348 results on '"Reis, Stefan"'
Search Results
302. Evaluation of Results
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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303. Modelling Results for Tropospheric Ozone
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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304. Introduction
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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305. Emissions, Sources and Abatement Costs
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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306. Optimising Ozone Abatement Strategies
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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307. Air Pollution in Europe
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Reis, Stefan
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- 2005
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308. Emission Models and Tools
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Reis, S., Blank, P., Friedrich, R., Smiatek, G., José, R. San, Peña, J. I., Pérez, J. L., González, R. M., Lewyckyj, N., Colles, A., Janssen, L., Mensink, C., Wickert, B., Müezzinoğlu, A., Elbir, T., Dinçer, F., Bayram, A., Odabasi, M., Cetin, E., Seyfioglu, R., Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2004
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309. Improvement of emission factors
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Theloke, J., Steinbrecher, R., Smiatek, G., Friedrich, R., Winiwarter, W., Sjödin, Å., Sturm, P. J., Hausberger, S., Török, S., Osán, J., Falkenberg, G., Pregger, T., Asman, W., Hutchings, N., Sommer, S., Andersen, J., Münier, B., Génermont, S., Cellier, P., Mittermaier, B., Schmitz, T., Hassel, D., Weber, F.-J., Klemp, D., Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2004
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310. Uncertainties, Validation and Verification
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Kühlwein, J., Sturm, P., Winiwarter, W., Theloke, J., Friedrich, R., Staehelin, J., Sjödin, Å., Slemr, F., Möllmann-Coers, M., Klemp, D., Mannschreck, K., Mittermaier, B., Baumbach, G., Vogt, U., Bauerle, P., Glaser, K., Staehlin, Johannes, Wickert, B., Memmesheimer, M., Ebel, A., Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2004
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311. Introduction and Summary
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Friedrich, R., Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2004
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312. Reduced-form and complex ACTM modelling for air quality policy development: A model inter-comparison.
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Oxley, Tim, Vieno, Massimo, Woodward, Huw, ApSimon, Helen, Mehlig, Daniel, Beck, Rachel, Nemitz, Eiko, and Reis, Stefan
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ATMOSPHERIC transport , *ATMOSPHERIC chemistry , *CHEMICAL models - Abstract
• We show how reduced form and complex models can be applied in combination to inform air pollution policy development. • We compare PM 2.5 concentrations calculated by both a reduced-form and a complex ACTM, showing good agreement. • Both models agree well with observations of PM 2.5 and SIA concentrations from national monitoring networks. • We present this comparison for the current (2018) and selected future (2040) emissions scenarios in the United Kingdom. • We confirm the robustness of a reduced-form model to evaluate alternative futures, through comparison with an Eulerian ACTM. Simulation models can be valuable tools in supporting development of air pollution policy. However, exploration of future scenarios depends on reliable and robust modelling to provide confidence in outcomes which cannot be tested against measurements. Here we focus on the UK Integrated Assessment Model, a fast reduced-form model with a purpose to support policy development with modelling of multiple alternative future scenarios, and the EMEP4UK model which is a complex Eulerian Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model requiring significant computing resources. The EMEP4UK model has been used to model selected core scenarios to compare with UKIAM, and to investigate sensitivity studies such as the interannual variability in response to meteorological differences between years. This model intercomparison addresses total PM 2.5 , primary PM 2.5 and Secondary Inorganic Aerosol concentrations for a baseline of 2018 and selected scenarios for projections to 2040. This work has confirmed the robustness of the UK Integrated Assessment Model for assessing alternative futures through a direct comparison with EMEP4UK. Both models have shown good agreement with measurements, and EMEP4UK shows an ability to replicate past trends. These comparisons highlight how a combination of reduced-form modelling (UKIAM) and complex chemical transport modelling (EMEP4UK) can be effectively used in support of air pollution policy development, informing understanding of projected futures in the context of emerging evidence and uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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313. Efficiency, Equity and Burden—Sharing
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Salmons, Roger, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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314. Tropospheric Ozone and Urban Air Quality
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Moussiopoulos, Nicolas, Sahm, Peter, Tourlou, Paraskevi-Maria, Nitis, Theodoros, Azad, Abul Kalam, Papalexiou, Sofia, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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315. Regional Modelling of Tropospheric Ozone
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Simpson, David, Jonson, Jan Eiof, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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316. Macroeconomic Impacts of Abatement Strategies
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Kemfert, Claudia, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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317. Emission Abatement Measures
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Papameletiou, Demosthenes, Maqueda-Barrera, Jose Maria, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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318. Mitigating the impact of air pollution on dementia and brain health: Setting the policy agenda.
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Castellani, Brian, Bartington, Suzanne, Wistow, Jonathan, Heckels, Neil, Ellison, Amanda, Van Tongeren, Martie, Arnold, Steve R., Barbrook-Johnson, Pete, Bicket, Martha, Pope, Francis D., Russ, Tom C., Clarke, Charlotte L., Pirani, Monica, Schwannauer, Matthias, Vieno, Massimo, Turnbull, Rachel, Gilbert, Nigel, and Reis, Stefan
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AIR pollution , *INDOOR air pollution , *HEALTH policy , *LIFE course approach , *DEMENTIA - Abstract
Emerging research suggests exposure to high levels of air pollution at critical points in the life-course is detrimental to brain health, including cognitive decline and dementia. Social determinants play a significant role, including socio-economic deprivation, environmental factors and heightened health and social inequalities. Policies have been proposed more generally, but their benefits for brain health have yet to be fully explored. Over the course of two years, we worked as a consortium of 20+ academics in a participatory and consensus method to develop the first policy agenda for mitigating air pollution's impact on brain health and dementia, including an umbrella review and engaging 11 stakeholder organisations. We identified three policy domains and 14 priority areas. Research and Funding included: (1) embracing a complexities of place approach that (2) highlights vulnerable populations; (3) details the impact of ambient PM 2.5 on brain health, including current and historical high-resolution exposure models; (4) emphasises the importance of indoor air pollution; (5) catalogues the multiple pathways to disease for brain health and dementia, including those most at risk; (6) embraces a life course perspective; and (7) radically rethinks funding. Education and Awareness included: (8) making this unrecognised public health issue known; (9) developing educational products; (10) attaching air pollution and brain health to existing strategies and campaigns; and (11) providing publicly available monitoring, assessment and screening tools. Policy Evaluation included: (12) conducting complex systems evaluation; (13) engaging in co-production; and (14) evaluating air quality policies for their brain health benefits. Given the pressing issues of brain health, dementia and air pollution, setting a policy agenda is crucial. Policy needs to be matched by scientific evidence and appropriate guidelines, including bespoke strategies to optimise impact and mitigate unintended consequences. The agenda provided here is the first step toward such a plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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319. Life-course exposure to air pollution and biological ageing in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.
