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3. GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models

Author

Eloundou, Tyna, Manning, Sam, Mishkin, Pamela, and Rock, Daniel

Subjects
Economics - General Economics, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract

We investigate the potential implications of large language models (LLMs), such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs), on the U.S. labor market, focusing on the increased capabilities arising from LLM-powered software compared to LLMs on their own. Using a new rubric, we assess occupations based on their alignment with LLM capabilities, integrating both human expertise and GPT-4 classifications. Our findings reveal that around 80% of the U.S. workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of LLMs, while approximately 19% of workers may see at least 50% of their tasks impacted. We do not make predictions about the development or adoption timeline of such LLMs. The projected effects span all wage levels, with higher-income jobs potentially facing greater exposure to LLM capabilities and LLM-powered software. Significantly, these impacts are not restricted to industries with higher recent productivity growth. Our analysis suggests that, with access to an LLM, about 15% of all worker tasks in the US could be completed significantly faster at the same level of quality. When incorporating software and tooling built on top of LLMs, this share increases to between 47 and 56% of all tasks. This finding implies that LLM-powered software will have a substantial effect on scaling the economic impacts of the underlying models. We conclude that LLMs such as GPTs exhibit traits of general-purpose technologies, indicating that they could have considerable economic, social, and policy implications.

Published
2023

4. How to Capitalize on Generative AI.

Author

McAfee, Andrew, Rock, Daniel, and Brynjolfsson, Erik

Subjects
ARTIFICIAL intelligence, LANGUAGE models, RISK management in business, ARTIFICIAL intelligence in business, HUMAN-artificial intelligence interaction, BUSINESS planning, STRATEGIC planning
Abstract

Business leaders are struggling to understand how seriously they should take generative AI. It has already displayed breathtaking powers to create new content and is used to do things such as write software, transcribe physicians’ interactions with their patients, and let people converse with a CRM system. But it is far from perfect: It can produce distorted or entirely fabricated output and can be oblivious to privacy and copyright concerns. Is its importance being overblown? Are its risks worth the potential rewards? How can companies figure out where best to apply it? How should they go about taking their first steps? This article will provide guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

5. Patterns of service provision in child and adolescent mental health care in Australia.

Author

Salvador-Carulla, Luis, Furst, Mary Anne, Tabatabaei-Jafari, Hossein, Mendoza, John, Riordan, Denise, Moore, Elizabeth, Rock, Daniel, Anthes, Lauren, Bagheri, Nasser, and Salinas-Perez, Jose A.

Abstract

Standard description of local care provision is essential for evidence-informed planning. This study aimed to map and compare the availability and diversity of current mental health service provision for children and adolescents in Australia. We used a standardised service classification instrument, the Description and Evaluation of Services and DirectoriEs (DESDE) tool, to describe service availability in eight urban and two rural health districts in Australia. The pattern of care was compared with that available for other age groups in Australia. Outpatient care was found to be the most common type of service provision, comprising 212 (81.2%) of all services identified. Hospital care (acute and non-acute) was more available in urban than in rural areas (20 services [9.7%] vs 1 [1.8%]). The level of diversity in the types of care available for children and adolescents was lower than that for the general adult population, but slightly higher than that for older people in the same areas. Standardised comparison of the pattern of care across regions reduces ambiguity in service description and classification, enables gap analysis and can inform policy and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Literacy across the Curricula: Teacher Success Stories

Author

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), Bottoms, Gene, Rock, Daniel, and Tadlock, Joseph

Abstract

Literacy is the foundation for success in school and society. An essential goal of every school is to help every student read, write and think critically. Dedicated teachers are the catalyst for reaching this goal. The Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) developed a literacy professional learning model to better support these dedicated teachers. SREB's powerful literacy practices stem from and expand upon the Literacy Design Collaborative (LDC) instructional framework. LDC is a vehicle for developing reading, writing and thinking skills within a variety of academic disciplines, not just in English language arts courses. When teachers help students become literate in their discipline, they ultimately strengthen students' learning of the content and the subject matter. SREB provides professional development to educators in how to use these powerful literacy practices to change how teachers teach and students learn. These practices empower teachers from various disciplines -- including English language arts, science, social studies and career and technical education -- to collaborate, plan lessons together and create more relevant assignments that engage and excite students. The teacher success stories in this publication illustrate how SREB partnered with states, districts, schools and teachers to immerse students in grade-level assignments that raise achievement. These stories also show how implementing this literacy model can be both challenging and rewarding. These stories highlight only a few of the teachers who rose to the challenge and persevered.

