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Nivalenol as a mycotoxin pesticide is toxic to humans and animals and causes major health problems including hemorrhage, anemia, and vomiting. Thus, the need for fast and reliable analytical systems in terms of the management of health risks resulting from nivalenol exposure has increased in recent years. The aim of this study involved a novel molecularly imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor preparation based on sulphur-incorporating cobalt ferrite for nivalenol detection in rice samples. For this aim, cobalt ferrite and sulfur incorporated cobalt ferrite were successfully synthesized by sol-gel and calcination methods, respectively. Then, nivalenol imprinted quartz crystal microbalance chips based on cobalt ferrite and sulfur incorporated cobalt ferrite were prepared by an ultraviolet polymerization technique including N , N '-azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, methacryloylamidoglutamic acid as the monomer, and nivalenol as the analyte. After some spectroscopic, electrochemical and microscopic characterization studies, the developed sensor was applied to rice grain samples for the determination of nivalenol. The linearity of the prepared sensor was observed to be 1.0-10.0 ng L -1 and the limit of quantification and detection limit were found to be 1.0 and 0.33 ng L -1 , respectively. Finally, the high selectivity, repeatability, and stability of the prepared sensor based on sulphur-incorporating cobalt ferrite and a molecularly imprinted polymer can ensure safe food consumption worldwide.

This research attempt involved the development and utilization of a newly designed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor which incorporated sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C 3 N 4 ) as the molecular imprinting material. The primary objective was to employ this sensor for the quantitative analysis of Fenpicoxamid (FEN) in rice samples. The synthesis of S-g-C 3 N 4 with excellent purity was achieved using the thermal poly-condensation approach, which adheres to the principles of green chemistry. Afterwards, UV polymerization was utilized to fabricate a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip imprinted with FEN, employing S-g-C 3 N 4 as the substrate material. This process involved the inclusion of N,N'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, methacryloylamidoglutamic acid (MAGA) as the monomer, and FEN as the analyte. After successful structural analysis investigations on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip utilizing S-g-C 3 N 4 , which was imprinted with FEN, a comprehensive investigation was conducted using spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical techniques. Subsequently, the kinetic analysis applications, namely the determination of the limit of quantification (LOQ) and the limit of detection (LOD), were carried out. For analytical results, the linearity of the FEN-imprinted SPR chip based on S-g-C 3 N 4 was determined as 1.0-10.0 ng L -1 FEN, and LOQ and LOD values were obtained as 1.0 ng L -1 and 0.30 ng L -1 , respectively. Finally, the prepared SPR sensor's high selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability will ensure safe food consumption worldwide.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on MnCO 3 nanostructures incorporated into carbon fibers (MnCO 3 NS/CF), including a molecularly imprinting polymer (MIP), was developed for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, a sensitive and selective sensor design for OTA detection was successfully performed by utilizing the selectivity and catalysis properties of MIP and the synthesized MnCO 3 NS/CF material at the same time. MnCO 3 nanostructures incorporated into carbon fibers were first characterized by using various analytical techniques. The sensor revealed a linearity towards OTA in the range of 1.0 × 10 -11 -1.0 × 10 -9 mol L -1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 2.0 × 10 -12 mol L -1 . The improved electrochemical signal strategy was achieved by high electrical conductivity on the electrode surface, providing fast electron transportation. In particular, the analysis process could be finished in less than 5.0 min without complex and expensive equipment. Lastly, the molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor also revealed superior stability, repeatability and reproducibility.

A molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor based on boron-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (B-g-C 3 N 4 ) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was presented for selective determination of bisphenol A (BPA). In particular, by combining the selectivity and high stability properties, which are the most important advantages of molecular imprinted polymers, and the highly sensitive properties of GQDs/B-g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite, a highly selective and sensitive analytical method was developed for BPA analysis. Firstly, GQDs/B-g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite was characterized by using microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. This novel molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor for BPA detection demonstrated a linearity of 1.0 × 10 -11 -1.0 × 10 -9 M and a low detection limit (LOD, 3.0 × 10 -12 M). BPA-imprinted polymer on GQDs/B-g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite also showed good stability, repeatability and selectivity in food samples.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that has a carcinogenic effect and is often found at a high rate in frequently consumed foods. In this study, a characteristic molecular imprinted quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor based on molybdenum disulfide nanoparticle (MoS 2 NPs)-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite (MoS 2 NPs-MWCNTs) is presented for selective determination of ZEA in rice samples. Firstly, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticle (MoS 2 NP)-multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites were characterized by using microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. Then, ZEA-imprinted QCM chip was prepared in the presence of methacryloylamidoglutamicacid (MAGA) as monomer, N,N'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator, and ZEA as target molecule by using UV polymerization. The sensor revealed a linearity toward ZEA in the range 1.0-10.0 ng L -1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.30 ng L -1 . The high repeatability, reusability, selectivity, and stability of the developed sensor enable reliable ZEA detection in rice samples., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is an intermediate produced by dehydrating sugars, such as fructose, sucrose, and glucose, in an acidic medium or during the Maillard reaction. It also occurs due to the storage of sugary foods at inappropriate temperatures. In addition, HMF is seen as a quality criterion in products. In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on graphene quantum dots incorporated NiAl 2 O 4 (GQDs-NiAl 2 O 4 ) nanocomposite was presented for the selective determination of HMF in coffee samples. Various microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods were carried out for the structural characterizations of GQDs-NiAl 2 O 4 nanocomposite. The molecularly imprinted sensor was prepared by multi-scanning using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the presence of 100.0 mM pyrrole monomer and 25.0 mM HMF. After method optimization, the sensor revealed linearity towards HMF in the range of 1.0-10.0 ng L -1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.30 ng L -1 . The developed MIP sensor's high repeatability, selectivity, stability, and fast response ability can provide reliable HMF detection in beverages, such as coffee, which is heavily consumed.

Carbendazim (CAR) as a fungicide is utilized for fruits and vegetables to provide diseases' control and the degradation of carbendazim having benzimidazole ring is slow. Herein, a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on CdMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite was prepared for CAR determination in fruit juice samples. Firstly, CdMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite with high yield was fabricated via one-pot in-situ hydrothermal approach including environmentally friendly method. Formation of CAR imprinted polymers was performed on CdMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in presence of CAR as template and pyrrole (Py) as a monomer by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Following the morphological, structural, and optical characterization of as-synthesized nanocomposite, the electrochemical techniques were also implemented to evaluate the electrochemical features of fabricated electrodes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) values were calculated as 0.1 × 10 -10  M, and 2.5 × 10 -12  M, respectively in addition to satisfactory selectivity, stability, reproducibility and reusability. The findings revealed that the proposed CAR imprinted electrochemical sensor can be successfully employed in food safety., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The early diagnosis of major diseases such as cancer is typically a major issue for humanity. Human α-fetoprotein (AFP) as a sialylated glycoprotein is of approximately 68 kD molecular weight and is considered to be a key biomarker, and an increase in its level indicates the presence of liver, testicular, or gastric cancer. In this study, an electrochemical AFP immunosensor based on Fe 3 O 4 NPs@covalent organic framework decorated gold nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 NPs@COF/AuNPs) for the electrode platform and double-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based on SiO 2 @TiO 2 (MNPs@SiO 2 @TiO 2 ) nanocomposites for the signal amplification was fabricated. The immobilization of anti-AFP capture antibody was successfully performed on Fe 3 O 4 NPs@COF/AuNPs modified electrode surface by amino-gold affinity, while the conjugation of anti-AFP secondary antibody on MNPs@SiO 2 @TiO 2 was achieved by the electrostatic/ionic interactions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to characterize the nanostructures in terms of physical and electrochemical features. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.30 fg mL -1 . The findings revealed that the proposed electrochemical AFP immunosensor can be effectively used to diagnose cancer., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection is reported based on a hierarchical N-rich carbon conductive-coated TNO structure (TNO@NC). Firstly, TNO@NC was fabricated by a novel polypyrrole-chemical vapor deposition (PPy-CVD) method with minimal waste generation. Afterward, the electrode modification with TNO@NC was performed by dropping TNO@NC particles on glassy carbon electrode surfaces by infrared heat lamp. Finally, the glucose-imprinted electrochemical biosensor was developed in presence of 75.0 mM pyrrole and 25.0 mM glucose in a potential range from + 0.20 to + 1.20 V versus Ag/AgCl via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations of the fabricated molecularly imprinted biosensor was conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and CV techniques. The findings demonstrated that selective, sensitive, and stable electrochemical signals were proportional to different glucose concentrations, and the sensitivity of molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection was estimated to be 18.93 μA μM -1  cm -2 (R 2  = 0.99) at + 0.30 V with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10 -6  M. Hence, it can be speculated that the fabricated glucose-imprinted biosensor may be used in a multitude of areas, including public health and food quality., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Organophosphorus insecticide fenamiphos (FEN) is utilized to control the detrimental nematode pests. In this report, a novel molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor for insecticide FEN detection was prepared. The molecular imprinted sensor was prepared based on Co 3 O 4 nanowire and core-shell Co 3 O 4 @MOF-74 nanocomposite. Firstly, hydrothermal method followed by thermal annealing was applied for the preparation of Co 3 O 4 nanowire. Then, solvothermal technique was used in no presence of metal salts to prepare core-shell Co 3 O 4 @MOF-74 nanocomposite. In addition, several solvothermal cycles were tried to optimally adjust the reaction efficiency. After the modification of the clean carbon electrode surfaces with Co 3 O 4 @MOF-74 nanocomposites, the molecular imprinted electrodes based on Co 3 O 4 @MOF-74 nanocomposites were prepared in presence of 100.0 mM pyrrole as monomer and 25.0 mM FEN as analyte molecule between +0.30 V and +1.50 V by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The prepared molecularly imprinted sensor based on Co 3 O 4 nanowire and core-shell Co 3 O 4 @MOF-74 nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and CV. The quantification limit (LOQ) and the detection limit (LOD) were obtained as 1.0 × 10 -11 M and 3.0 × 10 -12 M, respectively, by using the developed sensor. Hence, the developed molecularly imprinting electrochemical sensor having high selectivity, stability and reproducibility was presented in this study for insecticide FEN detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

