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In organic solar cells, the aggregation and crystallization of polymers are significant for bulk heterojunction. Blending with acceptor materials, polymer donor materials can adjust their aggregation by the movement of the chain segments. In this paper, the unfused structures based on thiophene and carbazole are respectively designed and introduced into the donor-acceptor copolymer donor materials to investigate the influence of flexible and rigid structures on polymer-aggregation leading photoelectric performance. The material and quantum chemical property investigations show that the selection and design of the blocks are important for the properties of the terpolymers, and the resulting polymer:Y6 devices achieve improvements in performance from 13.85% to 15.66% (especially for fill factors from 63.37% up to 69.81%). This result contributes to designing and optimizing efficient polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically responsive materials are applied in sensing, actuators, and optical devices. One such class of material is dye-doped liquid crystal polymers that self-assemble into cholesteric mesophases that reflect visible light. We report here the synthesis and characterization of a family of linear and mildly crosslinked terpolymers prepared by the ROMP of norbornene-based monomers. The three monomers were composed of (i) rhodamine dye through one or two norbornene end groups utilizing flexible C10-alkane spacers, (ii) a cholesteryl liquid crystal (LC) using C9-alkane spacers, and (iii) PEG side chains. We investigated how these architectural variations in these terpolymers impacted their hierarchically self-assembled mesophase properties. We probed their composition, morphology, thermal, mechanic, photochromic, and mechanochromic properties using, inter alia, 1H NMR spectroscopy, DSC, temperature-dependent SAXS, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, and optical polarization microscopy. The new terpolymers exhibited architecture-dependent thermochromic, mechanochromic, and piezochromic properties arising from LC–rhodamine dye interactions. We found that a compromise between the rigidity and flexibility of the terpolymer architectures needed to be stricken to fully express stimuli-responsive properties. These terpolymers also showed distinctly different properties compared to those of a previously reported structurally related liquid crystalline copolymer made from two monomers. These findings help to define the design principles for optimally stimuli-responsive liquid crystalline polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tetradecyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride-benzylidene acetone (C14MC-MA-MCA) terpolymers were synthesized via free radical polymerization and evaluated as pour point depressants (PPDs) for coal-based diesel. The findings indicate that the C14MC-MA-MCA (3:1:1) terpolymer exhibited the most effective inhibition of the solid point (SP) at 1500 ppm concentration. Specifically, it reduced the SP of coal-based diesel from − 4 to − 42 °C, marking a significant decrease of 38 °C. Furthermore, the crystallization behavior and SP reduction mechanism of C14MC-MA-MCA in coal-based diesel were investigated using viscosity analysis and polarized optical microscopy (POM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant progress of p‐type and n‐type active layer materials in the past several years has pushed the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) toward 19%. Due to the relatively low synthesis cost and simple synthesis method of carboxylate‐containing building blocks, including thiophene, thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene, thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene, furan, pyrazine, benzodithiophene, benzothiazole, quinoxaline, etc., are widely used to construct p‐type photovoltaic polymers. These resulting carboxylate‐bearing polymers present downward energy levels, high absorption coefficient, narrow bandgap, high hole mobility, and strong aggregation behavior, which have dabbled in the fabrication of mechanically stretchable, semitransparent, indoor, and tandem OSCs, etc., and produce excellent photovoltaic performance. The low‐cost carboxylate‐containing copolymers exhibit a satisfying PCE approaching 17%, and the random terpolymer systems achieve a high PCE over 19%. This review focuses on the progress of carboxylate‐containing photovoltaic polymers, summarizes the molecular characteristics, discusses their structure‐performance relationship, and offers a summary and outlook on the challenges for future molecular development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of siloxane-functionalized units into polymers backbone has proven to be an efficient strategy to improve photovoltaic performance. In this work, a low-cost siloxane-containing unit was developed to construct a series of terpolymers, and the effects of siloxane on the polymer performance were systematically studied. Different contents of thiophene containing siloxane-functionalized side chain were introduced into PM6 to obtain a series of polymers (PM6, PM6-SiO-10, PM6-SiO-20 and PM6-SiO-30). The siloxane-functionalized side chains in polymers have only a slight effect on the absorption behavior and frontier molecular orbitals. However, when the siloxane content increased, the terpolymers' aggregation property decreased and the temperature-dependency increased, leading to improved donor-acceptor compatibility. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) based on PM6:Y6, PM6-SiO-20:Y6 and PM6-SiO-30:Y6 devices was 15.64%, 16.03% and 15.82%, respectively. In comparison, the active layer based on PM6-SiO-10:Y6 exhibits the most appropriate phase separation morphology, resulting in effective exciton dissociation, more balanced hole-electron transport and less recombination. Consequently, the highest PCE of 16.69% with an outstanding short-circuit current density of 26.96 mA·cm−2 was obtained, which are one of the highest values for siloxane-functionalized polymer-based devices. This work demonstrates that finely controlling the content of siloxane-functionalized thiophene is beneficial for obtaining high-performance terpolymer donors and provides a novel and low-cost method to improve photovoltaic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral oil undergoes several chemical and physical changes with temperature change and time of storage. The lubricating additives are widely applied to the engine lubrication to suppress undesirable base oil properties like pour point depressants and viscosity index (VI) improvers. The current study aimed to prepare lube oil additives by preparing terpolymers as follows: reacting acrylic acid with various linear alcohols (decanol, dodecanol, and hexadecanol), several alkyl acrylates can be produced. Different imides were produced as a result of the reaction of maleic anhydride with different amines (aniline, triethylenetetramine, and tetraethylenepentamine). Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized for investigating the structures of prepared compounds. Various terpolymers were synthesized during the polymerization reaction of different imides, different alkyl acrylates, and octene. The molecular weights of all polymers were detected through the use of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal stability of the prepared terpolymers, and the results demonstrated that the prepared terpolymers had high heat resistance. Above 300°C, the polymers deteriorated. Shear-thinning is observed in the rheological behavior, which approaches perfect Newtonian behavior at a high shear rate. The terpolymers created lowered the pour point of oil to -24 in the case of polymer C2 and viscosity index is increased to 140 in the case of polymer C3. Quantum calculations prove that compound C3 has more atom capacity to receive electrons compared to A3, which allows the formation of hydrogen bonds with other monomers making the resultant polymer bulkier and hence giving oil higher viscosity index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The transition of polymer solar cells (PSCs) from laboratory‐scale unit cells to industrial‐scale modules requires the development of new p‐type polymers for high‐performance large‐area PSC modules based on environmentally friendly processes. Herein, a series of 1D/2A terpolymers (PBTPttBD) composed of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b’]dithiophene (BDT‐F), thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6(5H)‐dione (TPD‐TT), and benzo‐[1,2‐c:4,5‐c’]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BDD) is synthesized for nonhalogenated solvent processed PSC submodules. The optical, electrochemical, charge‐transport, and nano‐morphological properties of the PBTPttBD terpolymers are modulated by adjusting the molar ratio of the TPD‐TT and BDD components. PBTPttBD‐75:BTP‐eC11‐based PSC submodules, processed with o‐xylene, achieve a notable PCE of 11.57% over a 55 cm2 active area. This PCE value is among the highest reported using a nonhalogenated solvent over a 55 cm2 active area module. The optimized PSC submodule exhibits minimal cell‐to‐module loss, which can be attributed to the optimized crystallinity of the PBTPttBD‐75:BTP‐eC11 photoactive layer system and favorable film formation kinetics.

The binary electron donor–electron acceptor (D‐A) type conjugated polymers have proven to be efficient dopant‐free hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) for the n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). However, D‐A type terpolymeric HTMs containing two D units are not exploited. Reserving the high‐planarity backbone of benzodithiophene (BDT)‐benzodithiophene‐4,8‐dione, D1‐A‐D2‐A type terpolymers PT‐Cz30, PT‐Cz50, and PT‐Cz70 are obtained by side‐chain engineering and ternary copolymerization strategy, in which BDT bearing the side chains of thiophene and carbazole serves as D1 and D2 units, respectively. PT‐Cz50 performs best due to the appropriate side‐chain ratio around 1:1. Meanwhile, a polymer blend HTM PA‐Cz50 is studied for comparison, in which two binary D‐A polymers PBDB‐T and PBDB‐Cz are blended with the molar ratio of 1:1. Containing similar side‐chain composition, terpolymer PT‐Cz50 presents superior hole transport properties over the polymer blend PA‐Cz50 and endows better device performances to the PVSCs with a promising power conversion efficiency of 22.53% and high device stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, polymeric materials designed for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) were evaluated for their intended application. Properties including viscosity, flow through porous media (resistance factor and residual resistance factor), and heavy oil displacement (incremental oil recovery) were assessed for designed terpolymers of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulphonic acid (AMPS), acrylamide (AAm), and acrylic acid (AAc). The same properties were evaluated for two commercially available reference materials (e.g., partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides or HPAM) with similar characteristics, which allowed for direct comparison between the newly designed terpolymers and materials that are currently on the market for the polymer flooding application. The incremental oil recovery directly associated with polymer flooding, which includes both the polymer flooding and post‐polymer waterflooding stages (excluding the initial waterflooding injection (or secondary) oil recovery), demonstrates that the designed terpolymers provided a higher incremental recovery (42% and 58%) than the reference materials (33% and 46%). Therefore, the terpolymers provided a higher contribution to incremental (or enhanced) oil recovery than the typical HPAM. Additionally, both designed terpolymers showed better injectivity in unconsolidated porous media and are less likely to cause plugging than the commercially available reference materials. Therefore, using a targeted design approach ultimately led to polymeric materials with excellent performance for EOR polymer flooding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new terpolymer acceptor is presented, comprising various ratios of the same dithienothienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole (BTP) core with different side chains—alkoxy side chains (BTPO‐IC) and alkyl side chains (BTP‐IC)—and thiophene units, for use in all‐polymer organic photovoltaics. Devices incorporating binary blends of this terpolymer and the polymer PM6 as the active layer displayed open‐circuit voltages (VOC) that increase linearly upon increasing the molar ratio of BTPO‐IC. For example, the optimized device incorporating PM6:PY‐0.2OBO (i.e., with 20 mol% of BTPO‐IC) (1:1.2 wt.%) blend, with the smallest domain sizes but largest coherence length and combined face‐on and edge‐on orientation fractions among all blends, have a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.7% (VOC = 0.97 V; JSC = 25.2 mA cm−2; FF = 0.68), whereas the device containing a similar blend ratio of the PM6:PY‐OD:PY‐OBO ternary blend (1:0.96:0.24 wt.