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Objectives: To study, whether there are associations between chewing side preference and other lateralities, whether there is a genetic origin for preferred chewing side (PCS), relations to sex, birth order and orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The study included 113 twin pairs, 57 pairs monozygotic, 47 pairs same sex dizygotic and 9 pairs of opposite sex. The lateralities of preferred chewing side, footedness and eyedness were assessed by functional tests and handedness was checked by asking. Results: Right-handed, -footed and -eyed as separated groups, and true-right sided (combined), were evenly distributed by preferred chewing side. By contrast, left-handed, -footed, -eyed and non-right sided used more left or both sides when chewing. Birth order affected preferred chewing side among monozygotic: the first-born twin was more likely to have the preferred chewing side on the non-right, whereas second-born twins used right side. Gender, zygosity and orthodontic treatment were not statistically significant factors. Limitations: Examination of chewing sidedness could have been done in several different ways to provide a definite result. Sample size of opposite sex twins was very small. Conclusions: Preferred chewing side generally seemed to follow the side where other lateralities occur; however, monozygotic twins seemed to be more receptive to it. True-right sided were more evenly distributed than non-right sided by the preferred chewing side.

Five species of mosses (Bryophyta: Oncophorus demetrii, Oncophorus integerrimus, Oxyrrhynchium speciosum, Sphagnum divinum and Sphagnum medium) and one of liverworts (Marchantiophyta: Kurzia trichoclados) are presented as new for Finland. Seligeria calcarea and Seligeria pusilla, previously thought to be regionally extinct from Finland, are reported to being found again. New records in biogeographical provinces for 74 species of mosses and 36 species of liverworts are listed. Finally, 17 occurrences in provinces are removed due to misidentifications or missing specimens. nonPeerReviewed

The energies of the preferred conformations of four 7a-methyl octa(or hexa)hydrocyclopenta[d][1,3]oxazines, five 8a-methyl octa(or hexa)hydro[3,1]benzoxazines, and 8a-methylhexahydro[1,3]-benzoxazinone, all cis-fused, were investigated by DFT methods. Following geometry optimization at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level, both the proton chemical shifts and the vicinal coupling constants between H-4a and the H-4 and H-5 protons were calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level and compared to the previously experimentally measured values. The agreement between the calculated and the experimental chemical shifts was found to be good. Similarly, the agreement between the calculated and the experimental vicinal coupling constants was also found to be good, thus providing a methodology for determining the conformational equilibria of such systems that is comparable in many respects to experimental approaches such as variable-temperature NMR or to the use of model coupling constant values, when available, from analogous compounds.

A universal scheme is proposed for the molecular design of heterocyclic recyclizations by replacing the exocyclic hydroxyl groups in exo-trig- ring-chain tautomeric molecules with substituted amines or hydrazines. The practical applicability of this approach is demonstrated by the condensations of 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-isoxazolidinones with thioaroyl-hydrazines and 2-aminomethylaniline. The condensation products were studied by modern 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopic methods using three solvents: CDCl3, DMSO[D6] and CD3CN. The solvent was found to have a strong effect to the relative amounts of the tautomers.