TNF-α, as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, regulates some physiological and pathological courses. TNF-α level increases in some important diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. In addition, it displays an important function in Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. Herein, a novel, sensitive, and selective voltammetric TNF-α immunosensor was prepared by using gold nanoparticles involved in thiol-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AuNPs/S-MWCNTs) as sensor platform and bimetallic Ni/Cu-MOFs as sensor amplification. Firstly, the sensor platform was developed on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface by using mixture of thiol-functionalized MWCNTs (S-MWCNTs) and AuNPs. Then, capture TNF-α antibodies were conjugated to sensor platform by amino-gold affinity. After capture TNF-α antibodies' immobilization, a new-type voltammetric TNF-α immunosensor was developed by immune reaction between AuNPs/S-MWCNTs immobilized with primer TNF-α antibodies and bimetallic Ni/Cu-MOFs conjugated with seconder TNF-α antibodies. The prepared TNF-α immunosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A linearity range of 0.01-1.0 pg mL -1 and a low detection limit of 2.00 fg mL -1 were also obtained for analytical applications.

Lung cancer is one of deadliest and most life threatening cancer types. Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) is a significant biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Due to these reasons, a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on a silicon nitride (Si3N4)-molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) composite on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Si3N4/MoS2-MWCNTs) as an electrochemical sensor platform and core-shell type magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles@gold nanoparticles (MMSNs@AuNPs) as a signal amplifier was presented for CYFRA21-1 detection in this study. Capture antibody (Ab1) immobilization on a Si3N4/MoS2-MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode (Si3N4/MoS2-MWCNTs/GCE) was firstly successfully performed by stable electrostatic/ionic interactions between the -NH2 groups of the capture antibody and the polar groups of Si3N4/MoS2. Then, specific antibody-antigen interactions between the electrochemical sensor platform and the signal amplifier formed a novel voltammetric CYFRA21-1 immunosensor. The prepared composite materials and electrochemical sensor surfaces were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A linearity range of 0.01-1.0 pg mL-1 and a low detection limit (LOD) of 2.00 fg mL-1 were also obtained for analytical applications. Thus, the proposed immunosensor based on Si3N4/MoS2-MWCNTs and MMSNs@AuNPs has great potential for medical diagnosis of lung cancer.

A sandwich-type sensitive voltammetric immunosensor for breast cancer biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) detection was prepared. The electrochemical immunosensor was developed based on gold nanoparticles decorated copper-organic framework (AuNPs/Cu-MOF) and quaternary chalcogenide with platinum-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ). Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 nanoparticle (CZTS NP) quaternary chalcogenide with platinum (Pt)-doped g-C 3 N 4 composite (Pt/g-C 3 N 4 ) was tagged as CZTS NPs/Pt/g-C 3 N 4 . AuNPs/Cu-MOF composite was successfully synthesized by amidation reaction between AuNPs functionalized with amino group and Cu-MOFs containing carboxylic acid. After the conjugations of primer HER2 antibody and antigen HER2 protein to AuNPs/Cu-MOF as sensor platform, CZTS NPs/Pt/g-C 3 N 4 composite was prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method. After immune reaction of 30 min, the prepared HER2 immunosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The developed immunosensor showed high sensitivity with a detection limit of 3.00 fg mL -1 . Additional properties of the voltammetric immunosensor are high selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and reusability.