Published
2018

11. The Preservation of Error During Voir Dire

Author

Rock, Daniel A.

Subjects
Appeals (Law) -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Management, Judicial error -- Prevention, Right to fair and impartial trial -- Laws, regulations and rules, Voir dire -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Management, Government regulation, Company business management, Law
Abstract

The purpose of voir dire is to ensure that each case is tried by impartial and fair-minded members of the community. If there are errors in that process, counsel can [...]

Published
2020

12. GP perspectives on a psychiatry phone line in Western Australia's Great Southern region: implications for addressing rural GP workload.

Author

Cuesta-Briand, Beatriz, Rock, Daniel, Tayba, Layale, Hoimes, James, Ngo, Hanh, Taran, Michael, and Coleman, Mathew

Subjects
*CONFIDENCE, *TELEPSYCHOLOGY, *RURAL conditions, *RESEARCH methodology, *PHYSICIANS' attitudes, *INTERVIEWING, *QUALITATIVE research, *EMPLOYEES' workload, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *THEMATIC analysis
Abstract

Background: Mental illness is a public health challenge disproportionately affecting rural Australians. GPs provide most of the mental health care, and they report increasing levels of burnout and unsustainable workload in the context of increased patient complexity. This may be more salient in rural settings characterised by resource constraints. In this paper, we use evaluation data from a GP psychiatry phone line established in Western Australia's Great Southern region in 2021 to describe GPs' perspectives on the service and reflect on how it may help alleviate rural GP workload. Methods: The sample was recruited among GPs practicing in the region. Data were collected through an online survey and semistructured interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the survey data. Interview data were subjected to thematic analysis; qualitative survey data were used for triangulation. Results: A total of 45 GPs completed the survey and 14 were interviewed. Interview data yielded three themes: the criticality of timeliness; the building blocks of confidence; and trust. GPs were highly satisfied with the service, and timeliness and trust were the characteristics underpinning its effectiveness. The service built GPs' confidence in managing mental health and alcohol and other drug use issues through strengthening knowledge and providing reassurance. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a telephone line operated by trusted, local psychiatrists with knowledge of the local mental health ecosystem of support can reduce rural GP workload through building confidence and strengthening personal agency, helping GPs navigate the ethical and clinical labyrinth of managing patient complexity in rural settings. GPs provide most of the mental health care and deal with an increasing number of patients with complex problems; this is more acute in rural areas where there are fewer services. This paper shows how a rural GP psychiatry phone line operated by local psychiatrists helps GPs manage their patients' mental health problems and may, in turn, reduce the workload rural GPs experience. The results add to the limited evidence and have implications for other rural locations characterised by limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Mental health systems modelling for evidence-informed service reform in Australia

Author

Whiteford, Harvey, primary, Bagheri, Nasser, additional, Diminic, Sandra, additional, Enticott, Joanne, additional, Gao, Caroline X., additional, Hamilton, Matthew, additional, Hickie, Ian B, additional, Khanh-Dao Le, Long, additional, Lee, Yong Yi, additional, Long, Katrina M, additional, McGorry, Patrick, additional, Meadows, Graham, additional, Mihalopoulos, Cathrine, additional, Occhipinti, Jo-An, additional, Rock, Daniel, additional, Rosenberg, Sebastian, additional, Salvador-Carulla, Luis, additional, and Skinner, Adam, additional

Published
2023
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26. Supplemental Material - Characterising variability in youth mental health service populations: A detailed and scalable approach using digital technology

