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AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on zombie firms at both the macro and micro levels, revealing a significant negative effect on their prevalence at the city level. Our results show that FDI accelerates zombie firm exits as local governments cease subsidies, recognizing that foreign firms can sustain local economic growth. This result is robust to alternative methods of identifying zombies, alternative measures for FDI, and diverse regression methodologies. This shift is predicated on the recognition that foreign firms can sustain local economic growth. Consequently, financial constraints and profitability among zombie firms deteriorate significantly, while healthy firms remain unaffected. These results support the crowding-out effect but find no evidence for technology spillover, challenging some conventional expectations about the benefits of FDI. Our findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of FDI spillover effects and its role in the targeted disposal of non-viable firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the co-opetition strategic selection between two rival manufacturers under a cap-and-trade policy. Based on the classical Cournot game and Nash bargaining game theories, we propose a benchmark model with technology spillover effect and green technology cross-licencing models with both fixed-fee and mixed-fee modes. The results show that manufacturers have the highest outputs in the fixed-fee cross-licencing scenario, and manufacturers’ total profits in the green technology cross-licencing scenarios always outperform that in the technology spillover scenario. Moreover, when the unit carbon quota trading price is high, the technology spillover scenario has the lowest emissions. When the unit cost of governing carbon emissions-related pollution is low, social welfare in the fixed-fee cross-licencing scenario is higher than that in the mixed-fee cross-licencing scenario. Interestingly, the social welfare advantage of the mixed-fee cross-licencing scenario becomes more and more prominent as the unit cost in governing carbon emissions related pollution increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the existence of technology spillover effect of manufacturers, considering the manufacturer's commercial goals of profit and market share, a dynamic price game model of technology spillover supply chain with dual commercial goals is established. Based on game theory and nonlinear dynamics theory, the equilibrium point and local stability of the system are analyzed. In addition, the effects of price adjustment rate, balance coefficient of business objectives, and technology spillover on model complexity, the change of manufacturer price and profit were analyzed through numerical simulation. The results show that the price adjustment rate, the balance coefficient of business objectives, and the technology spillover have an impact on the stability and complexity of the manufacturer's price competition model. Rationally controlling the price adjustment rate, and enhancing technological spillovers are beneficial to the healthy development of manufacturers and the healthy competition among manufacturers, maintaining the stability of product market prices, and effectively avoiding market chaos. Moreover, when considering market share, manufacturers can expand the system stability domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing nations typically prioritize economic growth. Thus, industrial technological progress frequently leads to production expansion and subsequent environmental degradation. This paper, however, proposes that in a dual agricultural economy, the progress in industrial production technology does not necessarily degrade the environment when considering technology spillover. Utilizing a general equilibrium model, we conclude that, at the beginning of modern agricultural development, increasing technology spillover rate adversely affects the environment and social welfare. Yet, after the popularization of modern agriculture, increasing this rate can enhance environmental and welfare conditions. Under specific conditions, industrial technological progress might promote environmental and welfare benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new economic paradigm, the digital economy is critical to economic growth and environmental protection. This paper empirically explores the impact of the digital economy on regional energy consumption intensity in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region from 2010 to 2018. It is found that the digital economy has a significant inhibitory effect on regional energy consumption intensity. This effect remains valid even after passing the endogeneity and robustness tests. The paper confirms that technological innovation is the primary means by which the digital economy affects energy consumption intensity. The analysis of spatial spillover effects shows that the digital economy promotes the improvement of energy consumption intensity in surrounding areas through technology spillover effects. A heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the technology spillover effect has a significant inhibitory effect on the energy consumption intensity of the surrounding areas for economically developed cities. Currently, the digital economy is a significant driver for enhancing productivity and quality. The integration and application of digital technologies have enabled technological innovation in the real economy, effectively reducing regional energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government plays a critical role in developing and adopting new products with social benefits. We study how the government should mix two different subsidies—a technology-push subsidy, which awards manufacturers for cost-reducing R&D efforts, and a demand-pull subsidy, which directly rewards customers—when multiple firms compete in the presence of spillover. We develop a model with the government and two firms: The government first announces a subsidy policy, then the two firms decide R&D investments to reduce production costs and sell the products. We analyze how the optimal subsidy policy and resultant market outcomes change in the social benefit of the product and the spillover level. We find that the government should use a different subsidy policy depending on the social benefit of the product. When the social benefit is low, no subsidy should be given, letting the two firms make discretionary R&D efforts without any inducement. When the social benefit is modest, the government should only give a push subsidy and let the firms lead production adoptions with cost-reducing R&D. When the social benefit is large, the government should provide both subsidies, but the dependence on the pull subsidy increases. We also study how the spillover level influences the optimal subsidy. As knowledge spillover increases, we find that the government should increase the push subsidy to offset the losses incurred by the cost leader. We contribute to the literature by offering policy insights on how the government should design subsidies to maximize the adoption of products with social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Complex