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Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) on physical and mental health in young adults in mainland China. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information including the sociodemographic characteristics, history of PNE, family history, daytime voiding symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 22,500 university students from 23 provinces and 368 cities in mainland China were included. Results In total, 21,082 questionnaires were collected, and 20,345 of them qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence was 1.17%, and the distribution of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) was 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively. In total, 28% of respondents with PNE reported bedwetting daily, 31.6% between 1 and 7 times weekly, and 40.4% between 1 and 4 times monthly; 80% of PNE cases had no history of treatment. The prevalence of PNE in patients with a family history, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly higher than in those without these conditions (P

Abstract Background Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) constitutes a key event in autoimmune diseases. STAT5b is the critical link between the IL-2/15 and FOXP3, the master regulator of Treg cells. Methods The CD3+T cell and Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells were overexpressioned or knockdown MKL-1 and STAT5a and tested for Treg cell development and function. Direct interaction of MKL-1 and STAT5a were analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation assays, Luciferase assay, Immunofluoresence Staining and Yeast two-hybrid screening. The effect of MKL-1 and STAT5a on the Treg genes expression was analyzed by qPCR and western blotting and Flow cytometry. Results However, the molecular mechanisms mediating STAT5b-dependent Treg genes expression and Treg cell phenotype and function in autoimmune diseases are not well defined. Here, we report that the MKL-1 is a coactivator for the major Treg genes transcription factor STAT5b, which is required for human Treg cell phenotype and function. The N terminus of STAT5b, which contains a basic coiled-coil protein–protein interaction domain, binds the C-terminal activation domain of MKL-1 and enhances MKL-1 mediated transcriptional activation of Treg-specific, CArG containing promoters, including the Treg-specific genes Foxp3. Suppression of endogenous STAT5b expression by specific small interfering RNA attenuates MKL-1 transcriptional activation in cultured human cells. The STAT5b–MKL-1 interaction identifies a role of Treg-specific gene regulation and regulated mouse Treg cell development and function and suggests a possible mechanism for the protective effects of autoimmune disease Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Conclusions Our studies demonstrate for the first time that MKL-1 is a coactivator for STAT5b, the regulator of Treg cell development and function. Video abstract