%) displayed a PCE of 8.6% (VOC = 0.969 V; JSC = 18.7 mA cm−2; FF = 0.48). The device with PM6:PY‐0.2OBO displays better thermal stability than the devices with PM6: PY‐OD or PY‐OBO. Thus, employing terpolymer acceptors with differently functionalized side‐chain units can be an effective approach for simultaneously optimizing the aggregation domain and enhancing the PCEs and thermal stabilities of all‐polymer devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Creating new donor materials is crucial for further advancing organic solar cells. Random terpolymers have been adopted to overcome shortcomings of regular alternating donor–acceptor (D‐A) polymers of which the performance is often susceptible to batch‐to‐batch variations. In general, the properties and performance of efficient D1‐A‐D2‐A and D‐A1‐D‐A2 terpolymers are sensitive to the D1/D2 or A1/A2 monomer ratios. Side‐chain hybridization is a strategy to address this problem. Here, six D1‐A‐D2‐A‐type random terpolymers comprising D1 and D2 monomers with the same π‐conjugated D unit but with different side chains were synthesized. The side chains, containing either fluorine or trialkylsilyl substituents were chosen to provide near‐identical optoelectronic properties but provide a tool to create a better‐optimized film morphology when blended with a non‐fullerene acceptor. This strategy allows improving the device performance to over 18 %, higher than that obtained with the corresponding D1‐A or D2‐A bipolymers (around 17 %). Hence, side‐chain hybridization is a promising strategy to design efficient D1‐A‐D2‐A terpolymer donors that are insensitive to the D1/D2 monomer ratio, which is beneficial for the scaled‐up synthesis of high‐performance materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic polyamides are well-known as high-performance materials due to their outstanding properties making them useful in a wide range of applications. However, their limited solubility in common organic solvents restricts their processability and becomes a hurdle in their applicability. This study is focused on the synthesis of processable ferrocene-based terpolyamides and their polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-containing block copolymers, using low-temperature solution polycondensation methodology. All the synthesized materials were structurally characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The ferrocene-based terpolymers and block copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents, while the organic analogs were found only soluble in sulfuric acid. WXRD analysis showed the amorphous nature of the materials, while the SEM analysis exposed the modified surface of the ferrocene-based block copolymers. The structure–property relationship of the materials was further elucidated by their water absorption and thermal behavior. These materials showed low to no water absorption along with their high limiting oxygen index (LOI) values depicting their good flame-retardant behavior. DFT studies also supported the role of various monomers in the polycondensation reaction where the electron pair donation from HOMO of diamine monomer to the LUMO of acyl chloride was predicted, along with the calculation of various other parameters of the representative terpolymers and block copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar building block B2TCl with C2V symmetry configuration is designed to prepare polymer donors (PB2TCl‐o and PB2TCl‐i) with good solubility in non‐halogenated solvents. When blended with BTP‐ec9‐4F, PB2TCl‐o‐based devices processed by 1,2‐dimethylbenzene (o‐DMB) give a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.10% with a Voc of 0.89 V, a Jsc of 24.37 mA cm–2, and an fill factor of 69.69%. Semitransparent OSCs based on PB2TCl‐o:BTP‐ec9‐4 can afford a PCE of 9.09% with an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 23.9% and an AT of 24.2%. B2TCl‐o is also used as a third component to prepare random terpolymers PW1 and PW2. Using o‐DMB as the processing solvent, PW1 and PW2‐based devices give improved PCEs of 16.26% and 17.19%, respectively, which are much higher than the parent polymers (PM6 and D18). This work provides a versatile building block B2TCl‐o for the preparation of non‐halogen solvent processable high‐performance polymer donor materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although breakthroughs have been made in organic solar cells (OSCs) in recent years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs still lags behind inorganic/perovskite solar cells. In this work, two terpolymers were synthesized by introducing the thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐(5H)‐dione (TPD) block into the host polymer donor PM6. Owing to the lower highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, wider light absorption, optimal molecular packing, and more desirable aggregation morphology by addition of the TPD, the PM6‐TPD‐5 % : Y6‐based device displayed an improved PCE of 16.3 % with an enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.860 V, relative to that of PM6‐TPD‐10 % : Y6 (PCE=14.8 %) and PM6 : Y6‐based device (PCE=15.6 %). Interestingly, the VOC did not always increase in proportion to the third component. Besides, ternary OSCs based on PM6 : PM6‐TPD‐5 % : Y6 achieved a superior PCE of 17.1 %. This work demonstrated that random copolymerization is a feasible and effective strategy to further increase device performance, and the two polymers that possess similar structure and absorption in ternary devices can also obtain impressive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing organic solar cells (OSCs) processable with halogen-free, non-aromatic solvents is crucial for practical applications, yet challenging due to the limited solubility of most photoactive materials. This study introduces high-performance terpolymers processable in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by incorporating dithienophthalimide (DPI) into the PM6 backbone. DPI extends the absorption band, lowers HOMO levels, and improves THF solubility and film crystallinity through its large dipole moment effect. Optimal PBD-10:L8-BO devices processed with THF achieved a competitive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.79%, approaching chloroform-processed devices (19.04%). By introducing PBTz-F as a second donor, ternary OSCs reached an impressive 19.45% PCE when processed with THF. This improvement stems from enhanced photon generation, improved morphology, better charge transport, longer exciton lifetimes, efficient charge dissociation and collection, and suppressed recombination. These PCEs of 18.79% and 19.45% for binary and ternary blend OSCs, respectively, represent the highest reported efficiencies for OSCs processed with halogen-free, non-aromatic solvents. This work demonstrates significant progress in eco-friendly OSC fabrication, paving the way for more sustainable and commercially viable organic photovoltaic technologies., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Recently, a