Author

Capon, William, Hickie, Ian B, McKenna, Sarah, Varidel, Mathew, Richards, Matthew, LaMonica, Haley M, Rock, Daniel, Scott, Elizabeth M, and Iorfino, Frank

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), Neuroscience
Abstract

Supplemental Material for Characterising variability in youth mental health service populations: A detailed and scalable approach using digital technology by William Capon, Ian B Hickie, Sarah McKenna, Mathew Varidel, Matthew Richards, Haley M LaMonica, Daniel Rock, Elizabeth M Scott and Frank Iorfino in Australasian Psychiatry

Published
2023
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28. Mental health systems modelling for evidence-informed service reform in Australia

Author

Whiteford, Harvey, primary, Bagheri, Nasser, additional, Diminic, Sandra, additional, Enticott, Joanne, additional, Gao, Caroline X., additional, Hamilton, Matthew, additional, Hickie, Ian, additional, Le, Long Khanh-Dao, additional, Lee, Yong Yi, additional, Long, Katrina M, additional, McGorry, Patrick, additional, Meadows, Graham, additional, Mihalopoulos, Cathrine, additional, Occhipinti, Jo-An, additional, Rock, Daniel, additional, Rosenberg, Sebastian, additional, Salvador-Carulla, Luis, additional, and Skinner, Adam, additional

Published
2022
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31. Genus Suipoxvirus

Author

Delhon, Gustavo A., Tulman, Edan R., Afonso, Claudio L., Rock, Daniel L., Schmidt, Axel, editor, Kaufmann, Stefan H. E., editor, Wolff, Manfred H., editor, Mercer, Andrew A., editor, and Weber, Olaf, editor

Published
2007
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46. Inhibition of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus L pro through Interaction with the N-Terminal Domain of Swine RNase L

Author

Sui, Chao, primary, Jiang, Dandan, additional, Wu, Xiangju, additional, Liu, Sidang, additional, Li, Feng, additional, Pan, Li, additional, Cong, Xiaoyan, additional, Li, Juntong, additional, Yoo, Dongwan, additional, Rock, Daniel L., additional, Miller, Laura C., additional, Lee, Changhee, additional, Du, Yijun, additional, and Qi, Jing, additional

Published
2021
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49. An international comparative analysis of the mental health care delivery system in remote areas: the Kimberley (Australia), Nunavik (Canada) and Lapland (Finland)

Author

Salinas-Perez, Jose Alberto, primary, Gutierrez-Colosia, Mencia R., additional, Suontausta, Petra, additional, Bertrand, Jacques, additional, Almeda, Nerea, additional, Furst, MaryAnne, additional, Mendoza, John, additional, Rock, Daniel, additional, Wahlbeck, Kristian, additional, Cardoso, Graça, additional, and Salvador-Carulla, Luis, additional

Published
2021
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50. Supplemental Material, Supplement_material - Patterns of Mental Health Care in Remote Areas: Kimberley (Australia), Nunavik (Canada), and Lapland (Finland): Modèles de soins de santé mentale dans les régions éloignées: Kimberley (Australie), Nunavik (Canada) et Laponie (Finlande)

Author

Salinas-Perez, Jose A., Mencia R. Gutierrez-Colosia, Furst, Mary Anne, Suontausta, Petra, Bertrand, Jacques, Almeda, Nerea, Mendoza, John, Rock, Daniel, Sadeniemi, Minna, Cardoso, Graça, and Salvador-Carulla, Luis

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy)
Abstract

Supplemental Material, Supplement_material for Patterns of Mental Health Care in Remote Areas: Kimberley (Australia), Nunavik (Canada), and Lapland (Finland): Modèles de soins de santé mentale dans les régions éloignées: Kimberley (Australie), Nunavik (Canada) et Laponie (Finlande) by Jose A. Salinas-Perez, Mencia R. Gutierrez-Colosia, Mary Anne Furst, Petra Suontausta, Jacques Bertrand, Nerea Almeda PhD, John Mendoza, Daniel Rock, Minna Sadeniemi, Graça Cardoso and Luis Salvador-Carulla in The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Published
2020
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