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13. Optical Screening of Citrus Leaf Diseases Using Label-Free Spectroscopic Tools: A Review

Author

Bharadwaj, Saurav, Midha, Akshita, Sharma, Shikha, Sidhu, Gurupkar Singh, and Kumar, Rajesh

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Other Quantitative Biology
Abstract

Citrus diseases pose threats to citrus farming and result in economic losses worldwide. Nucleic acid and serology-based methods of detection and, immunochromatographic assays are commonly used but these laboratory tests are laborious, expensive and might be subjected to cross-reaction and contamination. Modern optical spectroscopic techniques offer a promising alternative as they are label-free, sensitive, rapid, non-destructive, and demonstrate the potential for incorporation into an autonomous system for disease detection in citrus orchards. Nevertheless, the majority of optical spectroscopic methods for citrus disease detection are still in the trial phases and, require additional efforts to be established as efficient and commercially viable methods. The review presents an overview of fundamental working principles, the state of the art, and explains the applications and limitations of the optical spectroscopy technique including the spectroscopic imaging approach (hyperspectral imaging) in the identification of diseases in citrus plants. The review highlights (1) the technical specifications of optical spectroscopic tools that can potentially be utilized in field measurements, (2) their applications in screening citrus diseases through leaf spectroscopy, and (3) discusses their benefits and limitations, including future insights into label-free identification of citrus diseases. Moreover, the role of artificial intelligence is reviewed as potential effective tools for spectral analysis, enabling more accurate detection of infected citrus leaves even before the appearance of visual symptoms by leveraging compositional, morphological, and chemometric characteristics of the plant leaves. The review aims to encourage stakeholders to enhance the development and commercialization of field-based, label-free optical tools for the rapid and early-stage screening of citrus diseases in plants.

Published
2024

43. A Neoteric GaN HEMT Empirical I–V Model

Author

Sharma, Swati, Sharma, Shikha Swaroop, Pandey, Atul Kumar, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Bhateja, Vikrant, editor, Tang, Jinshan, editor, Sharma, Dilip Kumar, editor, Polkowski, Zdzislaw, editor, and Ahmad, Afaq, editor

Published
2024
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45. Factors affecting eco-friendly hotel selection: A Robo-Advisor on customer’s perception

Author

Singh, Jagjit, Sharma, Shikha, Appolloni, Andrea, Series Editor, Caracciolo, Francesco, Series Editor, Ding, Zhuoqi, Series Editor, Gogas, Periklis, Series Editor, Huang, Gordon, Series Editor, Nartea, Gilbert, Series Editor, Ngo, Thanh, Series Editor, Striełkowski, Wadim, Series Editor, Sharma, Manish, editor, Singh, Ajit Kumar, editor, and Tyagi, Pankaj, editor

Published
2024
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46. Study on the Impact of Human Resource Accounting (HRA) on Employee Satisfaction and Retention: A Study in the Hotel Sector of Chandigarh

Author

Chauhan, Chetan, Guleria, Sandeep, Sharma, Shikha, Appolloni, Andrea, Series Editor, Caracciolo, Francesco, Series Editor, Ding, Zhuoqi, Series Editor, Gogas, Periklis, Series Editor, Huang, Gordon, Series Editor, Nartea, Gilbert, Series Editor, Ngo, Thanh, Series Editor, Striełkowski, Wadim, Series Editor, Sharma, Manish, editor, Singh, Ajit Kumar, editor, and Tyagi, Pankaj, editor

Published
2024
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47. Exploring the Dynamics of Pre and Post Purchase Decisions among Travelers: A Social Media Perspective from Chandigarh

Author

Kaur, Harjot, Sharma, Shikha, Guleria, Sandeep, Appolloni, Andrea, Series Editor, Caracciolo, Francesco, Series Editor, Ding, Zhuoqi, Series Editor, Gogas, Periklis, Series Editor, Huang, Gordon, Series Editor, Nartea, Gilbert, Series Editor, Ngo, Thanh, Series Editor, Striełkowski, Wadim, Series Editor, Sharma, Manish, editor, Singh, Ajit Kumar, editor, and Tyagi, Pankaj, editor

Published
2024
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48. A Ka-Band Ultra-Low Power GaAs MMIC LNA

Author

Sharma, Shikha, Colangeli, Sergio, Longhi, Patrick, Ciccognani, Walter, Serino, Antonio, Limiti, Ernesto, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Tan, Kay Chen, Series Editor, Ciofi, Carmine, editor, and Limiti, Ernesto, editor

Published
2024
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49. Studying the Optoelectronic Properties of NaSnCl3 Solar PV Material: A Step Towards Sustainable Development

Author

Sharma, Shikha, Karwasara, Hansraj, Khan, Karina, Soni, Mamta, Soni, Amit, Sahariya, Jagrati, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Tan, Kay Chen, Series Editor, Goyal, Sunil Kumar, editor, Palwalia, Dheeraj Kumar, editor, Tiwari, Rajiv, editor, and Gupta, Yeshpal, editor

Published
2024
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