random ternary copolymerization strategy has become a promising and efficient approach to develop high‐performance polymer donors for polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a low‐cost electron‐withdrawing unit, 2,5‐bis(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrazine (PZ‐T), is incorporated into the polymer backbone of PM6 as the third component, and three D‐A1‐D‐A2 type terpolymers PMZ‐10, PMZ‐20, and PMZ‐30 are synthesized by the random copolymerization strategy, with the PZ‐T proportion of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. The terpolymers exhibit downshifted highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels than PM6, which is beneficial for obtaining higher open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the PSCs with the polymer as a donor. Importantly, the PSCs based on PMZ‐10:Y6 demonstrate efficient exciton dissociation, higher and balanced electron/hole mobilities, desirable aggregation, and high power conversion efficiency of 18.23%, which is the highest efficiency among the terpolymer‐based PSCs so far. The results indicate that the ternary copolymerization strategy with PZ‐T as the second A‐unit is an efficient approach to further improve the photovoltaic performance and reduce the synthetic cost of the D‐A copolymer donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) based on all narrow bandgap (all‐NBG) semiconductors are attractive for building integration. Unfortunately, advanced NBG Y‐series acceptors cannot well match with the NBG donors, resulting from their mismatched energy levels and poor compatibility. Herein, a facile terpolymer design strategy is adopted to improve the matching of Y6 with efficient NBG polymer donor PCE10. F or Cl atom functionalized benzodithiophene (BDT) are introduced into the PCE10 matrix to afford two series of terpolymers, namely PCE10‐BDT2F and PCE10‐BDT2Cl. Compared with PCE10, all terpolymers show deeper energy levels, higher extinction coefficients, enhanced face‐on orientation, and better compatibility with Y6. Consequently, significant breakthroughs are achieved for both opaque and semitransparent devices. Particularly, a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.80% is achieved by PCE10‐BDT2F:Y6‐based device, nearly 40% higher than PCE10:Y6‐based device. ST‐OSCs also achieve impressive PCEs of 12.00% and 10.85% with average visible transmittance (AVT) of 30.98% and 41.08%, respectively, and both PCEs are the highest values with AVT over 30% and 40%. An outstanding light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 4.46% further demonstrates the successful balance of PCE and AVT. These results demonstrate that the design of NBG terpolymers is a facile and highly encouraging strategy for promoting breakthroughs in ST‐OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymer‐based polymer solar cells (PSCs) processed with nonhalogenated solvents exhibit relatively low power conversion efficiencies (PCE) due to undesirable morphological properties, including high aggregation and unfavorable orientation. Moreover, they show very poor long‐term stability owing to excessive molecular aggregation and unfavorable phase separation. Thus, novel p‐type polymers are required for high‐efficiency and long‐lived PSCs that can be processed in ecofriendly nonhalogenated solvents. Herein, a novel series of 1D/2A terpolymers (PBTPBD) composed of 4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4‐fluorothiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT‐F), 1,3‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5,7‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo‐[1,2‐c:4,5‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BDD), and 1,3‐bis‐(4‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐octyl‐4H‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6(5H)‐dione (HT‐TPD) is synthesized and characterized for high‐efficiency and long‐lived PSCs. A PBTPBD‐50:IT‐4F blended film exhibits a favorable face‐on orientation and superior hole and electron mobility. Therefore, the corresponding PBTPBD‐50:IT‐4F PSC, processed with a nonhalogenated solvent, exhibits a high PCE of 13.64%, which is 13% higher than that of the related nonhalogenated solvent‐processed PSCs. Furthermore, the PBTPBD‐50:IT‐4F PSC maintains 82% of the initial PCE even after 204 days at 85 °C, which is the highest thermal stability achieved among PSCs processed with nonhalogenated solvents. The high‐efficiency and superior long‐term thermal stability of the PBTPBD‐50:IT‐4F PSC are attributed to the excellent miscibility of PBTPBD‐50 and IT‐4F and the suppression of the morphological changes in the photoactive layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing requirements for polymer materials pose the task of obtaining high-molecular compounds with new properties as one of the most important. There are different approaches to solving this problem, and modification in the process of synthesis of polymer molecules is a separate group of studies. The main task in this case is to change the conditions at the synthesis stage, which would lead to new properties, while preserving the complex of valuable properties of the polymer as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of donor (D)-acceptor (A) polymers using structurally elaborated monomers is an active research field. Some of the challenges with the use of alternating D-A polymers for photovoltaic applications are the relatively narrow absorption widths, the presence an absorption valleys in the visible region, unoptimized molecular energy levels and even lack of compatibility of the polymers with the common acceptors. The synthesis and characterization of polymers consisting of multiple chromophores (random and regular terpolymers) with complementing properties is currently gaining momentum in order to delicately optimize properties of polymers. A random terpolymer can either be of a system composed of one donor and two acceptors [(D-A1)-ran-(D-A2)] or a one acceptor and two donor segments [(D1-A)-ran-(D2-A)] incorporated in the polymer backbone. By varying the composition of the monomers in the feed of the polymerization reaction, the properties of the resulting terpolymers can be carefully optimized. Using this strategy, many materials with desired properties have been developed and power conversion efficiency (PCE) surpassing 14% in a single layer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell device have been reported. This review summarizes the most recent advances made in the development of electron donor terpolymers for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The properties of the terpolymers are compared with their respective reference polymer.