technology not only provides potential economic benefits but also increases the difficulty of application. Whether and how upstream technological complexity affects downstream manufacturers' innovation through vertical separation structure is worth discussing, but it has not been effectively discussed. Design/methodology/approach: Through theoretical analysis and empirical testing, this article discusses the cost effect and market competition effect caused by upstream technological complexity on downstream manufacturers and further elucidates the impact of upstream technological complexity on downstream manufacturers' innovation. Findings: Research has found that the impact of upstream technological complexity on the downstream manufacturers' innovation depends on the cost effect and market competition effect. The cost effect caused by the complexity of upstream technology inhibits the innovation of downstream manufacturers. In contrast, the market competition effect promotes the innovation of downstream manufacturers. There are differences in the cost effect and market competition effect of upstream technological complexity on different types of downstream manufacturers, so there is also significant heterogeneity in the impact of upstream technological complexity on innovation of different types of downstream manufacturers. Originality/value: The conclusions of this article improve the understanding of the relationship between upstream technological complexity and downstream innovation and provide helpful implications for industrial chain innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaders in green supply chains are increasingly focusing on improving strategic synergy with followers through shareholding strategies. By constructing Stackelberg models, we explore the operational mechanisms in two models, manufacturer-led and retailer-led, which have forward and backward shareholding strategies, respectively. Compared with non-shareholding models, we find that the retailer's pricing becomes more sensitive to changes in the market environment after applying shareholding strategies, while the manufacturer's pricing depends on its power status. Interestingly, leaders and entire supply chains prefer shareholding strategies, while followers prefer shareholding strategies in good market environment or in bad market environment with their shares held by leaders below certain thresholds. Moreover, both forward and backward shareholding strategies can effectively promote carbon emissions reduction. Improving manufacturers' technology spillover positively impacts pricing and carbon emissions reduction and profits, and a reasonable shareholding ratio can encourage manufacturers to increase the level of technology spillover. Finally, a two-part tariff contract can effectively coordinate the vertical shareholding supply chain. The results provide decision guidance for managers in applying shareholding strategies to build a strategic alliance to improve firms' economic and environmental performance.

Once installed by a larger population of consumers, software products become appealing targets for malicious agents and thus consumers' security concern increases. Software vendors must balance quality investment for demand improvement and resulting security anxiety, particularly when deciding whether to choose diversified or similar technology with competitors. Technology choice becomes challengeable in that choosing similar technologies can increase the degree of technology spillovers, which, on the other hand, leads to more software vulnerabilities that are shared among vendors' software products. Considering these elements, this paper analyzes two competitive software vendors' quality investment for heterogeneous markets composed of a high-end market with particular quality requirement and a low-end market. I reveal that whether vendors target the high-end market or the low-end market, they may benefit from the risk of security threat because it may soften their price competition. An increase in the maximal potential of technology spillovers may harm the high-quality vendor even though it benefits the low-quality vendor. The high-quality vendor always benefits from the degree of technology diversification while the low-quality vendor benefits only if the risk of security is rather high. Meanwhile, I find the two competitive vendors may target the high-end market and the low-end market respectively even though they are symmetric. Furthermore, I show that compared with optimal industry market strategies, the vendors seem reluctant to be aggressive. Hence, the widely discussed argument that aggressive market strategies should be inhibited because of the resulting serious security concern is not always logical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spillover of external research and development (R&D) capital stock and the level of domestic human capital, as a source of absorptive capacity, plays a vital role in stimulating economic growth and development. The objective of this study is to examine the asymmetric associations among human capital, R&D stock spillover, capital import intensity, and output growth in Pakistan over the period 1982 to 2020. For this purpose, we develop and estimate a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The results of the bounds test confirm the presence of a long-run relationship, while the error correction model confirms the convergence from short-run to long-run equilibrium among the variables. The impact of machinery and technological good imports is positive on per capita GDP in the long run. In contrast, the impact of external R&D capital stock is symmetric in the short but becomes negative in the long run. The relationship between human capital and per capita GDP appears to be asymmetric because of low spending in the education sector. Based on these findings, we suggest that Pakistan should enhance its share of imports of high-tech products and improve its absorptive capacity for the effective use of external R&D resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology spillover and research and development (R&D) budget are relevant on government subsidies that aim at improving social welfare through enhancing R&D incentives of firms. However, there has not been related literature considering these two factors. To fill this gap, this paper examines the effect of technology spillover and R&D budget on R&D competition of duopolistic firms and government subsidies by constructing a game‐theoretic model. We find that while each firm's profit sometimes increases with R&D budget for low coefficient of technology spillover, this profit may decrease with R&D budget for high coefficient of technology spillover due to the intensified R&D competition. We show that when both R&D budget and the coefficient of technology spillover remain high, R&D subsidy leads to higher social welfare than output subsidy and otherwise R&D subsidy results in lower social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study focused on the green development effect of the digital economy, analyzed the mechanism of impact of the digital economy on cities’ energy utilization efficiency from the perspective of digital technology empowerment