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Baranyi, Gergő, Deary, Ian J., McCartney, Daniel L., Harris, Sarah E., Shortt, Niamh, Reis, Stefan, Russ, Tom C., Ward Thompson, Catharine, Vieno, Massimo, Cox, Simon R., and Pearce, Jamie
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TELOMERES , *AIR pollution , *OLDER people , *COHORT analysis , *AIR quality indexes , *ATMOSPHERIC transport - Abstract
• Life course air pollution exposure and biological ageing markers were investigated in 525 older adults. • Young-to-middle adulthood exposure was associated with higher Horvath DNAmAge. • In males, air pollution in middle adulthood was linked to shorter DNAm telomere length. • Air pollution around birth was associated with shorter DNAm telomere length among females. Exposure to air pollution is associated with a range of diseases. Biomarkers derived from DNA methylation (DNAm) offer potential mechanistic insights into human health differences, connecting disease pathogenesis and biological ageing. However, little is known about sensitive periods during the life course where air pollution might have a stronger impact on DNAm, or whether effects accumulate over time. We examined associations between air pollution exposure across the life course and DNAm-based markers of biological ageing. Data were derived from the Scotland-based Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Participants' residential history was linked to annual levels of fine particle (PM 2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and ozone (O 3) around 1935, 1950, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2001; pollutant concentrations were estimated using the EMEP4UK atmospheric chemistry transport model. Blood samples were obtained between ages of 70 and 80 years, and Horvath DNAmAge, Hannum DNAmAge, DNAmPhenoAge, DNAmGrimAge, and DNAm telomere length (DNAmTL) were computed. We applied the structured life-course modelling approach: least angle regression identified best-fit life-course models for a composite measure of air pollution (air quality index [AQI]), and mixed-effects regression estimated selected models for AQI and single pollutants. We included 525 individuals with 1782 observations. In the total sample, increased air pollution around 1970 was associated with higher epigenetic age (AQI: b = 0.322 year, 95 %CI: 0.088, 0.555) measured with Horvath DNAmAge in late adulthood. We found shorter DNAmTL among males with higher air pollution around 1980 (AQI: b = −0.015 kilobase, 95 %CI: −0.027, −0.004) and among females with higher exposure around 1935 (AQI: b = −0.017 kilobase, 95 %CI: −0.028, −0.006). Findings were more consistent for the pollutants PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NO 2. We tested the life-course relationship between air pollution and DNAm-based biomarkers. Air pollution around birth and in young-to-middle adulthood is linked to accelerated epigenetic ageing and telomere-associated ageing in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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320. Making modeling and software FAIR.
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Barton, C. Michael, Ames, Daniel, Chen, Min, Frank, Karin, Jagers, H.R. Albert, Lee, Allen, Reis, Stefan, and Swantek, Laura
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COMPUTER software - Published
- 2022
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321. Introduction
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Friedrich, Rainer, Friedrich, Rainer, editor, and Reis, Stefan, editor
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- 2000
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322. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer use for more grain and less pollution.
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Ren, Keyu, Xu, Minggang, Li, Rong, Zheng, Lei, Liu, Shaogui, Reis, Stefan, Wang, Huiying, Lu, Changai, Zhang, Wenju, Gao, Hui, Duan, Yinghua, and Gu, Baojing
- Abstract
Optimal nitrogen (N) management is critical for efficient crop production and agricultural pollution control. Approximate 210–220 kg ha−1 N fertilizer was applied in millions of small plots through broadcasting way in China, resulting in over and loss of N fertilizers. However, it is difficult to implement advanced management practices on smallholder farms due to a lack of knowledge. Here, using 35,502 on-farm fertilization experiments, we demonstrated that smallholders in China could actually produce more grain with less N fertilizer use only through optimizing N application rate. The yields of wheat, maize and rice were shown to increase between 10% and 19% while N application rates were reduced by 15–19%. These changes resulted in an increase in N use efficiency (NUE) by 32–46% and a reduction in N surplus by 40% without actually changing farmers' operational practices. By reducing N application rates in line with official recommendations would not only save fertilizer cost while increasing crop yield, but also at the same time reduce environmental N pollution in China. Beyond of optimizing N application rate, improved management practices were required to produce more grain with less pollution, which would need about 11.8 billion US dollars for the implementation and reducing N loss reduction by 1.75 million tons to the environment. [Display omitted] • Optimizing N fertilizer rate was estimated based on 35,502 field experiments nationally. • Optimizing N rate increased NUE by 32–46% with 40% lower N surplus. • Environmental N loss was predicted to be reduced by 5.06 million t by optimizing N rate. • Best management strategies could result in 1.75 million tons N loss reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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323. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century.
