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App-based mobility (ABM) is an umbrella term for several transport services enabled through a smartphone application. Ride-hailing is the most popular ABM service, and even more than a decade after its introduction, it continues to raise concerns about its impacts on urban mobility. Previous ride-hailing research has primarily focused on understanding such impacts. However, how ride-hailing affects accessibility and social exclusion remains an understudied topic. Prior research highlights this knowledge gap and proposes a framework linking ABM with transport poverty, (in)accessibility and the resulting transport-related social exclusion (TRSE). Yet, empirical evidence is lacking to test such a framework. This paper addresses this gap by providing empirical evidence on how ABM affects accessibility using survey data collected for three large metropolitan areas in Latin America. We follow three related lines of analysis. First, we compare ride-hailing to other transport modes based on the most regular trips reported in the survey. Second, we calculate novel social and transport (dis)advantage indices to extend the comparison of transport modes. Third, we shed light on why respondents have used ride-hailing services in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiebout (J Polit Econ 64:416–424, 1956) argues that local public goods will be provided efficiently if households vote with their feet to move to the jurisdiction that best matches their preferences. This outcome may be impeded by overlapping jurisdictions of municipalities, school districts, and police agencies. To investigate the impact of coterminous borders on Tiebout sorting, two counties with similar demographics are chosen within the New York City metropolitan area. Differing histories lead to municipalities in Bergen County, NJ, always being coterminous with elementary school districts and police agencies, while few municipalities in Nassau County, NY, have their own police agencies and even fewer have their own school districts. Heterogeneity of sociodemographics and service quality are calculated between neighboring Census block groups, and absolute difference in median household income is regressed on these measures and interactions between the three kinds of service area borders. School district and police agency borders and quality are found to not be individually significant (with one minor exception). Police agency borders interacted with municipal borders increase income sorting, while school district borders interacted with police agency borders decrease income sorting. Income differences are also correlated with differences in the proportion of White and Black population in neighboring block groups, supporting previous findings that Tiebout sorting may exacerbate segregation. Municipal borders are an independently significant influence on income sorting across all specifications, indicating the important and independent role of local public goods other than education and public safety in residential location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deconstructs everyday mobility practices from a perspective of accessibility and social and transport (dis)advantage in two capital port cities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) – Freetown, Sierra Leone and Maputo, Mozambique. The paper proposes a novel framework that interprets social and transport (dis)advantage conditions as critical drivers of mobility behaviours and the resulting (in)accessibility that circumscribes individuals’ experience. Building on its framework, the paper raises unique empirical qualitative evidence from eight neighbourhoods about mobility practices across populations facing different degrees of social and transport (dis)advantage. The study’s design is grounded in the in-depth understanding of accessibility using qualitative methods as a counterpoint to predominant quantitative and spatial approaches, filling critical data gaps in cities in SSA. The findings reveal a deep-seated aspiration for car ownership, tempered by the urgency of other immediate material needs, as well as the dynamic nature of travel behaviour due to changing conditions during the day and throughout the year. The findings also indicate informality plays a significant role in enabling access to critical opportunities and the need to strengthen trust in popular transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers new evidence on agglomeration economies by examining the link between total factor productivity (TFP) and employment density in Italy. We investigate whether and how the TFP–density nexus contributes to explaining a relevant share of the marked productivity gap between the northern and the southern Italian regions. We estimate TFP for a large sample of manufacturing firms and then aggregate it at the level of local labour market areas. We tackle the endogeneity issues stemming from the presence of omitted covariates and reverse causation with an innovative set of diagnostic tests and an instrumental variable approach that relies on geological and historical data. Our estimate of the TFP elasticity to the spatial concentration of economic activities is about 0.045, a magnitude comparable to those measured for other developed countries. We also show that no significant heterogeneity emerges in the intensity of agglomeration economies across the country and that the positive TFP difference in favour of the firms located in the North is not due to the tougher competition taking place in those areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the effect of return initiatives in rural regions of Germany on interregional return migration. The initiatives aim to increase return migration by, amongst other things, providing information on local employment opportunities and personal support to workers interested in returning to find a job in the former rural region of residence. Analysing administrative data on individual labour market trajectories through survival analysis and difference-in-differences estimation, we find that return initiatives, on average, promote interregional return migration. Among the considered workers, particularly those in the middle and at the top of the wage distribution are more likely to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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COVID-19 exacerbated food system vulnerabilities globally. This study assesses the impact of shock events on