and digital technology spillover, and provided empirical evidence and policy reference for making full use of the digital economy to improve the regional green development level. [Methods] The Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index method was used to measure the green total factor energy efficiency of 279 prefecture-level cities in the Chinese mainland from 2012 to 2017, which was taken as a proxy variable of city energy utilization efficiency. The fixed effect model was used to preliminarily analyze the total impact of the digital economy on city energy utilization efficiency, and the impact channels of digital economy technology effect were analyzed by decomposing energy utilization efficiency and using a spatial econometric model. [Results] The regression coefficient of the digital economy development index and city energy utilization efficiency is significantly positive, indicating that the digital economy can significantly promote the improvement of city energy utilization efficiency. The decomposition regression results of energy utilization efficiency index show that the digital economy had no significant impact on technological efficiency, but had a significant positive impact on technological progress. When the technological progress index is replaced by the number of green invention patents, and regress the digital economy development index, the regression coefficient of the digital economy development index is also significantly positive. These regression results show that the digital economy can improve the city energy utilization efficiency by improving the progress of green technology. The spatial econometric regression results show that the direct effect of the digital economy on city energy utilization efficiency and energy technology progress was not significant, while the indirect effect was significantly positive, and the direct effect and indirect effect on energy technology efficiency were not significant, indicating that the digital economy mainly improved city energy utilization efficiency through the dissemination of green technology. The regression results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the regression coefficient of the digital economy development index and the energy utilization efficiency of cities with smaller population size and cities in western China was higher, indicating that the digital economy had a better effect on the cities with large space for energy utilization efficiency improvement. [Conclusion] The digital economy improved city energy utilization efficiency through technological progress and technology spillover, but it failed to work through the channel of green technology efficiency.

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International climate and green technology cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) have attracted significant attention, which led to several studies exploring B&R carbon emissions from the perspective of driving factors. While existing studies fail to consider the diversification of China's technology spillovers, the stochastic impacts by the STIRPAT and GWTR models are integrated in this study to determine the spatial impacts of three types of international technology spillovers (i.e., foreign direct investment (FDI), imports, and migrants) on the carbon emissions of B&R countries through independent innovations and technology following during 2003–2018. China's FDI and migration technology spillovers will increase B&R countries' CO2 emissions through independent R&D and technology following, while imported technology spillovers will decrease B&R countries' carbon emissions through the same means. Therefore, this study shows that China's three technology spillovers show spatial differences in the CO2 emissions of B&R countries. In short, government departments should formulate low-carbon technology policies according to the technology impact path and regional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For corporate green innovation, green credit (GC) policy has been increasingly crucial. However, technology spillover and market competitiveness in GC induced green innovation are unclear. We evaluate the influence and pathways of GC on corporate green innovation from both theoretical and empirical perspectives by developing a tripartite evolutionary game with banks, leaders, and followers, and meanwhile employing the difference-in-differences model. The tripartite evolutionary game demonstrates that the systematic equilibrium balance where banks issuing GC and leaders and followers engaging in green innovation will progressively be achieved. Empirical results are as follows. First, the GC indeed promotes corporate green innovation but primarily focuses on incremental innovation rather than radical innovation, indicating enterprises' strategic innovation to cater for GC. Second, whereas the positive impact of GC on incremental innovation is mediated by technology spillover, radical innovation is unaffected. However, the GC does not promote green innovation through market competitiveness. Finally, non-third-party-certified firms and large firms are more positively impacted by GC on incremental innovation. • We theoretically and empirically explore technology spillover and market competitiveness in GC induced corporate green innovation. • The GC promotes incremental innovation rather than radical innovation, indicating enterprises' strategic innovation. • The positive impact of GC on incremental innovation is mediated by technology spillover but radical innovation is unaffected. • The GC does not promote green innovation through market competitiveness. • Non-third-party-certified firms and state-owned firms are more positively impacted by GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology spillover is crucial to achieving economic development while also reducing CO2 emissions. The success of diffusion depends critically upon advanced intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and the level of infrastructure. Several studies have discussed the relationship between technology spillover and CO2 emissions. However, very few studies have addressed the impacts of socio-economic factors, particularly IPR protection and transportation infrastructure (TI) (the two concepts that are directly related to technology spillover), on this relationship. Therefore, this study used an extended Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to explore the relationship between technology spillover and CO2 emissions in China from 1997 to 2018. The study accounted for two threshold variables (IPR protection and TI) in a threshold model to explore the nonlinear effect of technology spillover on CO2 emissions. The findings revealed that: (1) when the IPR protection value was below 8.169, different forms of technology spillover had an optimal effect on CO2 emission reduction; (2) the scale of TI construction should be moderate and below the threshold value; otherwise, greater environmental pressure would occur; and (3) threshold points varied geographically. The results indicated that the level of IPR protection and TI should be adapted to the regional development characteristics to promote economic development and minimize environmental impacts.