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Fowler, David, Coyle, Mhairi, Skiba, Ute, Sutton, Mark A., Cape, J. Neil, Reis, Stefan, Sheppard, Lucy J., Jenkins, Alan, Grizzetti, Bruna, Galloway, James N., Vitousek, Peter, Leach, Allison, Bouwman, Alexander F., Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Dentener, Frank, Stevenson, David, Amann, Marcus, and Voss, Maren
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NITROGEN fixation , *VEGETATION dynamics , *AMMONIUM sulfate , *FERTILIZER research , *AMMONIUM nitrate - Abstract
Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg Nyr-1) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nr contribute to nitrate (NO-3) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nr compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg Nyr-1 to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3 contribute 40-70 Tg Nyr-1 to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 TgNyr-1) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nr is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2 or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nr in the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 10²-10³ years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nr is less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nr from which it is produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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324. Economic Costs of Nitrogen Management in Agriculture
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Jouke Oenema, Steen Gyldenkærne, Oene Oenema, Reis, Stefan, Howard, Clare, and Sutton, Mark A.
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Sustainable Soil Use ,Engineering ,Reactive nitrogen ,business.industry ,Natural resource economics ,Task force ,Environmental resource management ,Nitrogen management ,PE&RC ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,Farm level ,Agriculture ,Economic cost ,Life Science ,N management ,Duurzaam Bodemgebruik ,business ,Agro Field Technology Innovations - Abstract
Nitrogen (N) management is one of the measures of Annex IX of the revised Gothenburg Protocol and described in detail in the Guidance Document (Bittman et al., Options for ammonia mitigation: guidance from the UNECE task force on reactive nitrogen. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, 2014). The measures of Annex IX aim at the abatement of ammonia (NH3) emissions from agricultural sources. This chapter reviews literature dealing with the economic costs of N management, aimed at decreasing the N surplus and increasing N use efficiency (NUE) at farm level. Nitrogen balances are important tools for N management; they are prerequisites for monitoring, reporting and verification. They have been implemented in practice in Denmark and The Netherlands, and are used in many other countries as research tool. The economic costs of making N balances at farm level range between 200 and 500 € per farm per year. Possible additional costs relate to comparing and discussing these balances with other farmers. Also governments make costs for verification and control, estimated at 50–500 € per farm per year.
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- 2015
325. Detecting change in atmospheric ammonia following emission changes
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Liam Kinsella, Colin Gillespie, J. Webb, Chris Flechard, Jan Willem Erisman, Albert Bleeker, Michel Sponar, Beat Reidy, László Horváth, Robert W. Pinder, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Ellerman, Y. Sim Tang, Helle Vibeke Andersen, Nicholas J. Hutchings, Caroline Raes, Sonja Vidic, Marta Mitosinkova, Marcus Wallasch, Samantha M.H. Baker, Albrecht Neftel, Viney P. Aneja, Robert Gehrig, Anita Urszula Lewandowska, Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, Baker, Samantha, Agroscope Reckenholz - Tänikon (ART), and Agroscope
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Monitoring site ,Atmosphere ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia emission ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,Geography ,chemistry ,Reduced nitrogen ,13. Climate action ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,High temporal resolution ,Uncertainty analysis ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Working Group discussed the progress on the state of knowledge on deriving trends from measurements and their use to verify abatement measures or other causes for decrease in emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere. The conclusions from the 2000 Berne meeting (Menzi and Achermann 2001), the background review (Bleeker et al. 2009) and presentations during the session (Horvath et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2009; Webb et al. 2009), as well as the discussions served as input for the conclusions of this report. We have seen some clear advancement in closing the gap between the observed and expected values for reduced nitrogen, where we do get a better understanding of the reasons behind it. The long-term measurements that are available follow the emission trend. Current measurements make it possible to evaluate policy progress on ammonia emission abatement. Especially in those countries where there were big (>25%) changes in emissions, such as in the Netherlands and Denmark the trend is followed quite closely, especially when meteorology is well taken into account. In order countries, such as the UK, the trend was much smaller, but there was no gap between measurements and model estimates. In the Netherlands there still is an ammonia gap: a significant (30%) difference between emissions based ammonia concentrations and measurements. The trend is the same. The difference might be due to either an underestimation of the emission or an overestimation of the dry deposition. It is recommended to further explore this gap, especially by investigating the high temporal resolution measurements, improving the emission/deposition modeling, by having a model intercomparison with countries that use models that do not show a gap and finally by doing a thorough uncertainty analysis. On the European scale it is difficult to follow the emission changes, both because of lack of measurements, especially in the Eastern part of Europe and because of the confounding factor of the SO2 emission reductions, affecting the ammonium concentrations in aerosol and in rain water. It is recommended to fully implement the EMEP monitoring strategy and to improve the models in order to quantify the influence of a changing chemical climate. The EMEP monitoring strategy can be a good starting point for development of a strategy that is focused on the right questions. Therefore first it is necessary to evaluate policies and the indicators derived from them that need to be assessed (time and space). Using existing models a pre-modeling study should be done to select the monitoring sites that eventually will give you the answer to the basic (policy) question using improved models and assessment tools. The best and economic feasible instrumentation should be selected with an extensive QA/QC program to make the measurements comparable. After implementation, especially for trend evaluation, the monitors used should not be changed.
