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Cu is an ubiquitous material used in industry for its great thermal and electrical properties. Studying the high-pressure high temperature properties of copper (Cu) is relevant for nuclear fusion research as projectiles and flyers used in hypervelocity impacts are generally made of copper, where it is used also in the design of the nuclear fusion targets. Recently, a solid (fcc)-solid (bcc) phase transition has been detected in shock compressed Cu with X-Ray Diffraction. Here, we present a study on shock compressed copper up to 300 GPa and 7100 K probed by single pulse (100 ps FWHM) X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). Based on the analysis of the XAS spectra, we provide structural identification and bulk temperature measurements along the Hugoniot up to the melting. The collection of XAS spectra under release conditions, i.e. at later times than the breakout time of the shock wave, helped constraining the experimental fcc-bcc and solid-liquid phase boundaries. In particular, we report the first bulk temperature measurement in shock compressed copper on the melting plateau located between 237(40) GPa and 5750(1130) K and 261 (27) GPa and 6240 (1155) K and on liquid copper at 300 GPa and 7100 K.

The recent discovery of superconductivity in $\rm La_3Ni_2O_7$ has attracted significant attention due to its high critical temperature and analogy to cuprate oxides. The oxidation and spin states of Ni ions are among the most important local properties in this compound, extensively discussed in the context of its superconductivity. Despite their direct link to the electron filling configurations of the relevant $\rm 3d_{x^2-y^2}$ and $\rm 3d_{z^2}$ orbitals, these local electronic properties of $\rm La_3Ni_2O_7$ yet to be systematically investigated. In this work, we address this issue using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) measurements under pressure. Comparison of Ni \textit{K}-edge XAS and $\rm K\beta$ XES with the reference spectra of $\rm NiO$ and $\rm LaNiO_3$ shows that Ni ions, with an average valence of $\sim 2.53+$, are in a low-spin ($\rm S = 1/2$) ground state under ambient conditions. High pressure XAS and XES data clearly show that the oxidation ($\sim 2.5+$) and spin ($\rm S = 1/2$) states of Ni ions remain stable across the investigated pressure (up to 30 GPa) and temperature (down to 10 K) ranges, ruling out previously proposed spin transition scenarios.

Below its Jahn--Teller transition temperature, $T_\mathrm{JT}$, NaNiO$_2$ has a monoclinic layered structure consisting of alternating layers of edge-sharing NaO$_6$ and Jahn-Teller-distorted NiO$_6$ octahedra. Above $T_\mathrm{JT}$ where NaNiO$_2$ is rhombohedral, diffraction measurements show the absence of a cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion, accompanied by an increase in the unit cell volume. Using neutron total scattering, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments as local probes of the structure we find direct evidence for a displacive, as opposed to order-disorder Jahn-Teller transition at $T_\mathrm{JT}$. This is supported by \textit{ab initio} molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. To our knowledge this study is the first to show a displacive Jahn-Teller transition in any material using direct observations with local probe techniques., Comment: Under review. For SI, email the authors

The martensitic transformation is a fundamental physical phenomenon at the origin of important industrial applications. However, the underlying microscopic mechanism, which is of critical importance to explain the outstanding mechanical properties of martensitic materials, is still not fully understood. This is because for most martensitic materials the transformation is a fast process that makes in situ studies extremely challenging. Noble solids krypton and xenon undergo a progressive pressure induced fcc to hcp martensitic transition with a very wide coexistence domain. Here, we took advantage of this unique feature to study the detailed mechanism of the transformation by employing in situ X-ray diffraction and absorption. We evidenced a four stages mechanism where the lattice mismatch between the fcc and hcp forms plays a key role in the generation of strain. We also determined precisely the effect of the transformation on the compression behavior of these materials., Comment: Main file: 31 pages, 9 figure

Pressure induced structural modifications in vitreous Ge$_{x}$Se$_{100-x}$ (where 10 $\leq$ x $\leq$ 25)are investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) along with supplementary X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Universal changes in distances and angle distributions are observed when scaled to reduced densities. All compositions are observed to remain amorphous under pressure values up to 42 GPa. The Ge-Se interatomic distances extracted from XAS data show a two-step response to the applied pressure; a gradual decrease followed by an increase at around 15-20 GPa, depending on the composition. This increase is attributed to the metallization event that can be traced with the red shift in Ge K edge energy which is also identified by the principal peak position of the structure factor. The densification mechanisms are studied in details by means of AIMD simulations and compared to the experimental results. The evolution of bond angle distributions, interatomic distances and coordination numbers are examined and lead to similar pressure-induced structural changes for any composition.

Relaxor ferroelectric perovskites are highly polarizable and can exhibit giant coupling between elastic strain and an applied electric field. Here, we report an in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of a PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 (PZN) single crystal as a function of the electric field. We show that the strong dipoles in the NbO6 octahedra bonds are aligned along the four \textless{} 011 \textgreater{} directions close to the orientation of the electric field, while a small reversible polar shift occurs for Zn in the direction of the electric field, i.e., positive or negative. This reversible Zn-O polar shift is proposed to play an important role in both the "easy" switching of the ferroelectric polarization and the giant piezoelectric effect in PZN.

The present paper demonstrates the feasibility of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) at high pressure at the Fe-K edge on the ID24 energy dispersive beamline of the ESRF. In 3d transition metals, performing experiments at the hard X-ray K-edge rather than at the magnetically interesting soft X-ray L-edges represents, the only way to access the high pressure regime obtainable with Diamond Anvil Cells. The simultaneous availability of a local structure (XAS) and of a magnetic (XMCD) probe on the sample in identical thermodynamical conditions is essential to study correlations between local structural and magnetic properties. We briefly summarize the state of the art theoretical understanding of K-edge XMCD data, then illustrate the setup of beamline ID24 for high pressure XMCD experiments and underline the conditions required to perform measurements at the K-edges of 3d transition metals. Finally, we present two examples of recent high pressure results at the Fe-K edge in pure Fe and Fe3O4 powder.