A simple and robust approach to predict the spillover effects of emerging technologies enables proper formulation of investment strategies. In this study, we propose the method in order to detect industry sectors impacted by the spillover effect of emerging technologies in their early stage. The method integrates patent analysis with input–output analysis to model knowledge spillover among industrial sectors and has the following three steps. The first is an analysis of technological features in industry sectors. Using the IPC group of patents, we characterized each industrial sector by technological features. The second is an analysis of technological features in a given emerging technology. The third is a similarity analysis of the technological features between emerging technology and industry sectors. In this paper, we conducted a case study on blockchain technology. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing the results with the existing reports. We found that the predictive performance became the highest when we used an industrial sector-normalized matrix in patent analysis and producer's price table in input–output analysis. This method is expected to be used for the early detection of spillover effects of emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many technologies designed in the military sector can be used in civilian sector as well. The spillover of military technologies to civil has many positive consequences at the national, commercial and defense levels. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the spillover of military technologies to civilian via a model. The research is of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical sample of the research in the qualitative section is 17 experts in the field of defense and commercial businesses in the country who have been selected by the method of snowball until theoretical saturation. The statistical sample in the quantitative section is 177 managers and experts in these two fields who were selected by purposive and available sampling. In order to identify the effective factors, the approach based on grounded theory and software MAXQDA-2020 was used and finally the validation of the obtained model was performed by factor analysis and software SMART PLS-3. According to the research findings in the qualitative section, 148 codes were identified in the form of 7 categories and after confirmatory factor analysis, 5 codes were deleted and the final research model was approved with 143 codes and 7 categories. The results of grounded theory regarding the frequency and importance of categories of military technology spillover to civilian, show that policies and regulations, communication factors between military and civil sectors, technological capability, environmental factors, socio-cultural factors, economic and financial factors, and technological features are the most important.

Firms are critical stakeholders to achieve sustainable development. Thus, corporate environmental performance is a subject of broad concern. In an era of globalization, the relationship between trade and environment is hotly debated. One of the central questions is—will imported intermediates contribute to pollution abatement? Using Chinese firm-level data from 2000 to 2013, the article measures the technology spillover of imported intermediates and empirically tests the inhibitory effect and influence mechanism on pollution intensity with a fixed effects model and an instrumental variable approach. We find that: 1) the technology spillover directly increases innovation and indirectly affects innovation by importing diversity. Imported intermediates empower firms with insufficient innovation to control pollution. However, the incentive effect declines when innovation gradually improves. 2) The technology spillover diffuses along the industrial chain. Downstream firms benefit from the diffusion and thus have lower pollution intensity than upstream firms. 3) The technology spillover contributes to the end-of-pipe emission reduction. Also, it improves energy efficiency and promotes source governance. Furthermore, the environmental benefits of imported intermediates differ along a number of dimensions including sourcing countries, firm ownership, and location. Thus, we pinpoint a new channel concerning trade-induced technique effect. Meanwhile, our results confirm the rationale of liberalization and facilitation policies for imported intermediates, that is, trade policies have the potential to better contribute to sustainable development goals.

The present paper investigates the evolution of technology cooperation networks in different industries and the factors influencing them. Based on the cooperative patent data, the technology cooperation networks of the steel, pharmaceutical and solid waste treatment industries are constructed, and the networked evolutionary games model is proposed to study the evolution process of the technology cooperation networks. The effect of cooperation costs, technology spillover, and government support on the evolution of technology cooperation networks is revealed. The results show that reducing cooperation costs and technology spillover and increasing government support can improve the cooperation level and efficiency of technology cooperation networks. Furthermore, there are differences in the impact of these three factors on the evolution of technology cooperation networks in the steel, pharmaceutical, and solid waste treatment industries. This study broadens the research perspective on the evolution of technology cooperation networks and provides practical references for different industries to determine their technical cooperation strategies. • The networked evolutionary games model is applied to study the evolution of the technology cooperation networks. • The evolution of technology cooperation networks in different industries and their influencing factors are revealed. • Reducing cooperation costs and technology spillover and increasing government support can improve the network evolution. • There is heterogeneity in the network evolution of the steel, pharmaceutical, and solid waste treatment industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One giant manufacturer (M1) upgrades a common supplier's production technology through investments, while the supplier (it), holding the technology spillover information privately, may spill the upgraded technology over to a rival manufacturer (M2). This study examines whether the supplier should share the information of technology spillover with M1. We first find technology spillover hurts not only M1 but also the supplier and M2, when the production cost is high and the investment cost is low at a high level of the real technology spillover degree, no matter whether the supplier shares the technology spillover information or not. As such, it may be unwise for the supplier to implement technology spillover and unprofitable for M2 to take a free ride of technology spillover conditionally. Furthermore, when the supplier can receive more payoffs by spilling the upgraded technology over to M2 under certain conditions, it should share (hide) the technology spillover information, and such sharing (hiding) strategy may create a "win-win-win"' outcome for the three players, if the supplier is of low (high)-spillover type and the real degree of technology spillover falls into a high range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Due to environmental damage and natural resource scarcity, the promotion of industrial green development to spur the industrial economy is of concern to many countries. We construct a theoretical framework of technological innovation, market proximity, and industrial green development and subsequently test it empirically. First, the results reveal that technological innovation is beneficial to industrial green development; technological innovation has a positive impact on industrial green development in adjacent regions through technology spillover, but human capital spillover has the opposite effect; the international market can effectively promote industrial green development, but the domestic market does the opposite. Second, the interaction between technology spillover, human capital spillover, and domestic and international markets is beneficial to industrial green development. However, the interaction between domestic and international markets imposes an inhibitive effect on industrial green development. Based on the findings, we make recommendations to improve the level of industrial green development.