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- 2009
326. Modelling the national and regional transport and deposition of ammonia
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Fagerli Hilde, Ole Hertel, Addo van Pul, Massimo Vieno, Camilla Geels, Nemitz Eiko, Smith Ron, Wichink Kruijt Roy, Stefan Reis, Liu Xuejun, Bergström Robert, Tony Dore, Maciej Kryza, Sutton, Mark, Stefan Reis, Stefan, and Baker, Samantha
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Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical transport model ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Emission inventory ,Atmospheric sciences ,Eulerian model ,Deposition (chemistry)
327. Reliability of ammonia emission estimates and abatement efficiencies
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Samantha M.H. Baker, Misselbrook Tom, Reidy Beat, Smith Ken, John Ayres, Shabtai Bittman, Caroline Raes, J. Nicholas Hutchings, J. Webb, Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, and Baker, Samantha
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia emission ,chemistry ,Ammonium nitrate ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Reliability (statistics)
328. Linking ammonia emission trends to measured concentrations and deposition of reduced nitrogen at different scales
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Thomas Gauger, Marta Mitosinkova, Hilde Fagerli, Marc A. Sutton, Thomas Ellermann, Albert Bleeker, Sim Tang, David Fowler, Jan Willem Erisman, Beat Acherman, Lars Robert Hole, Viney P. Aneja, Karen S. Harlen, Ana Alebić-Juretić, László Horváth, Rognvald I. Smith, Addo van Pul, Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, and Baker, Samantha
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Ammonia emission ,Deposition (aerosol physics) ,Geography ,Critical level ,Reduced nitrogen ,business.industry ,Environmental protection ,Environmental resource management ,Global change ,business ,Expert group - Abstract
This document builds on the Bern Background Document, which was used to facilitate the discussion about following emission trends by means of measurement data at the UN/ECE Ammonia Expert Group meeting in Bern (Switzerland) in 2000. It is now 6 years since the Bern Workshop and major new datasets on European NH3 and NH4 + monitoring and their relationship to estimated NH3 emissions have become available for the following countries: United Kingdom, Germany, 2Hungary, Switzerland, DenmarkThe Netherlands, North Carolina, Slovak Republic, Norway and Croatia. Based on these datasets our current scientific understanding about the different issues are updated. In particular, input will be given to questions like: is there still an "Ammonia Gap" in the Netherlands, does such a gap exist in other countries, can we be confident of the effectiveness of ammonia mitigation policies and how can we best address the relationships between emission and deposition using atmospheric modelling and improved monitoring activities
329. Ammonia Policy Context and Future Challenges
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Zbigniew Klimont, Helle Vibeke Andersen, Chris Flechard, Michel Sponar, Caroline Raes, Collin Gillespie, Thomas Ellerman, Y. Sim Tang, Mark A. Sutton, Nicholas J. Hutchings, Samantha M.H. Baker, Till Spranger, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, and Baker, Samantha
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Legislation ,Context (language use) ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,12. Responsible consumption ,Order (exchange) ,11. Sustainability ,Environmental planning ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,business.industry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Policy analysis ,6. Clean water ,13. Climate action ,Agriculture ,Nutrient pollution ,Scale (social sciences) ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,business ,Working group - Abstract
Ammonia emissions are major contributors to eutrophication and acidification of ecosystems and secondary PM2.5 concentrations in Europe. Reduction of the ammonia emissions in Europe has been on the agenda for more than a decade, first on a national scale, e.g. in Denmark and the Netherlands, followed by international efforts. The latter include the UNECE CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol and EU directives and strategies. This Cross Cutting Group considered the policy context of the ammonia problem, including socio-economic, environmental, institutional and technological aspects. Drawing on the scientific findings and recommendations from the other Working Groups and independent contributions from the participants, the Cross Cutting Group addressed the potential role of different policy options to help mitigate ecosystem and health impacts of ammonia emissions. It also discussed a need to adapt tools used in policy analysis (integrated assessment models, IAMs) and consequently evaluate policies in view of new findings. Ammonia policies are becoming strongly interlinked with a number of other environmental and agricultural policies. In order to avoid the problem of pollution swapping, future policies need to consider these interactions. This in turn calls for extensions the tools currently used, verification of specific elements of the models, adaptation of monitoring networks, targeted measurement programs, but also possible revision of legislation in order to close existing loopholes and increase synergies in addressing nitrogen pollution at large. In that sense, priority should be given to measures aiming at reducing all kinds of nitrogen losses at farm level. Ammonia emission reduction policies must be analysed in a multi-effect (human health, acidification and eutrophication of the ecosystems and related biodiversity loss), multi-media (air, water, soil), multi-scale (hot spots, regional, European, global) framework. Following the recommendation of Working Group on critical levels for ammonia, of lowing the values set (Cape et al. 2009), there is a need for careful evaluation of the representativeness of EMEP model results for ammonia concentration. Another important implication is a need for discussion whether, and if so how the new critical levels will be used in addition to critical loads in formulating air pollution targets. This is particularly true at local or regional levels in regions with spatially variable ammonia emissions and concentrations. Responding to some of the policies like the EU Nitrate Directive or Biodiversity related directives, farmers in certain areas adjusted agricultural practices, e.g., by shifting application of manures from autumn to spring. This leads to changes in seasonal patterns of ammonia concentrations. More attention is needed how to monitor and incorporate impacts of such policies in modelling tools. It is necessary to explore possibilities of considering local biodiversity action plans in larger scale modelling. Strategies exist to integrate them into the European scale, e.g., via the FFH Directive and the Natura2000 network. However, the role of air pollution effects is often not explicitly taken into account even though nitrogen inputs have a large effect on biodiversity: there is room for improvement on local, national and European levels.