Regulating molecular structure to optimize the active layer morphology is of considerable significance for improving the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we demonstrated a simple ternary copolymerization approach to develop a terpolymer donor PM6‐Tz20 by incorporating the 5,5′‐dithienyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole (DTBTz, 20 mol%) unit into the backbone of PM6 (PM6‐Tz00). This method can effectively tailor the molecular orientation and aggregation of the polymer, and then optimize the active layer morphology and the corresponding physical processes of devices, ultimately boosting FF and then PCE. Hence, the PM6‐Tz20: Y6‐based OSCs achieved a PCE of up to 17.1% with a significantly enhanced FF of 0.77. Using Ag (220 nm) instead of Al (100 nm) as cathode, the champion PCE was further improved to 17.6%. This work provides a simple and effective molecular design strategy to optimize the active layer morphology of OSCs for improving photovoltaic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we prepared different alkyl acrylates by esterifying acrylic acid with different alcohols (decanol, dodecanol, hexadecanol and octadecanol). Anilimide was then produced by the reaction of aniline with maleic anhydride. Different teropolymers were prepared by polymerization reaction of anilimide, different alkyl acrylate esters and olefins in different ratios. The thermal stability of the prepared terpolymers was measured by thermal gravimetric analysis which demonstrated a high thermal stability. The polymers were degraded above 500 °C. The rheology behavior shows shear-thinning, it approaches the ideal Newtonian behavior in case of polymer (C). The prepared terpolymers succeeded in raising the viscosity index of oil to 118 in case of polymer (C) and decreasing the pour point of oil to -12 in case of polymer (E). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water-soluble terpolymers of 2-deoxy-N-methacryloylamidoglucose, methacryloylacetone, and methacrylic acid have been synthesized by the of radical copolymerization method. It has been shown that they form luminescent complexes with terbium ions in aqueous solutions. The luminescence intensity depends on the ratio of the components and remains constant in the presence of CaCl2 and NaCl. These terbium-binding terpolymers can be the basis for the creation of both luminescent probes and radioactive pharmaceuticals where a short-lived γ-emitter 161Tb is used for cancer ratiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpolymers resins( o,m,p

In this paper, tetradecyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride-1-hexadecene (C14MC-MA-HE) terpolymers in various molar ratios was prepared and used as pour point depressants (PPDs) in 0# diesel fuel. Results showed that C14MC-MA-HE terpolymers exerted distinct depression effects on solid point (SP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) at 0.15 wt.%, especially in 4:1:1 and 4:4:1 ratio. To obtain better PPDs, the terpolymers were mixed with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) at 1:1 mass ratio, and have proved to present better synergistic effects. PPDC-2 exhibited the best depression in both CFPP and SP by 20 °C at 0.15 wt.%. Additionally, the performance mechanism was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of pour point depressants (PPDs) represents the most direct and efficient approach for improving the cold-flow properties of diesel. Nevertheless, the high doses of additives have consistently been a constraining factor. To address this challenge, the study synthesized tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–benzyl acrylate (C 14 MC–NMA–BA), tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–4-pentenoic acid benzyl ester (C 14 MC–NMA–PB), and tetradecyl methacrylate–N-hydroxymethacrylamide–10-undecenoic acid benzyl ester (C 14 MC–NMA–UB) at various molar ratios (1:1:1, 5:1:1, 10:1:1, 15:1:1, and 20:1:1) as PPDs for diesel. The aim of these PPDs is to efficiently improve the cold-flow properties of diesel at low doses. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and solidification point (SP) of diesel were tested before and after treatment with PPDs. The results confirmed that C 14 MC–NMA–UB with longer carbon chains exhibited superior performance compared to C 14 MC–NMA–PB and C 14 MC–NMA–BA. Considering both cost-effectiveness and performance metrics, 400 ppm C 14 MC–NMA–UB (5:1:1) was identified as the optimal choice for significantly enhancing diesel cold-flow properties, leading to reductions of CFPP and SP by 11 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the study delved into the inhibitory mechanisms of PPDs by examining the crystallization behavior of diesel at low temperatures, utilizing techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity-temperature profiles, and polarized optical microscopy. [Display omitted] • A series of benzene-containing ternary PMA-type PPDs was synthesized by copolymerization. • The inhibitory effect of copolymer depends on chain length of benzene monomer. • 400 ppm C 14 MC–NMA–UB (5:1:1) achieved an optimal suppression effect on diesel crystallization. • The crystallization behavior of PPDs on diesel fuel was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first time that a thorough study of the synthetic procedures, molecular and thermal characterization, followed by structure/properties relationship for symmetric and non-symmetric second generation (2-G) dendritic terpolymers is reported. Actually, the synthesis of the non-symmetric materials is reported for the first time in the literature. Anionic polymerization enables the synthesis of well-defined polymers that, despite the architecture complexity, absolute control over the average molecular weight, as well as block composition, is achieved. The dendritic type macromolecular architecture affects the microphase separation, because different morphologies are obtained, which do not exhibit long range order, and various defects or dislocations are evident attributed to the increased number of junction points of the final material despite the satisfactory thermal annealing at temperatures above the highest glass transition temperature of all blocks. For comparison reasons, the initial dendrons (miktoarm star terpolymer precursors) which are connected to each other in order to synthesize the final dendritic terpolymers are characterized in solution and in bulk and their self-assembly is also studied. A major conclusion is that specific structures are adopted which depend on the type of the core connection between the ligand and the active sites of the dendrons.