Technology spillover has crucial effects on innovation investment. This article captures the mechanism the technology spillover that affects innovation with dynamic game theory approaches. First, both technology spillover and competition improve consumer surplus. Consumers benefit from technology spillover. Second, firm with high technology undertakes a loss from technology spillover, while opponents benefit from spillover. Finally, technology spillover reduces the patent price. Under fierce competition, the patent price is also reduced. This conclusion helps patent price in theory. The policy implication is to subsidise innovation in some fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is in a transition period—its government has been expanding imports and pushing itself to shift from a world factory to a world market. One of the aims is to promote energy reform and ensure energy security. Taking the resource-based regions of China as objects, based on 2003–2017 panel data, this paper investigates energy efficiency loss by the stochastic frontier approach and the effects of different technical inefficiency items. Surprisingly, quantitative results show that 99.9% energy efficiency loss in these regions is caused by technical inefficiency (which had never been found and discussed in previous studies). However, this does not mean that China’s efforts to expand imports as a way to improve energy efficiency and energy security are undesirable. Instead, interestingly, it is import (−0.083***) rather than industrial structure (0.524***) that can significantly reduce energy efficiency loss. Then, it employs the counter-fact test to quantify the positive accelerating effect of human capital (average as high as 4.1%) as a key factor of absorptive capacity in the technology spillover. Lastly, it puts forward the corresponding policy suggestions in energy fields, to solve the problem effectively, especially the “comprehensive technology spreading center” and “innovative three-dimensional talent supplementary and flow mechanism.”

This study presents a new method to analyse the impact of exogenous shock and its transmission mechanism within the global production network, based on scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic. We decompose domestic and international technology spillovers and introduce them into an economic growth model to investigate the elasticities of factor inputs and knowledge spillovers through industrial linkages, and eventually estimate a model with spatial specifications. The results from the scenario simulations suggest that the global total output is projected to fall by 3.60% and 8.41% under the V-shaped and L-shaped recovery scenarios, respectively, and that the propagation through input-output linkages is an important channel that causes global economic fluctuations. Economies at the hub of the production network, that is, the United States, China, and Germany, are the most seriously affected. Structural decomposition analysis results indicate that the shortage of intermediate inputs supply is the main driver of output decline, followed by the blockage of technology diffusion, and lastly, the reduction of labour supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the effects of inward and outward FDI on manufacturing export sophistication in China by using the two-tier stochastic frontier model. The results show that inward and outward FDI has a stronger positive effect on China's manufacturing export sophistication. Furthermore, the effects decomposition indicates that the net effect of inward and outward FDI on manufacturing export sophistication varies markedly across quantiles and regions. At the upper quartiles (Q3) and Eastern Zone, the positive net effect is more obvious than others. This illustrates that inward and outward FDI plays a significant role in driver export upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of China's rapid economic development, the coexistence of industrial development and dominant industrial agglomeration (AGG), along with growing environmental problems, has attracted widespread attention from scholars. Although the linear relationship between the two has been analyzed in depth in the research literature, a concomitant phenomenon, i.e., the gradual expansion in the scale of foreign direct investment (FDI), has been overlooked. By employing threshold panel regression model, this paper attempts to construct a theoretical model with embedded AGG and FDI, and incorporates other factors affecting environmental pollution (POL). For examining the mechanism of AGG on POL, we proposed a testable theoretical hypothesis, and conducted an empirical study by combining panel data of POL and AGG at the provincial level in China. The measurement index of a control variable was changed to check the robustness of our results, and the coefficient sign of each explanatory variable was not changed, confirming the robustness of main results. Overall, AGG improves regional POL, but the impact of FDI is stage-specific and roughly there are three stages. Specifically, the positive effect of AGG on POL is strong when FDI is at a low level. When the level of FDI crosses the first threshold and continues to rise, the positive effect of AGG on POL reaches its strongest; until the second threshold is crossed, the positive effect of AGG starts diminishing slowly. Concluding this, for promoting economic development and environmental protection in the region in parallel, government and enterprises should prioritize the increment in FDI, with an equalization of levels of AGG and FDI, in order to enhance the improvement effect of AGG on POL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely observed that many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have relied on contract manufacturers (CMs) for production, even if the CMs have self‐branded business. However, outsourcing "production + procurement" indicates deep cooperation between OEMs and CMs, and hence, induces the CMs to partially but legally learn the OEM's innovations. In this paper, we formulate an OEM's procurement outsourcing decisions to a competitive CM when the latter has partial learning ability. We formulate the OEM's trade‐offs