330. Ammonia deposition Near Hot Spots: Process, Models and Monitoring Methods
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Benjamin Loubet, Asman, Willem A. H., Theobald, Mark R., Ole Hertel, Sim Tang, Y., Paul Robin, Mélynda Hassouna, Ulrich Dämmgen, Sophie Genermont, Pier Cellier, Sutton, Mark A., Sutton, Mark, Reis, Stefan, and Baker, Samantha
331. Managing fragmented croplands for environmental and economic benefits in China.
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Deng O, Ran J, Huang S, Duan J, Reis S, Zhang J, Zhu YG, Xu J, and Gu B
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- Animals, Agriculture, Crop Production methods, Vegetables, Nitrogen chemistry, Greenhouse Gases
- Abstract
Cropland fragmentation contributes to low productivity and high abandonment risk. Using spatial statistics on a detailed land use map, we show that 10% of Chinese croplands have no potential to be consolidated for large-scale farming (>10 ha) owing to spatial constraints. These fragmented croplands contribute only 8% of total crop production while using 15% of nitrogen fertilizers, leading to 12% of fertilizer loss in China. Optimizing the cropping structure of fragmented croplands to meet animal food demand in China can increase animal food supply by 19%, equivalent to increasing cropland proportionally. This crop-switching approach would lead to a 10% and 101% reduction in nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions, respectively, resulting in a net benefit of US$ 7 billion yr
-1 . If these fragmented croplands were relocated to generate large-scale farming units, livestock, vegetable and fruit production would be increased by 8%, 3% and 14%, respectively, and reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by 16% and 5%, respectively, resulting in a net benefit of US$ 44 billion yr-1 . Both solutions could be used to achieve synergies between food security, economic benefits and environmental protection through increased agricultural productivity, without expanding the overall cropland area., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2024
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332. Managing urban development could halve nitrogen pollution in China.
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Deng O, Wang S, Ran J, Huang S, Zhang X, Duan J, Zhang L, Xia Y, Reis S, Xu J, Xu J, de Vries W, Sutton MA, and Gu B
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Halving nitrogen pollution is crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, how to reduce nitrogen pollution from multiple sources remains challenging. Here we show that reactive nitrogen (Nr) pollution could be roughly halved by managed urban development in China by 2050, with NH
3 , NOx and N2 O atmospheric emissions declining by 44%, 30% and 33%, respectively, and Nr to water bodies by 53%. While rural-urban migration increases point-source nitrogen emissions in metropolitan areas, it promotes large-scale farming, reducing rural sewage and agricultural non-point-source pollution, potentially improving national air and water quality. An investment of approximately US$ 61 billion in waste treatment, land consolidation, and livestock relocation yields an overall benefit of US$ 245 billion. This underscores the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of halving Nr pollution through urbanization, contributing significantly to SDG1 (No poverty), SDG2 (Zero hunger), SDG6 (Clean water), SDG12 (Responsible consumption and production), SDG14 (Climate Action), and so on., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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333. Climate change unequally affects nitrogen use and losses in global croplands.
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Ren C, Zhang X, Reis S, Wang S, Jin J, Xu J, and Gu B
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- Agriculture methods, Global Warming, Crops, Agricultural, Climate Change, Nitrogen
- Abstract
Maintaining food production while reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution is a grand challenge under global climate change. Yet, the response of global agricultural nitrogen uses and losses to climate change on the temporal and spatial scales has not been fully characterized. Here, using historical data for 1961-2018 from over 150 countries, we show that global warming leads to small temporal but substantial spatial impacts on cropland nitrogen use and losses. Yield and nitrogen use efficiency increase in 29% and 56% of countries, respectively, whereas they reduce in the remaining countries compared with the situation without global warming in 2018. Precipitation and farm size changes would further intensify the spatial variations of nitrogen use and losses globally, but managing farm size could increase the global cropland nitrogen use efficiency to over 70% by 2100. Our results reveal the importance of reducing global inequalities of agricultural nitrogen use and losses to sustain global agriculture production and reduce agricultural pollution., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
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334. Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China.
- Author
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Ren C, Zhou X, Wang C, Guo Y, Diao Y, Shen S, Reis S, Li W, Xu J, and Gu B
- Subjects
- Humans, China, Fertilizers analysis, Age Factors, Efficiency, Environmental Pollutants, Agriculture economics, Agriculture education, Agriculture methods, Agriculture organization & administration, Farmers education, Farmers statistics & numerical data, Farms economics, Farms organization & administration, Farms statistics & numerical data, Farms trends, Age Distribution, Food Security economics, Food Security methods, Sustainable Development economics, Sustainable Development trends, Rural Population statistics & numerical data, Rural Population trends
- Abstract
Rapid demographic ageing substantially affects socioeconomic development
1-4 and presents considerable challenges for food security and agricultural sustainability5-8 , which have so far not been well understood. Here, by using data from more than 15,000 rural households with crops but no livestock across China, we show that rural population ageing reduced farm size by 4% through transferring cropland ownership and land abandonment (approximately 4 million hectares) in 2019, taking the population age structure in 1990 as a benchmark. These changes led to a reduction of agricultural inputs, including chemical fertilizers, manure and machinery, which decreased agricultural output and labour productivity by 5% and 4%, respectively, further lowering farmers' income by 15%. Meanwhile, fertilizer loss increased by 3%, resulting in higher pollutant emissions to the environment. In new farming models, such as cooperative farming, farms tend to be larger and operated by younger farmers, who have a higher average education level, hence improving agricultural management. By encouraging the transition to new farming models, the negative consequences of ageing can be reversed. Agricultural input, farm size and farmer's income would grow by approximately 14%, 20% and 26%, respectively, and fertilizer loss would reduce by 4% in 2100 compared with that in 2020. This suggests that management of rural ageing will contribute to a comprehensive transformation of smallholder farming to sustainable agriculture in China., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2023
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335. The Contribution of Environmental Science to Mental Health Research: A Scoping Review.