food accessibility in New York City (NYC) by examining its association with neighborhood characteristics between 2019 and 2020. We model food accessibility using socioeconomic and built environment factors, adjusting for spatial effects with spatial econometric models and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Our spatial modeling methods reveal diverging relationships between minority racial/ethnic groups and food accessibility, as well as a negative change in the effect of income. Overall, our results indicate that food accessibility worsened or polarized during the pandemic, suggesting the need for improved network connectivity and smaller-scale food stores to achieve equitable and resilient food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of wage inequality concentrate on private wages. Public sector wages are typically assumed to contribute to the overall wage equality. We challenge this understanding in an analysis of the relative skill premium in the public versus private sectors. The analysis of heterogeneity across gender and geography is based on rich register data for Norway. The raw data confirm the relative wage compression in the public sector. However, this is a male phenomenon and only prevalent in large cities when unobserved worker and firm characteristics are taken into account. With identification based on shifters between private and public sectors and movers between city-size groups, wage setting for female workers in the public sector increases wage inequality in all regions, particularly in the periphery. The result is consistent with policies promoting the recruitment of high-educated female workers and the expansion of public services in the periphery counterbalancing the desired equality effect of public wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the labor market impacts of the Venezuelan immigration in Colombia. Exploiting spatial variation in exposure, I find a negative effect on native wages driven by the informal sector (where immigrants are concentrated) and a reduction in native employment in the formal sector (where the minimum wage binds for many workers). To explain this, I build a model in which a firm substitutes formal for informal labor in response to lower informal wages. Consistent with the model’s predictions, I document that the decrease in formal employment is driven by small firms that use both labor types in production and by workers earning the minimum wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining representative information on hosts and displaced populations in a single survey is not straightforward. This article demonstrates the value of combining traditional and nontraditional sampling frames, geospatial information, and listing exercises to design a representative survey of hosts and Rohingya displaced populations in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The article applies innovative segmentation techniques using geospatial data to delimit enumeration areas in the absence of updated cartography. The article also highlights the importance of listing exercises to inform stratification decisions and update population counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian urban poverty research identifies slums as pockets of poverty, but official sources in developing countries typically underestimate poverty in and overlook poverty outside slum areas. In this research, deprived areas of Bengaluru outside of officially recognised slums are identified. An Index of Multiple Deprivation (in human, financial and physical capital) is estimated and mapped at the ward level. The research finds that deprivations are mainly concentrated in the city’s periphery and that human capital deprivation is a more serious driver of poverty than financial crunch. While the spatial mapping exercise in the paper has been adapted to Bengaluru, the theoretical contribution to urban and regional studies we make is the promotion of ‘people-based policies’. We argue that, irrespective of where the poor live, assistance should be provided based on measures of capital deprivations. Such analysis will help people-based approaches to eradicate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPrior scholarship has documented and tried to explain growing inequalities in individual wealth holdings—especially between homeowners and renters—but has not considered the role of residential position in the rural-urban hierarchy. We estimate fixed-effect models of one’s rank in national net, housing and financial wealth distributions during the 2010–2018 period, based on Norwegian register data on prime-age individuals. We find dramatic geographic differences in trajectories of wealth accumulation that are strongly conditioned by tenure. Residing longer in a more urbanized area—especially in the central Oslo region—results in a substantially higher net wealth position only for homeowners. This result is driven overwhelmingly by their greatly superior gains in housing wealth over the period. By contrast, the net wealth and financial wealth positions for those who always rent are virtually indistinguishable across the hierarchy, regardless of duration of residence. Our evidence suggests that the positive correlation between earnings and rent levels across the rural-urban hierarchy yields this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether the Syrian refugee inflow to Jordan has displaced other immigrant workers in the Jordanian Labor Market. Using data from Jordan, before and after the Syrian refugee influx (in 2010 and 2016), we investigate whether male immigrants' labor market outcomes, compared to male Jordanian nationals, were affected by Syrian refugees. We control for the geographic sorting of refugees within Jordan using an instrumental variable approach. We find that male immigrants were more likely to be underemployed (i.e., work in the informal sector, work fewer hours, and earn lower monthly wages) in areas with high concentration of Syrian refugees. These findings suggest that the main competition that occurred in the Jordanian Labor Market, between 2010 and 2016, was not between refugees and male Jordanian nationals, but between refugees and male immigrants. These results suggest that studies examining the impact of refugees on the labor market should consider the effects on immigrants who are likely to be more vulnerable than natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study unveils the causal effect of authoritative violence on individuals’ likelihood to migrate. Specifically, we examine the migration patterns of Venezuelans during the 2017–2018 political and economic crisis. We draw insights from regional-level data on civilian casualties caused by security forces, along with information extracted from the ENCOVI-2018 survey data that captures migration flows. The estimates rely on travel time from the capital city as an instrumental variable and are robust to the inclusion of several household- and socio-economic regional-level characteristics. The findings strongly suggest that authoritative violence is a significant non-economic push factor for international migration. Moreover, additional evidence indicates that this type of violence influences the skill composition of migrants, especially in the context of South-to-South migration flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2006 and 2017, North Korea conducted six nuclear weapon tests near its border with China, which clearly posed an existential threat to China. Utilizing data from a representative sample of rural households and adopting a quasi-experimental framework, this study analyzes the effects of human-made nuclear threats on the coping strategies of rural households in China living on the border with North Korea. Our results show that nuclear tests have sizable causal effects on several aspects of non-farm employment and land rented out by rural residents in the border area of China. This study finds that, due to the human-made radiation risk resulting from North Korean nuclear tests, households in the border regions of China bordering North Korea increase labor out-migration and lease out more land. Multiple robustness tests consistently support this conclusion. Our study further found that nuclear tests led to a significant decline in the economic viability of villages, which ultimately led to the out-migration of households. We also find that the impact of moving away from rural areas due to nuclear tests is more pronounced for households with higher human capital, higher income, and a lower proportion of elderly family members. As rural households respond to nuclear threats by migrating out, North Korea’s nuclear tests exacerbate the phenomenon of rural hollowing-out in China’s border regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse whether there is favourable migration selectivity in formal work in Ceará. In other words, whether the worker's unobservable characteristics influence commuting and labour income differentials. For this purpose, microdata from the annual social information list—RAIS of the Brazilian Ministry of Economy—MEB for 2009 and 2019 were used. Furthermore, the methodology used was a two-stage Heckman model with correction for sample selection bias for both years. The results show that commuting migrants in formal work in Ceará are not positively selected. Furthermore, income differentials among commuting migrants are determined by individuals' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and the labour market, such as education, race/colour, gender, and occupation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. shale oil and gas boom provides a unique opportunity to study economic growth in a "boom town" environment, derive insights about labor market expansions more generally, and identify the causal effects of economic growth on specific margins of business adjustment. Creation of new establishments—separate from expansion of existing establishments—accounts for a disproportionate share of the multi-industry employment growth sparked by the shale boom, an intuitive but not inevitable empirical result that is consistent with models of firm dynamics. New firms, in particular, contribute nearly half of the cumulative employment growth resulting from the shale boom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural transformation toward the knowledge economy is often credited with increasing polarization and precarization of the low end of the labor market. Little is known, however, about the geography of low-income work since the literature has largely ignored sub-national variation. This article explores how the knowledge economy as the main driver of the transformation has affected the concentration of low-income work throughout the Swedish regional system for the last 30+ years. We propose a model where the knowledge economy affects the prevalence of low-income work through three mechanisms: polarization, upgrading, and labor market tightening. We find that the prevalence of low-income work in Sweden has decreased, and regions have converged under this metric over time. The penetration of the knowledge economy is, moreover, associated with lower levels of low-income work, and even though the knowledge economy is related to increasing polarization and, through it, an expansion of the low-income sector, the opposite effects of upgrading and tightening outweigh it. We discuss these findings in relation to studies conducted in different contexts and argue that institutional embeddedness, in particular (but not exclusively) labor market institutions, matters greatly in shaping these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the increasing trend of multigenerational co-living in the USA and to research the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of such decision. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses the 2017 American Housing Survey data to run descriptive and regression analysis. Findings: The authors find household income appears consistently to be the most significant factor determining multigenerational co-residence decision across all household compositions. Latino households are most likely to co-reside with multiple generations, followed by Asian and African American households. Immigrants tend to live in multigenerational co-residential housing units with smaller sizes and more impoverished neighborhoods, but show greater flexibility in making residential arrangements once they gain better education. In addition, older householders or female householders are significantly more likely to co-reside with multiple generations. Living in metropolitan areas has no impact on co-residence choice, although some evidence suggests that multigenerational co-residential families tend to live in inferior neighborhoods. Research limitations/implications: This study provides updated evidence on multigenerational co-residence choice in the contemporary United States. The findings provide evidence on how households make residential choices in response to financial hardships and contribute to the theoretical understanding of the variations of such decisions among immigrants and different ethnic and aging groups. Practical implications: This study on multigenerational co-residence choice imposes important practical implications. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic creates ideal research setting to study how households cope with the tremendous uncertainties in the job markets and financial markets. Although multigenerational co-living may work well for some households with lower or moderate-income for financial reasons, it is not an attractive option for every family. Social implications: Sharing a home with multiple generations can be challenging. Policymakers should design policies and programs to provide households with guidance on how to live peacefully in multigenerational settings and make multigenerational co-living an appealing and cost-effective housing option for American families of all means. Originality/value: This study contributes to the existing literature by providing new evidence on the determinants of multigenerational co-residence decision. This study's findings are fundamental to guide policymakers in carrying out policies and programs aimed at providing a more appealing and cost-effective housing arrangement for American families. The evidence on the senior and minority subsamples are especially meaningful as the vast majority of the baby boom generation in the USA is aging and substantial growth is expected in multigenerational households over the next several decades. Understanding the increasing burden of old-age depression in aging societies will help policymakers prioritize public resources in city planning to address the needs of this rapidly growing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the causal effect of import shocks on the wage distribution using individual-level data from the UK in the period 1997–2010. The analysis exploits regional variation in initial industrial structure and concentration for identification, and applies a group IV quantile approach to estimate the effect of import shocks on workers at different parts of the wage distribution. The study finds that the effect of import shocks generated by increased import competition is concentrated on the middle of the wage distribution: while the import shocks negatively and significantly affect workers at the bottom-middle of the wage distribution, its effect on the very bottom and upper parts of the wage groups is insignificant. Moreover, the study finds that this labour market adjustment takes place through a reduction in the hourly wage rather than a decline in total hours worked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pivotal way that climate is affecting agriculture is through uncertainty of rainfall, water scarcity, enhanced risk of agriculture and lower productivity. In Purulia, West Bengal, casual employment in agriculture has gone down dramatically in recent years and at the same time, overall unemployment rate has been consistently higher than the state and national averages. We investigate the extent to which climate change, in the form of water scarcity, is responsible for this. Using data from a primary survey and a quasi-experimental method, we find that water inaccessibility causes incomes of marginal farmers to fall by 24%–37% in the region. We hypothesize that given the feedback loop between incomes and coping strategies, a large negative impact is suggestive of maladaptation. We find evidence in support of this, in the form of unsafe migration, for instance, to take up employment in brick kilns, an occupation that poses significant health hazards. While migration is pervasive in the region, majority of wage labourers have been unable to do anything about the situation. Qualitative discussions further revealed that the younger generation is turning away from agriculture in the region due to its resultant unprofitability. Thus, climate change may be one of the unfavourable “push” factors leading to an exit from agricultural livelihoods, witnessed in India in recent times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change remains a threat as it impairs environmental, economic, and social instability. It poses significant risk that include, but are not limited to, the dispersion of people within and across geographical regions. In this study, we investigate the intricate relationship between climate change and migration dynamics, focusing on Asian migrants to the Russian Federation. The study used the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model with annual data from 1997 to 2022 to analyze migration flow to Russia as a result of climate change and other push factors from their home country. Our findings reveal that temperature anomalies are a significant push factor in migration flow, especially in the long run. Additional push factors, such as unemployment, were found to exert influence on migration patterns. An implication of the study is that the impact of climate change may not be immediately apparent, but when it does occur, it can play a significant role in driving migration, along with other factors. This further suggests that the primary effect of climate change is the increased frequency of migration and displacement of people to search for better living conditions and opportunities. Our analysis highlights the nuanced role of climate in migration decisions, urging policymakers to consider climate-specific strategies to address the growing issue of displacement. We recommend that the government should invest in adaptation measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ageing population and the changing demographics, mature age or older entrepreneurship is becoming an important area of research within the regional literature. Using a hybrid literature review technique (bibliometrics and content analyses), we explore the literature (963 articles between 1990 and 2021) on the topic of population ageing and entrepreneurship under a regional perspective. After a general overview of the research on entrepreneurship and aging, we find two main streams of research and potential avenues for future study: (i) the role that regions have in entrepreneurship and start-up and (ii) the linkages between population ageing, entrepreneurship and the local and regional context. Finally, the paper recommends several research questions to extend the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]