between its procurement cost saving and the intensified downstream competition because of the competitive CM's improved products. We find that the OEM prefers outsourcing "production + procurement" when the competitive CM's learning ability is either low or high. The CM's high learning ability will lower the OEM's marginal revenue but the OEM can save innovation investment cost if he outsources "production + procurement". We also study the impact of the competitive CM's improved learning ability and the OEM's license fee charged to the competitive CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural green development is an inevitable prerequisite of China' s ecological civilization construction. Moreover, technology innovation is the first lever to promote agricultural green development, and regional cooperation to reduce emissions is a significant trend for efficient emission reduction. To explore the ways of regionally coordinated emission reduction and identify the channels and directions of agricultural technology spillovers, based on the panel data of China's provinces and municipalities during 2007 -2017, as well as from a spatial viewpoint, this study combined the traditional Durbin model and the partitioned Durbin model. First, the traditional Durbin model was used to examine the causes of inter-regional agricultural carbon linkages, followed by exploring the ways of collaboration in agricultural carbon emission reduction between regions and ascertaining whether these ways were the direct interaction of strategies or agricultural technology spillovers. Then, based on the three criteria of human capital level, technology research and development (R&D) capability, and industrial agglomeration level, this study established a partitioned Durbin model to comprehensively analyze the directions of agricultural technology spillovers. Meanwhile, by selecting geographic weights, economic weights, and technological weights, we comprehensively assessed the conceivable channels for agricultural technology information spillovers. The results showed that：① Agricultural technology innovation and agricultural carbon emission presented 'upside down' in the time trend, the agriculture carbon intensity declined at an average annual rate of - 6. 6%, whereas the agricultural patent authorization intensity increased at an average annual rate of 19, 46%, and both were significant spatial positive aggregation. ② Regional agricultural carbon emission reduction had both strategic interaction and agricultural technology information spillovers, and the spillover channel was the technical difference between regions, whereas geographic distance and economic difference would not markedly influence the spatial spillovers of agricultural technology.③ From the standpoint of the directions of agricultural technology spillovers, there existed the phenomena of ' cooperation between strong performers, ' ' strong performers supporting the weak ones', and 'industrial cooperation effect'. Finally, the following suggestions are provided: each region should strengthen agricultural technology R&D and enhance the impact of technology emission reduction; each region should guide the flow of agricultural technology talents and play the ' knowledge spillover' effect; and the government should take the lead in promoting regional technology cooperation and regionally coordinated emission reduction. This study is expected to lay the foundation for scientifically guiding agricultural technology spillovers between regions and attaining agricultural cooperation emission reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking the spatial interdependence into account, this paper studies both the competitive effects of international trade and the technology spillover effects on R&D innovation. First, the Schumpeterian model of endogenous growth has been theoretically expanded; then, this paper incorporates the "spatial interdependence" of countries into the research framework by a structured approach; furthermore, using the data of 69 countries from 2000 to 2015, the theoretical results are tested by empirical analysis. It is found that the more advanced a country is, the less it will benefit from the technological spillover from neighboring countries; developing countries ought to gain the benefits of technological externalities through increasing trade openness and international competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity is largely estimated ignoring the potential impact of spillovers and common shocks in the literature, and therefore, the estimates may be subject to the omitted variable bias and internal inconsistency. In this paper, we estimate a nonparametric production function, in which technology spillovers and common shocks have persistent effects on productivity and are controlled for through spatial networks and a factor structure in the productivity evolution process. We synthesize the proxy variable method to structurally identifying the production functions using the semiparametric common correlated effect estimator. The proposed model is then applied to the Chinese computer and peripheral equipment firms. We find that the annual productivity growth rate in this high-technology sector is about 15%. While firms are cross-sectionally dependent via both spatial and non-spatial connections, the productivity growth is largely explained by firms' own effort, and mildly explained by the neighbors' activities. Productivity is found to be higher in the areas of agglomeration, and the common shock effects on productivity are not necessarily correlated with the spatial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) fails to investigate the spatial attribute of the "pollution halo" effect or to integrate the "pollution haven" effect. This paper extends the EKC model to the spatial Durbin model by exploring the spatial spillover of disembodied technology and the pollution transfer effect of environmental regulation. Taking Chinese agricultural foreign trade as an example, our paper finds that the technology spillover does not bring a pollution halo effect to local areas but to adjacent areas. The pollution haven effect impacts the EKC's turning point, which can be divided