- Author
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Roberts M, Colley K, Currie M, Eastwood A, Li KH, Avery LM, Beevers LC, Braithwaite I, Dallimer M, Davies ZG, Fisher HL, Gidlow CJ, Memon A, Mudway IS, Naylor LA, Reis S, Smith P, Stansfeld SA, Wilkie S, and Irvine KN
- Subjects
- Humans, Mental Health, Pandemics, Environmental Exposure, COVID-19, Environmental Science
- Abstract
Mental health is influenced by multiple complex and interacting genetic, psychological, social, and environmental factors. As such, developing state-of-the-art mental health knowledge requires collaboration across academic disciplines, including environmental science. To assess the current contribution of environmental science to this field, a scoping review of the literature on environmental influences on mental health (including conditions of cognitive development and decline) was conducted. The review protocol was developed in consultation with experts working across mental health and environmental science. The scoping review included 202 English-language papers, published between 2010 and 2020 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), on environmental themes that had not already been the subject of recent systematic reviews; 26 reviews on climate change, flooding, air pollution, and urban green space were additionally considered. Studies largely focused on populations in the USA, China, or Europe and involved limited environmental science input. Environmental science research methods are primarily focused on quantitative approaches utilising secondary datasets or field data. Mental health measurement was dominated by the use of self-report psychometric scales. Measures of environmental states or exposures were often lacking in specificity (e.g., limited to the presence or absence of an environmental state). Based on the scoping review findings and our synthesis of the recent reviews, a research agenda for environmental science's future contribution to mental health scholarship is set out. This includes recommendations to expand the geographical scope and broaden the representation of different environmental science areas, improve measurement of environmental exposure, prioritise experimental and longitudinal research designs, and giving greater consideration to variation between and within communities and the mediating pathways by which environment influences mental health. There is also considerable opportunity to increase interdisciplinarity within the field via the integration of conceptual models, the inclusion of mixed methods and qualitative approaches, as well as further consideration of the socio-political context and the environmental states that can help support good mental health. The findings were used to propose a conceptual model to parse contributions and connections between environmental science and mental health to inform future studies.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
336. Driving forces of nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese croplands on county scale.
- Author
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Chen B, Ren C, Wang C, Duan J, Reis S, and Gu B
- Subjects
- Agriculture methods, Crops, Agricultural, Manure, China, Nitrogen analysis, Fertilizers
- Abstract
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, defined as the fraction of N input harvested as product) is an important indicator to understand nitrogen use and losses in croplands as an element of determining sustainable food production. China, as the country with the largest amount of nitrogen fertilizer use globally, research into NUE consistently finds it to be much lower than that in developed countries. Understanding the driving forces of the underlying causes of this low NUE is thus crucial to improve nitrogen use and reduce losses in China. Here we applied the CHANS model to estimate cropland NUE for over 2800 counties in China for the year 2017. Results showed that in most counties NUE ranged between 20% and 40%, while an NUE >50% was mainly found in Northeastern China, likely as a result of large-scale, modern agriculture operations. The source of N input and crop types significantly affected NUE in our assessment. Nitrogen deposition, straw recycling, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) could improve NUE, while chemical nitrogen fertilizer and manure inputs reduce NUE. Grain crops have a much higher NUE compared to vegetables, which are often over-fertilized. Moreover, NUE in Southern China is strongly influenced by natural factors such as temperature and precipitation. Specifically, NUE in the Yangtze River Delta (eastern coastal region of China) is associated with socio-economic factors including GDP and the degree of urbanization, while in North-central China, NUE is mainly determined by nitrogen input sources. These examples illustrate that approaches aiming at improving NUE need to be location-specific with consideration of multiple natural and socioeconomic factors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
337. A 12% switch from monogastric to ruminant livestock production can reduce emissions and boost crop production for 525 million people.
- Author
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Cheng L, Zhang X, Reis S, Ren C, Xu J, and Gu B
- Abstract
Ruminants have lower feed use efficiency than monogastric livestock, and produce higher reactive nitrogen and methane emissions, but can utilize human-inedible biomass through foraging and straw feedstock. Here we conduct a counterfactual analysis, replacing ruminants with monogastric livestock to quantify the changes in nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions globally from a whole life cycle perspective. Switching 12% of global livestock production from monogastric to ruminant livestock could reduce nitrogen emissions by 2% and greenhouse gas emissions by 5% due to land use change and lower demand for cropland areas for ruminant feed. The output from released cropland could feed up to 525 million people worldwide. More ruminant products, in addition to optimized management, would generate overall benefits valued at US$468 billion through reducing adverse impacts on human and ecosystem health, and mitigating climate impacts., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2022
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338. Ammonia Emissions from Croplands Decrease with Farm Size in China.
- Author
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Wang C, Duan J, Ren C, Liu H, Reis S, Xu J, and Gu B
- Subjects
- Agriculture, China, Crops, Agricultural, Farms, Nitrogen analysis, Ammonia, Fertilizers
- Abstract
Farm size affects nitrogen fertilizer input and agricultural practices, which are key determinants of ammonia (NH
3 ) emissions from croplands. However, the degree to which NH3 emissions are associated with changes in farm size is not well understood yet despite its crucial role in achieving agricultural sustainability in China, where agricultural production is still dominated by smallholder farms. Here we provide a first analysis of the relationship between farm size and NH3 emissions based on 863 000 surveys conducted in 2017 across China. Results show that NH3 emissions (kg ha-1 ) on average decrease by 0.07% for each 1% increase in average farm size. This change occurs mainly due to a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer use and the introduction of more efficient fertilization practices. The largest reduction in NH3 emissions is found in maize, with less pronounced changes in rice cultivation, and none for wheat production. Overall lower NH3 emissions factors can be observed in the north of China with increasing farm size, especially in the northeast, the opposite pattern was found in the south. National total NH3 emissions could be approximately halved (1.5 Tg) in a scenario favoring a conversion to large-scale farming systems. This substantial reduction potential highlights the potential of such a transition to reduce NH3 emissions, including benefits from a socioeconomic point of view as well as for improving air quality.- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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339. Integrated livestock sector nitrogen pollution abatement measures could generate net benefits for human and ecosystem health in China.