Controlling vertical phase separation of the active layer to enable efficient exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport is crucial to boost power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of pseudoplanar heterojunction (PPHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). However, how to optimize the vertical phase separation of PPHJ OSCs via molecule design is rarely reported yet. Herein, ternary polymerization strategy is employed to develop a series of polymer donors, DL1-DL4, and regulate their solubility, molecular aggregation, molecular orientation, and miscibility, thus efficiently manipulating vertical phase separation in PPHJ OSCs. Among them, DL1 not only has enhanced solubility, inhibited molecular aggregation and partial edge-on orientation to facilitate acceptor molecules, Y6, to permeate into polymer layer and increase donor/acceptor interfaces, but also sustains high crystallinity and appropriate miscibility with Y6 to acquire ordered molecular packing, thus achieving optimized vertical phase separation to well juggle exciton dissociation and charge transport in PPHJ devices. Therefore, DL1/Y6 based PPHJ OSCs gain the best exciton dissociation probability, highest charge carrier mobilities and weakest charge recombination, and thus afford an impressive PCE of 19.10%, which is the record value for terpolymer donors. It demonstrates that ternary polymerization is an efficient method to optimize vertical phase separation in PPHJ OSCs for high PCEs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A variety of techniques have been employed in order to reduce problems caused by the crystallization of paraffin during the production. Four different alkyl chain length of n-alkyl methacrylate-vinyl acetatemethacrylic acid terpolymers were prepared and characterized by the infrared spectrometer, and the molecular weight of the prepared additives was determined by using gel permeation chromatography analysis. The performance of the prepared terpolymers as pour point depressants additives for fuel oil. The efficiency of the prepared compounds on pour point depressants for fuel oil increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and the alkyl chain length of n-alkyl methacrylate. The X- ray diffractometer patterns of wax in the absence and presence of investigated additives were studied. Comparison of morphologies and structures of waxy crystals in fuel oil beneficiated with and without a pour point depressant was made by micro photographic studies which show the modification in wax morphology due to the additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diphenylethylene (DPE) is a monomer which has attracted significant interest from academia and industry both in terms of copolymerization kinetics and for the potential to extend and tune the range of glass transition temperatures accessible for DPE‐containing copolymers. DPE can undergo (co)polymerization with a variety of other monomers by living anionic polymerization but is incapable of forming a homopolymer due to steric hindrance. DPE, being a sterically bulky monomer, results in dramatic increases in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of resulting copolymers, with a perfectly alternating copolymer of styrene and DPE having a Tg of ~180 °C. Herein we report for the first time, the outcome of the statistical terpolymerization of butadiene, styrene, and DPE—a one‐pot, one‐shot, commercially scalable reaction using monomers of wide industrial importance. This extremely facile approach produces copolymers with a block‐like structure, which undergo microphase separation, possess a high Tg glassy "block" and are virtually indistinguishable from analogous block terpolymers made by the traditional sequential addition of monomers approach. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 382–394 This study reports for the first time the outcome of the statistical terpolymerization of butadiene, styrene, and DPE—a one‐pot, one‐shot, commercially scalable reaction using monomers of wide industrial importance. This extremely facile approach produces copolymers with a block‐like structure, which undergo microphase separation, possess a high Tg glassy "block," and are virtually indistinguishable from analogous block terpolymers made by the traditional sequential addition of monomers approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Recent advances in homogeneous catalyst design for CO 2 -derived polycarbonate synthesis are presented. • Mechanistic and ligand design highlights for catalysts over the past decade are discussed. • Outlook and future directions for the field. Abstract The catalytic copolymerization of CO 2 with epoxides to give polycarbonates was discovered nearly 50 years ago. The last 10 years have been particularly exciting for the development on highly active homogenous catalyst systems, insights into mechanisms and the design of polymers with promising physical properties. Recent work has identified new copolymerization pathways with increasing diversity in the metals and ligands employed. Cooperative mechanisms with binary catalyst systems using exogenous nucleophiles continue to be studied. Elegant ligand design, however, has been used to generate new, highly active bimetallic or bifunctional catalyst systems. The bimetallic systems allow for “shuttling” of growing polymer chains leading to excellent activity under low CO 2 pressures. Bifunctional systems use covalently linked groups that facilitate the role of the nucleophilic co-catalyst. These groups can be neutral Lewis basic sites, such as N -donors, or cationic sites, such as ammonium groups, that improve the association of the anionic nucleophilic co-catalyst components. The cationic groups also improve association of any metal-dissociated anionic polymer chain ends and allow more efficient separation of the catalyst from the polymer products via chromatography. This review gives an overview of the developments of homogeneous catalysts for CO 2 /epoxide copolymerization grouped by metal site. New mechanistic studies and strategies for future catalyst developments are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based copolymers are widely used as a precursor for manufacturing high performance carbon fibers via a series of processes of thermal stabilization, carbonization, and graphitization. We have recently synthesized a series of copolymers with various compositions of acrylonitrile (AN), methyl acrylate (MA) and itaconic acid (IA) by using an efficient aqueous suspension polymerization. In this study, the influences of MA and IA units on thermal stabilization behavior of AN/MA/IA-based terpolymers has been investigated by thermal analyses using DSC and TGA. It was found that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of AN/MA/IA-based terpolymers with a constant AN content increased with the IA content due to a specific interaction between carboxylic acid and nitrile groups, while the MA unit played a role of lowering Tg of the copolymers owing to the interruption of AN sequence with a strong dipole-dipole interaction. The exothermic peaks of DSC curves as well as the weight loss of TGA/DTG curves under air condition revealed that the IA unit in AN/MA/IA-based terpolymers contributed to accelerate the oxidation reaction especially under air condition and also to slow down the following cyclization and dehydrogenation reactions including isomerization, unlike PAN homopolymer and AN/MA-based bipolymers. On the other hand, the MA unit in AN/MA-based bipolymers and AN/MA/IA-based terpolymers served as a delaying agent on the overall thermal stabilization reactions of oxidation, cyclization and dehydrogenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work describes the important effects of microstructural features on crystalline structure, mechanical behavior and molten state response for poly (propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-heptene) terpolymers. The study was carried out in a wide range of compositions, varying the 1-pentene/1-heptene ratio and the thermal history applied. Molecular features, as propylene sequences and compositional triads, allow predicting the material behavior. Moreover, rheological response has demonstrated the influence of molecular weight, comonomer content and short-chain branches on the properties. The flow activation energy can justify the importance of the material density over the whole spectrum of properties. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • A complex polymorphic behavior is exhibited by poly(propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-heptene) terpolymers. • Overall content in comonomers and ratio between the 1-pentene and 1-heptene comonomers become key molecular parameters. • Development of trigonal polymorph leads to unusual relationships of crystallinity and mechanical magnitudes on composition. • Changes in mobility promote an increase of flow activation energy with the comonomer content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have synthesized a series of copolymers with different compositions of acrylonitrile (AN, 80-100 wt%), methyl acrylate (MA, 4-20 wt%) and itaconic acid (IA, 0-3 wt%) by using an efficient aqueous suspension polymerization, and have investigated the molecular structure and thermal stabilization behavior of PAN homopolymer, AN/MA-based bipolymers, and AN/MA/IA-based terpolymers by adopting 1H/13C-NMR and thermal FT-IR analyses. The viscosity-average molecular weight of the synthesized polymers were measured to be ~263,000 g/mol. The reactivity ratios of AN and MA for all the copolymers were evaluated to be 0.99 and 1.05, respectively. Accordingly, the output compositions of the synthesized copolymers were quite consistent with the input monomer compositions. The 13C NMR analysis revealed that all the synthesized polymers have an atactic chain configuration, regardless of the feed composition. The structural evolutions during the thermal stabilization process of the copolymers in air environment were characterized by monitoring the temperature-dependent changes of characteristic absorbance bands at 2240 cm-1 (C≡N), 1595 cm-1 (C=N) and 1660 cm-1 (C=O) with aid of thermal FT-IR spectroscopy. It was found that the IA unit in the terpolymers accelerated the oxidation and cyclization reactions, unlike the retarding effect of MA unit, and that the onset temperatures of the oxidation reaction of the copolymers with IA unit was lower than that of the cyclization reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risperidone is applied in oral dosage formulations in the treatment of mental diseases. Current trends point toward parenteral delivery systems based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide), with wafers or rods being the more attractive option than the routinely used intramuscular suspension with microparticles. The aim of our work was to study the utility of solution casting and hot melt extrusion in the formulation of wafers and rods with risperidone based on terpolymers, namely poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone). Synthesis of the terpolymers was carried out by using a non-toxic zirconium initiator and a racemic (LL/DD) or optically active form of the lactide monomer. The delivery systems were analyzed by NMR, DSC, GPC, and SEM. The release profile was monitored by HPLC. Terpolymer chain microstructure, glass transition temperature, and morphology revealed unchanged values after formulation. Solution casting resulted in a drop in molecular weight to a smaller degree than hot melt extrusion. The presence of risperidone influenced another decrease in molecular weight. Both methods are adequate for the formulation of delivery systems based on terpolymers for prolonged release of risperidone. An adequate selection of monomer composition in terpolymers allows to control the release period. Risperidone was released in three phases, however, the burst effect was observed for poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac hypertrophy is a condition of abnormal cardiomyocyte enlargement accompanied by ventricular wall thickening. The study aims to investigate the role of miR-15a-5p in the regulation of mitofusin-2 (MFN-2) and to explore the cardioprotective effect of terpolymers ES-37 and L-37. In this study, the Sprague Dawley rats' cardiac hypertrophic model was established by administering 5 mg/kg Isoproterenol subcutaneously every other day for 14 days. As treatment rats received NAC (50 mg/kg), NAC treatment (50 mg/kg NAC + 5 mg/kg ISO), ES-37 (1 mg/kg) and ES-37 treatment (1 mg/kg ES-37+5 mg/kg ISO), L-37 (1 mg/kg) and L-37 treatment (1 mg/kg L-37+5 mg/kg ISO). subcutaneously every other day for 14 days. NAC, ES 37 and L-37 were given after 1 h of Isoproterenol administration in treatment groups. Cardiac hypertrophy was confirmed through morphological and histological analysis. For estimation of oxidative stress profiling, ROS and TBARS and antioxidative profiling superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and Glutathione (GSH) levels were checked. Triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were performed to evaluate levels of lipid profiling and liver profiling. Molecular expression analysis was checked through real-time PCR, and western blotting both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Molecular docking studies were performed to study the interactions and modes of binding between the synthetic polymers with three proteins (Mitofusin-2, DRP-1 and PUMA). All the studies were carried out using the AutoDock Vina software and the protein-ligand complexes were visualized in Biovia Discovery Studio. Cardiac hypertrophy was confirmed by the relative changes in the cellular structure of the heart by histopathological examination and physiological changes by estimating organ weights. Biochemical profiling results depict elevated oxidative and lipid profiles signify myocardial damage. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ES-37, and L-37 overcome the cardiac hypertrophic responses through attenuating oxidative stress and enhancing the antioxidative signaling mechanism. miR-15a-5p was identified as hypertrophic microRNA directly regulating the expression of Mitofusin-2 (MFN-2). Significantly increased expression of miR-15a-5p, Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), and P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), was observed in the disease group, whereas MFN-2 expression was observed downregulated. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), ES-37, and L-37 showed increased expression of antiapoptotic maker MFN-2 and decreased expression of miR-15a-5p, Drp1, and PUMA in treatment groups suggesting their cardioprotective role in attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy. An analysis of the docking results shows that ES-37 has greater binding affinity with the target proteins compared to L-37, with the highest binding values reported for MFN-2. The physiochemical properties of ES-37 and L-37 predicted it as a good drug-like molecule and its mechanism of action is predictably through inhibition of ROS. Molecular docking results shows that the polymer ES-37 has greater binding affinity with the target proteins compared to L-37, with the highest binding values reported for MFN-2. Thus, the study validates the role and targeting of miR-15a-5p and MFN-2 in cardiac hypertrophy as well as the therapeutic potential of NAC, ES-37, and L-37 in overcoming oxidative stress and myocardial damage. [Display omitted] • Investigating mechanistic role of antioxidants and terpolymers in attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy. • Increased expression of biomarkers Drp1 and PUMA in pathology model. • Role of Mfn-2 and miR-15a-5p in regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of L‐lactide (LLA), 1,3‐trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and glycolide (GA) terpolymers (LTG) of different monomer molar ratios were synthesized by using ring‐opening copolymerization. An effective and low‐toxic zirconium (IV) acetylacetonate Zr(Acac)4 was used as catalyst. The viscosity‐average molecular weights (Mη) of obtained polymers were all above 2.2×104 g/mol. The chemical structure and viscosity of terpolymers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR) and an Ubbelohde viscometer. The thermal and mechanical properties were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and stress‐strain measurements. Results suggested that all terpolymers were amorphous and showed good thermal stability. Also it was found that elongation increased with the decreasing of LLA unit. More importantly, terpolymers displayed shape memory property when deformation temperatures were 14‐15 °C above Tg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel N -halamine terpolymer, i.e. , P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl, with high antibacterial efficacies were fabricated via a free-radical copolymerization of 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin(ADMH), methyl methacrylate(MMA), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), followed by a chlorination treatment using sodium hypochlorite as chlorinating agent. A controllable synthesis of P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl was achieved by tuning chlorination conditions, such as chlorination temperature, reactant concentration, chlorination time, etc . A series of antibacterial assays were conducted, and the as-prepared products P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl showed good killing capabilities against both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria. Remarkably, compared to N -halamine biopolymer counterparts, e.g. , P(ADMH-HEMA)-Cl and P(ADMH-MMA)-Cl, and the as-prepared N -halamine terpolymer P(ADMH-MMA-HEMA)-Cl presented the enhancement in antibacterial efficiency toward pathogens. It is believed that this approach offers great potential to be utilized in various fields where antibacterial properties are highly required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two donor-acceptor (D-A) type conjugated copolymers, P1 and P2, are designed and synthesized. A classical benzothiadiazole acceptor is used to replace a thiophene unit in the polymer chain of P1 to obtain P2 terpolymer. Compared with P1, P2 exhibits broader absorption spectra, higher absorption coefficient, deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, and a relatively lower band gap. As a result, the P2-based solar cell exhibits a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.60%, with a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 12.43 mA cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 73.1%, which are higher than those of the P1-based device with a PCE of 4.70%, aJsc of 9.43 mA cm-2, and an FF of 61.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical response and crystalline structure have been analyzed in several propylene- co -1-pentene- co -1-hexene terpolymers. Different polymorphs are developed in these terpolymers depending on global comonomer content, 1-pentene:1-hexene ratio and thermal history. The trigonal δ crystal modification is observed in addition to monoclinic and orthorhombic crystallites and mesomorphic entities. For the terpolymers with higher comonomers contents, the mesophase and even the totally amorphous samples can be readily obtained at easily accessible cooling rates. Intensity and location of relaxation processes, values for storage and indentation modulus and hardness as well are found to be related to the type of crystallites and to the crystallinity. The variation of crystallinity upon the comonomer content is rather unusual when trigonal lattice is able to be developed if compared with that exhibited by other copolymers/terpolymers based on propylene. Because of the important effect of this variable on mechanical response and mobility within amorphous regions, relationships found in other mechanical parameters and in the relaxation associated with glass transition (location and intensity) are also uncommon. The presence of trigonal polymorph exerts a key role in those atypical dependences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel ethylene-based terpolymers containing 0.3–0.7 mol% of a norbornene comonomer bearing an antioxidant phenolic functionality ( N ArOH ) and 1–3 mol% of 1-hexene ( 1-H ) or about 25 mol% of unsubstituted norbornene ( N ) are synthesized. Such terpolymers are structurally fully consistent with, respectively, the widely used family of low-density polyethylenes (LDPEs) and the commercial grades of ethylene-norbornene copolymers, known as cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs). Due to the microstructural similarity, the mentioned matrices and the terpolymeric additives are easily dispersed by melt blending to give new materials with long-term thermal and thermo-oxidative stability and non-realising behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of the styrene − methyl methacrylate −acrylonitrile terpolymers were synthesized according to the recently proposed concept of the living nitroxide-mediated terpolymerization. Random azeotropic and gradient terpolymers were prepared using the living TEMPO-mediated polymerization. Block random terpolymer was obtained via the living terpolymerization initiated by macro-alkoxyamine polystyrene-SG1. In all systems, terpolymerization proceeds in the living manner even in the presence of TEMPO. Upon complete polymerization at high conversions of monomers, the molecular weight of terpolymers linearly increases with the monomer conversion. The resultant terpolymers were characterized by the methods of turbidimetric titration, GPC, DSC, and TGA, and their characteristics were compared with their non-living analogs synthesized by the conventional radical polymerization. The effect of the macromolecular structure on the thermal stability of the terpolymers was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Ziegler-Natta copolymers of iPP with ethylene or 1-butene, and terpolymers with both counits have been characterized, devoting special attention to the effect of composition and processing conditions on the crystal structure and final properties. DSC and X-ray diffraction were used to study the polymorphism of copolymers and terpolymers. Comonomer insertion interrupts the isotactic sequences, acting as a structural defect, and the formation of γ form is enhanced. Moreover, crystallinity decreases and crystal structure is modified. Comonomer type and concentration determine the extent of these modifications, resulting in important changes in macroscopic properties. In particular, the excellent optical properties of the analyzed terpolymers make them very attractive for applications such as transparent film or packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]