into two curves in the spatial dimension: an inverted U-shaped curve, in which the turning point represents the effect of technological innovation, and a U-shaped curve, in which the turning point represents the transfer effect of pollution-intensive industries. Based on the conclusion, this paper recommends that agricultural non-point pollution reduction should be nationally coordinated to establish transport infrastructure and the agricultural human capital conditions for the spatial diffusion of disembodied technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a framework combining the real option perspective and appropriation concerns raised in the entrepreneurial finance literature, we find that technology spillovers and capital gains created by corporate venture capital (CVC) investments are positively related with each other in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, this positive relationship is significantly decreased or becomes negative when CVC investments are made with solely financial objectives or in early-stage startups. This study provides evidence that the nature of the relationship between technology spillovers and capital gains that constitute the corporate investors' total returns created by CVC investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general class of dynamic network games to analyze trade with technology spillover. Due to the fact that the benefits of technology spillover are not fully accrued to the technology developer, the positive externalities are under-exploited. The cooperative solution yields an optimal outcome. To reflect the contributions of individual agents to the network, the Shapley value is used as a solution optimality principle in sharing the cooperative gains. A time-consistent payoff imputation procedure is derived to maintain the Shapley value at each stage of the cooperation. A representative model based on the general class of network games with explicit functional form is given. This is the first time that trade with technology spillover is studied in the framework of dynamic network games, further studies along this line are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, nearly 70% of the world's new increase carbon dioxide emission comes from China. Technology is the key power to develop low-carbon economy. Because of the shortage of independent R & D and the relative backwardness of low-carbon technology, Chinese need developed countries’ R&D capital and advanced technology to promote low-carbon technologies. Based on the panel data from Chinese 30 provinces from 2001 to 2014 and dynamic panel model, this paper researchs on the effects of international R&D on regional carbon productivity in China. The empirical results show that, the technology spillover effect of FDI and import trade can improve carbon productivity, and imported technology contracts play a positive role on carbon productivity, but not significant. There is a significant positive correlation between independent R&D and carbon productivity. Finally, the corresponding policy is put forward according to the conclusions

Background. The sports industry plays an important role in the progress of the economy in developed countries. The role of technology is remarkable in the enhancement of the economy. Objectives. The present study investigates the effects of technology spillover on the economic growth of Iran’s sports industry through the import of intermediate and capital goods for the period from 1974 to 2012. Methods. The research method was econometrics and the autoregressive distributed lag model was used. To do so, the following categories of data was analyzed by Eviews software: value added to cultural, recreational and sports services; current and construction expenditures of the government compared to the GDP (government size); import of intermediate and capital goods; capital stock of sports and active economic population of the sports section. Results. The results of model estimation showed that technology spillover has a significant and positive effect on the economic growth of Iran’s sports industry (p

Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları (DYSY) kaynaklı teknoloji yayılımlarını ölçmek ve DYSY ve yerel firmaların uluslararasılaşması ilişkisinde teknoloji yayılımlarının dolaylı etkilerini Mathews’un LLL modeli ve Dunning’in eklektik paradigması ışığında irdelemektir. Ayrıca, şirketlerdeki yabancı sermaye oranı ile yerli ve yabancı şirketler arasındaki teknoloji açığının teknolojik yayılım üzerindeki düzenleyici rolü de ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın gözlem birimini, Türk imalat sanayinde 18 farklı sektörde faaliyet gösteren 95 yabancı sermayeli firma oluşturmaktadır. Analiz bulguları, teknoloji yayılımının yerel firmaların patent yoğunlukları üzerinde kısmi bir olumlu etkiye sahip olurken işgücü verimliliği düzeyinde ise olumsuz bir etkisinin bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, DYSY kaynaklı teknoloji yayılımlarında teknoloji açığının önemli bir düzenleyici etken olduğu görülmekle birlikte teknoloji açığının sektördeki DYSY yoğunluğu ile yerel firmaların uluslararasılaşması arasındaki ilişkide sadece patent yoğunluğu üzerinden sınırlı bir dolaylı etki yarattığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. The aim of this study is to examine both the technology spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) and the indirect effects of FDI intensity containing technology spillovers on the internalization of local firms from the point of view of Mathew’s LLL Model and Dunning’s Eclectic paradigm. Moreover, it examines the moderator effects of the ownership structure of FDI and technology gap on the technology spillovers. The observation unit of this study is 95 FDI in Turkish Manufacturing Industry. The findings show that technology spillover has a partially positive effect on patent intensity while it has a negative effect on the local labour productivity. There is an important moderating effect of technology gap on technology spillovers form FDIs. On the other hand, there is a limited indirect effect of patent intensity on the relationship between the FDI intensity of industry and the internalization local firms.