- Author
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Zhu Z, Zhang X, Dong H, Wang S, Reis S, Li Y, and Gu B
- Abstract
Nearly one quarter of global meat production occurs in China, but a lack of detailed spatial livestock production data hinders ongoing pollution mitigation strategies. Here we generate high-resolution maps of livestock systems in China using over 480,000 farm surveys from 2007 to 2017, finding that China produced more livestock protein with fewer animals and less total pollution impact through better breeding, feeding and manure management in large-scale livestock farms. Hotspots of production can be observed across the North China Plain, Northeastern China and the Sichuan Basin. The Clean Water Act reduced manure nutrient losses to water by one third, but with limited changes to methane and ammonia emissions. Integrated production and consumption abatement measures costing approximately US$6 billion could further reduce livestock pollution by 2050, realizing benefits of up to US$30 billion due to avoided human health and ecosystem costs., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2022
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340. Reforming smallholder farms to mitigate agricultural pollution.
- Author
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Yu Y, Hu Y, Gu B, Reis S, and Yang L
- Subjects
- Environment, Farms, Soil, Agriculture, Fertilizers analysis
- Abstract
China's agriculture is dominated by smallholder farms, which have become major sources of negative environmental impacts including eutrophication, formation of haze, soil acidification and greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate these environmental impacts, new farming models including family farming, cooperation farming and industrial farming have emerged in recent years. However, whether these new farming practices would improve the economic and environmental performance as compared to the current smallholder farming has yet to be verified on ground level. In this paper, by using pilot farming cases within the watershed of Tai Lake, we found that alternative farming models produced 7% more crop yield, while using 8% less fertilizer, leading to a 28% decrease in pollutant emission per hectare. These alternative farming models have a 17% higher fertilizer use efficiency and 50% higher profit per hectare. Compared to smallholder farming, these alternative farming practices invest 27% more resources into agricultural facilities, including advanced machinery, and have a younger, better educated labor force as a consequence of a larger farm size and more specialization. These input changes substantially increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce agricultural pollution. Policy arrangements to support and facilitate the uptake of these farming models will further promote the green development and sustainable intensification of agricultural production., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
341. Author Correction: Consolidation of agricultural land can contribute to agricultural sustainability in China.
- Author
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Duan J, Ren C, Wang S, Zhang X, Reis S, Xu J, and Gu B
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
342. Dry Climate Aggravates Riverine Nitrogen Pollution in Australia by Water Volume Reduction.
- Author
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Reis S, Chen D, Xu J, and Gu B
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Climate, Rivers, Water Quality, Ecosystem, Nitrogen analysis
- Abstract
Freshwater is a scarce resource, and maintaining water quality is of great importance in dryland Australia. How water quality is affected by the dry climate and socio-economic influences in Australia remains widely unknown. Here, we find that agriculture activity dominates reactive nitrogen (N
r ) emissions to water bodies. Such emissions not only contribute to deteriorating water quality in Southeastern Australia but also harm marine ecosystems, including the Great Barrier Reef, a World Natural Heritage site. A dry and warm climate reduces the share of Nr emitted directly to water bodies; however, it increases the Nr concentration in surface water due to reduced water volume, leading to a 3-fold higher water Nr concentration compared to major rivers globally, e.g., in the US or China. Business-as-usual socioeconomic development would increase the total Nr emitted to surface water by at least 43% by 2050, while effective mitigation measures could reduce N runoff by about 27%. Advanced agricultural management strategies should be considered to reduce future environmental pressures due to N runoff in Australia.- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
343. Consolidation of agricultural land can contribute to agricultural sustainability in China.
- Author
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Duan J, Ren C, Wang S, Zhang X, Reis S, Xu J, and Gu B
- Abstract
China's agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farms, which mostly exhibit relatively low nutrient use efficiency, low agricultural income and substantial non-point-source pollution. Here we assess the spatial feasibility and cost-effectiveness of agricultural land consolidation in China by integrating data from over 40,000 rural surveys, ecological modelling and geostatistical analysis. We found that 86% of Chinese croplands could be consolidated to establish a large-scale farming regime with an average field size greater than 16 ha. This would result in a 59% and 91% increase in knowledge exchange and machinery use, respectively, contributing to a 24% reduction in total nitrogen input, an 18% increase in nitrogen use efficiency and a 39% reduction in labour requirement, while doubling labour income. Despite requiring a one-time investment of approximate US$370 billion for land consolidation, total agricultural profits would double due to agricultural production costs being halved., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
344. Urbanization can benefit agricultural production with large-scale farming in China.
- Author
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Wang S, Bai X, Zhang X, Reis S, Chen D, Xu J, and Gu B
- Abstract
Urbanization has often been considered a threat to food security since it is likely to reduce the availability of croplands. Using spatial statistics and scenario analysis, we show that an increase in China's urbanization level from 56% in 2015 to 80% in 2050 would actually release 5.8 million hectares of rural land for agricultural production-equivalent to 4.1% of China's total cropland area in 2015. Even considering the relatively lower land fertility of these new croplands, crop production in 2050 would still be 3.1-4.2% higher than in 2015. In addition, cropland fragmentation could be reduced with rural land release and a decrease in rural population, benefiting large-scale farming and environmental protection. To ensure this, it is necessary to adopt an integrated urban-rural development model, with reclamation of lands previously used as residential lots. These insights into the urbanization and food security debate have important policy implications for global regions undergoing rapid urbanization., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
