off. The aforementioned findings provide insight into the potential for manipulating the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of low‐density steels utilizing CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided. HIGHLIGHTS: Progress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated. Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared. New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized. Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect of barley plus butter dietary on the symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate induced chronic ulcerative colitis and intestinal microbial distribution in mice. Methods In customized feed(C feed), soybean oil and corn meal in standard mice breeding feed (N feed) were replaced with equal proportion of ghee and raw barley powder.28 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=7,each group):NW group fed with N feed and water; ND group fed with N feed and 1.8% DSS; CW group fed with C feed and water; CD group fed with C feed and 1.8% DSS. Colitis model was established by three cycles of 10 days supply of distilled water after 7 days supply of 1.8% DSS solution. Finally, the effects were evaluated by DAI score, colon HE staining and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of gut microbes. Results The abundance of bacteria was increased and the diversity of intestinal flora, such as allobaculum, was improved in wild type mice fed on the barley and butter dietary. However, when the mice were treated with DSS, the barley plus butter dietary group had high DAI score(P＜0.05), showed obvious intestinal ulcers and disorganized intestinal glands by histopathological microscopy, and decreased intestinal flora abundance and diversity(P＜0.05). But the quantity of Clostridium and Sartreella was increased in barley and butter dietary group(P＜0.05). Conclusions The barley plus butter dietary increases intestinal flora Allobaculum of wild type mice and improves the composition of intestinal flora, but the dietary intervention fails to show any significant impact on the chronic ulcerative colitis symptoms induced by DSS.

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Objective To observe the changes of insulin sensitivity of flavonoids 4, 4'-dimethoxy chalcone (DMC) in mice fed on high-fat diet (HFD) and to investigate its effect. Methods Wild-type C57/BL 6 mice fed on HFD were divided into control group and experimental group. DMC and solvent DMSO were injected intraperitoneally at 3 μg/kg every other day. Food intake and body weight of the two groups were recorded weekly, glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and sodium pyruvate tolerance test(PTT) were measured at week 6. The adipose tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and HE staining. Results Compared with the control mice, the mice treated with DMC drug was no different in body weight and food intake. ITT indicated that DMC administration increased insulin sensitivity (P＜0.05), but GTT and PTT showed no significant difference. HE staining microscopy showed that adipose tissue contained less mononuclear cells in mice treated with DMC than control mice. There was weak staining for F4/80 in the adipose tissue of mice treated with DMC, defined as F4/80-positive cells. Conclusions DMC can improve the insulin sensitivity of mice in high-fat diet by decreasing the infiltration of macrophages in adipose tissue.

Objective To investigate the role of mammalian sterile line 20-like kinas 1(MST1) and its regulatory mechanism in hepatic gluconeogenesis of mouse. Methods The mRNA expression of MST1 in the liver of db/db mice and db/m mice was detected by RT-qPCR. MST1 was overexpressed with adenovirus to detect glucose output capacity in mouse primary hepatocytes. Luciferase reporter assay was adopted to detect the effect of MST1 on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter activity in HepG2 cells. Forkhead transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) was knocked down by interfering adenovirus in primary mouse liver cells to detect the effect of MST1 overexpression on the mRNA levels of PEPCK. Results The mRNA level of MST1 was significantly upregulated in the liver of db/db mice (P＜0.001). MST1 overexpression enhanced glucose output in mouse primary hepatocytes (P＜0.05). In HepG2 cells, MST1 overexpression increased the mRNA of PEPCK (P＜0.001) and the activity of PEPCK promoter (P＜0.01). Furthermore, MST1-induced increase in PEPCK mRNA was abolished when FOXO1 was knocked down by interfering adenovirus. Conclusions MST1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis by regulating the mRNA expression of PEPCK dependent on FOXO1.

Recently, acoustic vortices with orbital angular momentum (OAM) have attracted great attention and interest owing to their extensive applications. Based on the generalized Snell's law (GSL), acoustic vortex beams can be observed by constructing different types of acoustic metasurfaces immersed into cylindrical waveguides. However, owing to the restrictions of the phase gradient of metasurface structures and the critical order of propagating vortex beams, there exist great challenges in realizing complex modulation of vortex beams and designing advanced multifunctional sound devices. Here, we theoretically study and experimentally demonstrate the extended GSL in designing a mode converter of vortex beams based on phase-gradient acoustic metagratings (AMs). We demonstrate that the extended GSL can not only accurately predict the transmitted or reflected orders of vortex beams created by a series of AMs with arbitrary phase gradient ξ, but also effectively overcome the limitations of both the phase gradient and the critical order. More importantly, we design a type of mode converter of vortex beams and realize the mode conversion of output vortex beams by simply modulating the orders of input vortex beams. To present it, we experimentally demonstrate the switch between the output vortex beams with the orders of −2 and 2 through the same phase-gradient AM by using the input vortex beams with the orders of 1 and −1, respectively, which can be separately predicted by the GSL and the extended GSL. Our work paves a way for the complex modulation of acoustic vortex beams and the design of multifunctional OAM-based sound devices with practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]