China 's aims for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) are to improve the trade and investment conditions along the BRI routes and develop a value-sharing platform with countries along the route to promote mutual benefits. Studies have found it's possible that international trade and investment could lead to technological progress in the host countries. However, over the past 7 years, the effects of the BRI have not been fully evaluated and therefore, there is no clear evidence as to whether China, as an emerging economy, has had the ability to promote technology development in the BRI countries, or as to whether the BRI countries have the ability to effectively absorb imported technology. Therefore, to clarify the gains of the BRI and provide future guarantees for political mutual trust and deepening economic integration, this paper examined the technological progress in 49 BRI countries from 2003 to 2017. It was found that China had dual-channel technology spillover effects from trade and investment with the evaluated BRI countries; with the introduction of the BRI, the trade channel technology spillover effects had an increasing trend and the investment impacts were more persistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role of technological spillover in manufacturing sector growth and climate change is the running debate in the world to avoid the problem of production inefficiency and environmental damages. Environment friendly technological spillover plays pivotal role in manufacturing sector growth which leads to economic growth. In order to investigate the inconclusiveness of the major issues of production inefficiency and climate change in Pakistan the current research was aimed at finding the relationship between technological spillovers, manufacturing growth and climate change. To meet the objectives, the study investigated both short run and long run dynamics by employing Autoregressive Distributive Lagged (ARDL) model. An annual time series data over the period of 1973 to 2017 was collected for comparative analysis of technological spillover performance in manufacturing sector and environmental condition of the country. The results of CUSM test and Bound test validated the existence of long run cointegration relationship among estimated models. The results demonstrated that technological spillover performs significantly positive role in manufacturing growth with less absorptive ability. The empirical analysis proved that technological spillover and imported technology have affirmative role in reducing amount of net Carbon emission over the long run. It is suggested that the firms should adopt innovative technologies and try to improve absorptive capacity while government must opt country specific policies to control negative externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Leaders in green supply chains are increasingly focusing on improving strategic synergy with followers through shareholding strategies. By constructing Stackelberg models, we explore the operational mechanisms in two models, manufacturer-led and retailer-led, which have forward and backward shareholding strategies, respectively. Compared with non-shareholding models, we find that the retailer's pricing becomes more sensitive to changes in the market environment after applying shareholding strategies, while the manufacturer's pricing depends on its power status. Interestingly, leaders and entire supply chains prefer shareholding strategies, while followers prefer shareholding strategies in good market environment or in bad market environment with their shares held by leaders below certain thresholds. Moreover, both forward and backward shareholding strategies can effectively promote carbon emissions reduction. Improving manufacturers' technology spillover positively impacts pricing and carbon emissions reduction and profits, and a reasonable shareholding ratio can encourage manufacturers to increase the level of technology spillover. Finally, a two-part tariff contract can effectively coordinate the vertical shareholding supply chain. The results provide decision guidance for managers in applying shareholding strategies to build a strategic alliance to improve firms' economic and environmental performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The development of airport alliances has undergone hardships, although airport alliances have emerged simultaneously with other airline alliances in an attempt to improve competitiveness. Technology spillover is a major benefit of airport alliances, but the effects of such spillover are not as obvious as might be expected. This paper proposes a three-stage DEA-based methodological framework to uncover the existence and characteristics of technology spillover among allied airports, and identify whether the technology spillover of airport alliances outperforms the self-development of airports. A case study that concerns multi-airport companies and non-allied airports in China, where airports and airlines are rapidly expanding, is included. The results show that the technology spillover of airport alliances does not become wide spread among all of the allied airports, which is most likely because civil aviation in China is still in a stage of rapid development. However, such spillover does appear among small- and mid-sized allied airports in cities with fast urban economic development. Finally, the related implications of our methodological framework are discussed along with our findings. • We proposed a three-stage DEA based methodological framework to test the technology spillover of airport alliance. • We analyze the existence and characteristics of technology spillover effects of Chinese airport alliances. • We found the technology spillover exists among small- and mid-sized airport cities in China with dynamic urban economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of foreign trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an important channel of technology transfer and been a great impetus to the technological innovation of the host country. This paper aims to explore the influence of factors of host-country on technology transfer of multinational corporations (MNCs) by developing a dynamic model. The results show that the relationship between technology gap and technology spillover is uncertain; The imitative capability and learning efficiency of local firm is negatively related to technology transfer speed; Product substitutability is positively related to technology transfer level. Some practical cases are provided to verify these propositions. And the significance of the results is further revealed in conclusions by comparing with Wang and Blomstrom's classical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature has explored the existence of reverse technology spillover through outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), which means domestic firms improve their technological innovation and productivity due to overseas investment activities. This paper aims to examine how the host country affects reverse technology spillover from OFDI. The findings show domestic innovation performance (DIP) is positively related to OFDI in developed countries while it is negatively related to OFDI in transitional and emerging markets. It is also found that financial development and human capital weaken the positive relationship between OFDI in developed countries and DIP and also weaken the negative relationship between OFDI in transitional and emerging markets and DIP. These results are further confirmed through robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wuhan University Journal (Philosophy & Social Sciences) / Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) is the property of Wuhan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)