345. Air pollution and brain health: defining the research agenda.
- Author
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Russ TC, Reis S, and van Tongeren M
- Subjects
- Brain Diseases epidemiology, Humans, Mental Health, Air Pollution adverse effects, Brain Diseases chemically induced, Dementia chemically induced, Dementia epidemiology, Environmental Exposure adverse effects
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: The literature on air pollution and brain health is rapidly expanding and it is a universal finding that greater exposure to air pollution is associated with worse outcomes, whatever the measure of brain health used (clinical dementia, neuroimaging correlates, or cognitive impairment). However, there are a number of important questions which the studies currently published are not able to answer: when in the life course does exposure to air pollution most have the most impact?; which pollutant(s) or components are most important?; and since dementia describes a heterogeneous group of conditions, which is most affected by exposure to air pollution?, Recent Findings: We briefly review and discuss the nine articles which have been published so far in 2018, so recently that they were not included in the four review articles also published this year. We highlight the variation in estimates of air pollution used but the consistency in deriving them from residential address (with or without some knowledge of an individual's previous home locations)., Summary: We are now at the stage when the research agenda needs to be agreed and we believe these three questions should be the focus of future research.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
346. Ambient concentrations and deposition rates of selected reactive nitrogen species and their contribution to PM 2.5 aerosols at three locations with contrasting land use in southwest China.
- Author
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Song L, Liu X, Skiba U, Zhu B, Zhang X, Liu M, Twigg M, Shen J, Dore A, Reis S, Coyle M, Zhang W, Levy P, and Fowler D
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Air Pollution analysis, Air Pollution statistics & numerical data, Ammonia analysis, Atmosphere chemistry, China, Cities, Dust, Nitrogen analysis, Seasons, Aerosols analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Reactive Nitrogen Species analysis
- Abstract
The fast economic development of southwest China has resulted in significant increases in the concentrations of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the atmosphere. In this study, an urban (Chengdu, CD), suburban (Shifang, SF) and agriculture (Yanting, YT) - dominated location in the Sichuan Province, southwest China, were selected to investigate the atmospheric composition of Nr, their concentrations and deposition rates. We measured Nr concentrations in precipitation (NH
4 + , NO3 - and organic N (DON)), the gas phase (NH3 and NO2 ), and the aerosol particles (PM2.5 ), and calculated their fluxes over a two year period (2014-2016). Total annual N deposition rates were 49.2, 44.7 and 19.8 kg N ha-1 yr-1 at CD, SF and YT, respectively. Ammonia concentrations were larger at the urban and suburban sites than the agricultural site (12.2, 14.9, and 4.9 μg N m-3 at CD, SF and YT, respectively). This is consistent with the multitude of larger sources of NH3 , including city garbage, livestock and traffic, in the urban and suburban areas. Monthly NO2 concentrations were lower in warmer compared to the colder months, but seasonal differences were insignificant. Daily PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 7.7 to 236.0, 5.0-210.4 and 4.2-128.4 μg m-3 at CD, SF and YT, respectively, and showed significant correlations with fine particulate NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations. Ratios of reduced to oxidized N were in the range of 1.6-2.7. This implies that the control of reduced Nr especially in urban environments is needed to improve local air quality., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
347. PM 2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China.
- Author
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Wu Y, Gu B, Erisman JW, Reis S, Fang Y, Lu X, and Zhang X
- Subjects
- Aerosols analysis, Air Pollutants chemistry, Ammonia chemistry, China, Environmental Pollution, Humans, Nitrogen Oxides analysis, Ozone, Particle Size, Particulate Matter analysis, Sulfur Dioxide analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds chemistry, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Ammonia analysis, Cities, Environmental Monitoring methods, Smog analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis
- Abstract
Urban air quality in China has been declining substantially in recent years due to severe haze episodes. The reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO
2 ) and nitrogen oxide (NOx ) emissions since 2013 does not yet appear to yield substantial benefits for haze mitigation. As the reductions of those key precursors to secondary aerosol formation appears not to sufficient, other crucial factors need to be considered for the design of effective air pollution control strategies. Here we argue that ammonia (NH3 ) plays a - so far - underestimated role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, a main component of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) concentrations in China. By analyzing in situ concentration data observed in major cities alongside gridded emission data obtained from remote sensing and inventories, we find that emissions of NH3 have a more robust association with the spatiotemporal variation of PM2.5 levels than emissions of SO2 and NOx . As a consequence, we argue that urban PM2.5 pollution in China in many locations is substantially affected by NH3 emissions. We highlight that more efforts should be directed to the reduction of NH3 emissions that help mitigate PM2.5 pollution more efficiently than other PM2.5 precursors. Such efforts will yield substantial co-benefits by improving nitrogen use efficiency in farming systems. As a consequence, such integrated strategies would not only improve urban air quality, but also contribute to China's food-security goals, prevent further biodiversity loss, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead to economic savings., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
348. Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition.
- Author
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Sutton MA, Reis S, Riddick SN, Dragosits U, Nemitz E, Theobald MR, Tang YS, Braban CF, Vieno M, Dore AJ, Mitchell RF, Wanless S, Daunt F, Fowler D, Blackall TD, Milford C, Flechard CR, Loubet B, Massad R, Cellier P, Personne E, Coheur PF, Clarisse L, Van Damme M, Ngadi Y, Clerbaux C, Skjøth CA, Geels C, Hertel O, Wichink Kruit RJ, Pinder RW, Bash JO, Walker JT, Simpson D, Horváth L, Misselbrook TH, Bleeker A, Dentener F, and de Vries W
- Subjects
- Ammonia analysis, Animals, Birds, United States, Air Pollution analysis, Ammonia chemistry, Atmosphere analysis, Climate, Climate Change, Models, Theoretical, Nitrogen Cycle
- Abstract
Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) land-atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH3 emission-deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28-67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH3 emissions may increase from 65 (45-85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89-179) Tg by 2100.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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