Long-term nitrogen field fertilization often results in significant changes in nitrifying communities that catalyze a key step in the global N cycle. However, whether microcosm studies are able to inform the dynamic changes in communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) under field conditions remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the transcriptional activities of nitrifying communities under in situ conditions, and we found that they were largely similar to those of 13C-labeled nitrifying communities in the urea-amended microcosms of soils that had received different N fertilization regimens for 22 years. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts suggested that Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB and Nitrososphaera viennensis-like AOA were significantly stimulated in N-fertilized fresh soils. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that the significant increase of AOA and AOB in fresh soils upon nitrogen fertilization could be preserved in the air-dried soils. DNA-based stable-isotope probing (SIP) further revealed the greatest labeling of Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB and Nitrosospira viennensis-like AOA, despite the strong advantage of AOB over AOA in the N-fertilized soils. Nitrobacter-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) played more important roles than Nitrospira-like NOB in urea-amended SIP microcosms, while the situation was the opposite under field conditions. Our results suggest that long-term fertilization selected for physiologically versatile AOB and AOA that could have been adapted to a wide range of substrate ammonium concentrations. It also provides compelling evidence that the dominant communities of transcriptionally active nitrifiers under field conditions were largely similar to those revealed in 13C-labeled microcosms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin titanium oxide films were synthesized on glass substrates by surface sol–gel method. The films were grown by sequential immersion in TiCl 4 solution and water. The film morphology, structure and property were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–visible spectroscopy. The results indicate that the films grow at a rate of about 2–3 nm per cycle and present an island-like growth mode. The film show an amorphous state and not a strict equilibrium TiO 2 structure. Furthermore, the film absorbance gradually increases with the depositing cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtropical Acrisols have low soil organic carbon (SOC) and potassium (K) availability. However, the relationship between K distribution of aggregates and SOC levels is unclear. Five soil samples were collected from a long-term fertilization experiment in an Acrisol. Different K fertilization treatments included CK (without any fertilizer), ZK (zero rate of chemical K fertilizer), KF (conventional rate of chemical K fertilizer added to ZK treatment), KM (KF treatment including the application of fresh pig manure, and KS (KF treatment with half of crop straw returned to the field). Then, an incubation experiment was conducted in which different rates of glucose were added to attain 5 increased levels in SOC with 0, 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100% in the CK, ZK, KF, KM, and KS treatments. Compared with no glucose addition, glucose addition improved these > 2 mm aggregates by 9.16%− 104.19% among all soils. With increased SOC percentage, the > 2 mm aggregate increased. A non-linear equation indicated that there were significant correlations between > 2 mm aggregates and SOC content in KF, KM, and KS soils. The exchangeable K (EK) and non-exchangeable K (NEK) contents of > 2 mm aggregates were highest in KM soil, followed by KS and KF soils, while CK and ZK soils were the lowest. The linear equations indicated that the EK and NEK stock of > 2 mm aggregates could be increased by 8.41–9.10 kg ha−1 and 15.73–20.65 kg ha-, respectively, in all K fertilized soils, when SOC was increased by 1 g kg−1. The slopes of linear equations also showed that the growth rate for NEK stock of > 2 mm aggregates in KM soil (20.65 kg ha−1) was higher than those of KS and KF soils (15.73 and 17.59 kg ha−1). Additionally, the slopes of linear equations indicated that the growth rate for proportions of EK and NEK stock of > 2 mm aggregates in KM soil (1.14% and 1.64%) were lower than those in KS soil (2.22% and 2.28%). Combined with CK, ZK, KF, KM, and KS soils, the proportion of EK and NEK stock of > 2 mm aggregates increased by 1.62% and 2.32% along with increased SOC by 1 g kg−1. Therefore, the EK and NEK stock of > 2 mm aggregates increased through glucose addition in the Acrisol. However, these increases varied by fertilization treatments, which caused different SOC and K levels. [Display omitted] • The proportion of > 2 mm aggregates in an Acrisol was improved by increasing SOC. • The higher non-exchangeable K can be accumulated in > 2 mm aggregate if SOC raising. • K stock of > 2 mm aggregates increased more in manure than straw with increased SOC. • The > 2 mm aggregate in straw can store more K than in manure if SOC is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular beam epitaxy is used to grow TiSe2 ultrathin films on a graphitized SiC(0001) substrate. TiSe2 films proceed via a nearly layer-by-layer growth mode and exhibit two dominant types of defects, identified as Se vacancy and interstitial, respectively. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we demonstrate that the well-established charge density waves can survive in a single unit-cell (one triple-layer) regime, and find a gradual reduction in their correlation length as the density of surface defects in TiSe2 ultrathin films increases. Our findings offer important insights into the nature of charge density waves in TiSe2, and also pave a material foundation for potential applications based on the collective electronic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H12N4·C8H14O2, neutral mol­ecules of urotropine and 2,2,3,3-tetra­methyl­cyclo­propane­carboxylic acid are linked together by an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 64-year-old man with clinical manifestations of analogues to basilar-type migraine together with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) detected by magnetic resonance imaging. It supports the hypothesis that VBD may cause a basilar-type migraine-like syndrome via inducing chronic pathological changes of the brainstem. It also discusses the possible causal relationship between VBD and basilar-type migraine.

Aim: To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the underlying mechanisms, and to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract., Methods: Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E. coli (O157:H7) and cultured. The optical density (OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique. The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots. The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis, and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method., Results: The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/mL were significant. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/mL did not differ significantly. Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/mL of the crude extract, and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E. coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/mL of the crude extract. A low molecular weight protein band (about 15 kDa) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent, but not in eluant, from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography. The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant, with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots. Of 24 tubes of filtrates, the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control. The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4, 5 and 11 was about 15 kDa., Conclusion: The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious, dose-dependent antibacterial effects. The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication. The protein that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 kDa.