An effective SPR nanosensor based on core-shell nanoparticles (Ag@AuNPs) incorporated hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) nanosheets and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was presented for etoposide (ETO) detection. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods were utilized for all characterizations of nanomaterials and polymer surfaces. ETO imprinted SPR nanosensor based on Ag@AuNPs-HBN nanocomposite was developed in the presence of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoglutamic acid) [p(HEMA-MAGA)]. The results of the study have revealed that 0.001-1.00 ng mL -1 (1.70 × 10 -12 -1.70 × 10 -9 M) and 0.00025 ng mL -1 (4.25 × 10 -13 M) were found as the linearity range and the detection limit (LOD). Furthermore, the prepared SPR nanosensor was examined in terms of stability, repeatability and selectivity. Finally, the imprinted SPR nanosensor was applied to the urine samples having high recovery., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

β-Agonists are illegally consumed in various products such as food and animal and effect the nutrition distribution owing to change of body fat. In addition, they result in acute poisoning and several symptoms such as muscular tremors and nervousness. A new electrochemical approach based on two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) nanosheets decorated functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) was presented for simultaneous determination of β-agonists such as phenylethanolamine A (PEA), clenbuterol (CLE), ractopamine (RAC) and salbutamol (SAL) in urine samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used characterizations of nanomaterials. After that, 2D-hBN/f-MWCNTs nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared for simultaneous determination of β-agonists. 1.0 × 10 -12 -1.0 × 10 -8  M and 1.0 × 10 -13  M were founded as the linearity range and the detection limit (LOD) for PEA, CLE, RAC and SAL. Finally, the prepared electrochemical sensor was used for urine sample analysis in presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) is one of the subunits of cardiac troponin complexes and a pivotal biochemical marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Due to its myocardial specificity, cTnI is widely used for the diagnosis of AMI diseases. In this study, a novel imprinted biosensor approach based on boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) was presented for cTnI detection in plasma samples. Various characterization methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for all characterizations of nanomaterials. After the characterization analysis, cTnI imprinted electrode was developed in the presence of 100.0 mM pyrrole containing 25.0 mM cTnI. After that, the analytical studies of cTnI in plasma samples were performed by using cTnI imprinted biosensor. The results of the study have revealed that 0.01-5.00 ng mL -1 and 0.0005 ng mL -1 were found as the linearity range and the detection limit (LOD). Moreover, the selectivity of cTnI imprinted glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated for plasma sample analysis in the presence of other nonspecific and specific proteins including cardiac myoglobin (MYG), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), respectively. Furthermore, the prepared biosensor was examined in terms of stability, repeatability, reproducibility and reusability. Finally, the imprinted biosensor was applied to the plasma samples having high recovery., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The molecular imprinting technique depends on the molecular recognition. It is a polymerization method around the target molecule. Hence, this technique creates specific cavities in the cross-linked polymeric matrices. In present study, a sensitive imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on Fe@Au nanoparticles (Fe@AuNPs) involved in 2-aminoethanethiol (2-AET) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNs) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for determination of cefexime (CEF). The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) confirmed the formation of the developed surfaces. CEF imprinted film was constructed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) for 9 cycles in the presence of 80 mM pyrrole in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 20mM CEF. The developed electrochemical biosensor was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guideline and found to be linear, sensitive, selective, precise and accurate. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 1.0 × 10(-10)-1.0 × 10(-8)M and 2.2 × 10(-11)M, respectively. The developed CEF imprinted sensor was successfully applied to real samples such as human plasma. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the prepared molecular imprinted electrode were investigated. The excellent long-term stability and reproducibility of the prepared CEF imprinted electrodes make them attractive in electrochemical sensors., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we developed quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) nanosensor for the real-time detection of tobramycin (TOB). Firstly, the modification of gold surface of QCM chip was performed by self-assembling monolayer formation of allyl mercaptane to introduce polymerizable double bonds on the chip surface. Then, TOB imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoglutamic acid) [p(HEMA-MAGA)] film was generated on the gold surface. The nonmodified and TOB-imprinted p(HEMA-MAGA) surfaces were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ellipsometry and contact angle measurements. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guideline. The linearity range and the detection limit (S/N=3) were obtained as 1.7×10(-11)-1.5×10(-10) M and 5.7×10(-12) M, respectively. The developed method was applied to pharmaceuticals, and food samples such as chicken egg white and milk extract for the determination of TOB. In addition, association kinetics analysis and isotherm models were applied to the data to explain the adsorption process that took place., (© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)