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In this study, we investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying action anticipation in volleyball players, especially concerned with the differences between experts and amateurs. Participants included both expert (male, N = 26) and amateur (male, N = 23) volleyball players, who were asked to predict spiking movements containing high, medium, and low levels of kinematic information while their electrophysiological activities were recorded. The high-information stimuli included the whole spiking action, the medium-information stimuli ended at 120 ms, and the low-information stimuli ended at 160 ms before hand–ball contact. The results showed that experts significantly outperformed amateurs in both prediction accuracy (68% in experts vs. 55% in amateurs) and reaction time (475.09 ms in experts vs. 725.81 ms in amateurs) under the medium-information condition. Analysis of alpha rhythm activity revealed that experts exhibited the strongest desynchronization under the low-information condition, suggesting increased attentional engagement. In contrast, amateurs showed the weakest desynchronization under the medium-information condition. Furthermore, mu rhythm activity analysis showed greater desynchronization in the duration of 100–300 ms before hand–ball contact for experts, correlating with their higher anticipation accuracy. These findings highlight the significant kinematic information-processing abilities of volleyball experts and elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying efficient attentional engagement and mirroring. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for the development of targeted training programs through which to enhance athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the adaptability between posts and post spaces and the rationality of cores fabricated by two digital custom post‐and‐core processes. Materials and Methods: Titanium post‐and‐cores were fabricated by digital scanning impression technology or digital scanning wax‐pattern technology on tooth defect molds of incisors, premolars, and molars, with traditional lost‐wax casts of these teeth as the controls. Micro‐CT and a laboratory scanner were used to determine intervals between post wall and root canal wall of the root apex, middle, and cervix of each sample in cross‐, sagittal, and coronal sections; intervals between the end of post and tooth; diameters of cervical, middle, and incisal part at cross‐, sagittal, and coronal sections of each sample, as well as shoulder widths. Results: The three fabrication processes showed significant differences in intervals between post‐and‐core prostheses and root canal walls, diameters of all parts of cores, and shoulder widths. Scanning impressions showed significant advantages in the main part of post‐and‐cores in incisors and premolars, while the scanning wax‐pattern process showed obvious inferiorities in premolars and molars. As to core spatial size, values of measured sites in the scanning impression process were closer to the standard than those of the traditional process, while differences between the measured value of the scanning wax‐pattern process were much more obvious than in the traditional process. Conclusions: The use of digital custom post‐and‐core scanning impressions improved the rationality and precision of post‐and‐core dimensions compared with two other processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the impact of skill level on the integration of contextual prior information and kinematic information alongside post-error adjustment during action anticipation in basketball. Twenty-three collegiate basketball players and twenty-three control participants engaged in anticipating as quickly and accurately as possible the outcomes of free throws, utilizing video clips depicting basketball players' actions, both with and without contextual prior information. Anticipatory performance and the difference in anticipatory performance following errors and correct responses were analyzed based on skill level and the congruency of contextual prior information (none, congruent, and incongruent). The findings revealed that the congruency of contextual prior information significantly affects action anticipation, with skill level moderating this effect. Moreover, skill level influenced the congruency effect on accuracy discrepancies between post-error and post-correct trials during action anticipation, with controls showing greater sensitivity to previous trial performance compared to experts. These results provide further evidence for the notion that individuals employ Bayesian reliability-based strategies to integrate different information sources and underscore the role of skill level in adjusting anticipatory judgments following errors during action anticipation. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms that differentiate skill levels in action anticipation, potentially guiding the development of targeted training interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review systematically summarizes the repair mechanisms and applications of self‐healing polyurethane (SHPU) materials aiming at energy conservation and safety under different repair methods. As of now, the repair methods that have emerged can be divided into two categories: substance landfill and bond repair. In terms of the repair mechanisms for both, the former involves the release of healing agents from micro‐carriers (microcapsules, hollow fibers, and microvascular) to fill the damaged area upon external impact. In contrast, bond repair combines physical and chemical changes triggered by light, heat, and other factors. To achieve efficient self‐healing in this mode, both the reorganization of broken chemical bonds and the high mobility of chain segments are crucial. Reversible covalent bonds and supramolecular interactions, as two branches of aforementioned reversible chemical bonds, share the responsibility for maintaining efficient self‐healing despite infinite cycling. Additionally, multiple synergistic crosslinked networks, special nanomaterials, and microphase separation are often used to solve the problem of incompatible healing efficiency and mechanical strength in bond repair. When the perspective is focused on the application, this gradually improved SHPU with strong potential and comprehensive performance has provided raw materials for many fields related to human development, such as road, architecture, healthcare, and electronic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasingly serious environmental problems caused by the greenhouse effect, it has also become essential to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. In this paper, CaCO3‐supported Fe‐based catalysts doped with Mn, Al, and K are prepared by a straightforward method and used for CO2 hydrogenation. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by SEM‐EDS, BET, TG, CO2‐TPD, XRD, and XPS. The experimental results show that the highest CO2 conversion rate of Fe10Mn2Al10Ca is 35.99 %, the maximum FTY value is 293.98 μmolCO2 ⋅ gFe-1 ${{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{Fe}}}^{ - 1} }$ ⋅ s−1, the maximum O/P value is 6.61, and the lowest CO selectivity is 32.21 %. At the same time, according to the characterization results, the doping of Mn and Al increased the Fe3O4/FeCx ratio. As the Fe3O4/FeCx ratio increases, the proportion of short‐chain hydrocarbons (CH4, C2–4) in the products increases, and the proportion of long‐chain hydrocarbons (C5+) decrease. Therefore, the co‐doping of Mn and Al promotes the conversion of CO and reduces its selectivity, and promotes the formation of light olefins. Finally, it is hoped that this study can provide a reference for further research on CaCO3‐supported Fe catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CaxZn10‐xFe20 catalysts were prepared by the co‐precipitation method and applied to CO2 hydrogenation. The experimental results show that the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 at a Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can reach 57.91 %, which is 13.5 % more than the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Zn10Fe20. Moreover, the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 has the lowest selectivity for both CO and CH4, with 7.40 % and 6.99 %, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption, CO2‐TPD, H2‐TPR, and XPS. The results demonstrate that the doping of Ca increases the basic sites on the catalyst surface and thus allows the catalyst to adsorb more CO2 to promote the reaction. Besides, the Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can suppress the formation of graphitic carbon on the catalyst surface and prevent the excess graphitic carbon from covering the active site Fe5C2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]