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The Electric Vehicle (EV) has properties that can not only load but can elevate its value as a resource to the power system. An EV represents a high-power, fast-responding flexible demand unit, with an attached energy storage (battery) and the potential for bi-directional capabilities (V2G). These properties can be used in a number of power and energy services, which can support power system operation while lowering the cost of EV ownership. Such services depend on the support from the communications technologies and standards that connect controllers and logic in the EVs with those in the charging infrastructure- and back-end systems. To date, there is still no widely adopted standard that supports EV grid services, such as smart charging. This work proposes a solution that would allow any combination of charging spot and EV — individually lacking the logic, communication and controllability required for smart charging — to gain this ability by simply adhering to the widely supported IEC61851 standard. This paper describes the solution, demonstrates the implementation and discusses the potential it has for unlocking EV power- and energy services.

The Parker project seeks to experimentally validate that contemporary series-produced electric vehicles (EVs), capable of V2G, are ready to participate in a number of both known as well as new and advanced grid services. In such services the timing, size and direction of power and energy exchanged between the EV battery and grid is controlled as to support either a single building, the local neighborhood or the regional power system. Vehicles purposely designed for such services are referred to as grid integrated electric vehicles (GIVs). The field of research, describing how GIVs may be used to actively support the power system is called VehicleGrid Integration (VGI).The purpose of this paper is to present how the Danish Parker project has systematically categorized a range of grid services, collected in a service catalog, and then, illustrate state-of-the-art EVs ability to support such services through experimental validation. Results are presented for three different tests performed in Parker; marginal emission factor charging, frequency containment reserves and a performance test for controlling power setpoints. The ultimate aim of this paper, and the Parker project, is to promote the GIV concept so that it may inform the design and capabilities of present and future EVs, EV supply equipment (EVSE) and communication standards

We established an in vitro model to study the influence of ifosfamide treatment on intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in activated human effector cells with specific phenotypes and immunologic functions. Besides its role as the major intracellular reductant, GSH has been shown to affect the initiation and progression of lymphocyte activation after stimulation with lectins. An incubation of activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with 4-hydroxyifosfamide, the activated form of ifosfamide (4-OH-IF), resulted in a depletion of the intracellular GSH levels and a significant inhibition of the proliferative capacity in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxic activity of separated CD3 - natural killer (NK) cells and CD3 + allospecific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), either untreated or treated with 4-OH-IF at different concentrations, was compared in a standard 51 chromium release assay (CML). There were three major findings. (1) The capacity of CD3 + major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted CTL to lyse their specific allogeneic target cells was substantially reduced by preincubation of the effector cells with 4-OH-IF. This inhibition of the lytic activity in CD3 + CTL correlated with a substantial depletion of the intracellular GSH levels in this population. Rapid reconstitution of depleted GSH levels and restoration of cytotoxic activity of CTL was achieved by incubation of the effector cells with thiols, eg, glutathione ester (GSH-ester) or 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna). (2) In contrast, the lytic activity in CD3 - NK cells was not substantially affected (up to 100 μmol/L 4-OH-IF). This result correlates with the capacity of NK cells to maintain their intracellular GSH levels after an ifosfamide treatment. (3) In comparison with CD3 + CTL, CD3 - NK cells are more resistant to an ifosfamide treatment because they have higher initial GSH levels and a more than fourfold higher relative rate of GSH synthesis

This paper investigates different methods for measuring the charger efficiency of mass produced electric vehicles (EVs), in order to compare the different models. The consumers have low attention to the loss in the charger though the impact on the driving cost is high. It is not a high priority area for the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), which means the cost of the power converter equipment is minimised. The internal wiring and the composition of components within an EV is different for each OEM and model, hence a unified test method is needed in order to compare results across different vehicles. A unified method for testing the efficiency of the charger in EVs, without direct access to the component, is presented. The method is validated through extensive tests of the models Renault Zoe, Nissan LEAF and Peugeot iOn. The results show a loss between 15 % and 40 %, which is far above the state of the art power converters. This is an unnecessary high consumption of electrical energy during charging, which not only affects the consumer financially, but also creates unnecessary load on the grid.

N-alkylsulfurtrifluorideimide-cations and their derivatives (RNSF 2 R′ + : RCH 3 , C 2 H 5 , R′F,N(CH 3 ) 2 , R f ) add fluoride ions to form persulfuranes with pentacoordinated sulfur. Stable pentacoordinated cations R 2 NSF 4 + are obtained by F − -abstraction from pentafluoroaminosulfuranes (R≠H), monoalkylated derivatives will undergo disproportionation under formation of RNSF 3 + and RNH 2 SF 5 + . An alternative route to pentacoordinated cations is the F − - addition to tetracoordinated S(VI)-dications ([R 2 NSF n (NR′ 2 ) 3−n ] 2+ ) which is investigated under various conditions. The reactivities of the (CH 3 ) 2 NSF 4 + -cation and the isoelectronic phosphorane (CH 3 ) 2 NPF 4 are compared. The interactions of various pentafluorosulfanyl- and bis(pen- tafluorosulfanyl)-nitrogen-derivatives with fluoro-Lewis acids, superacids (HF/AsF 5 ) and the ‘supermethylating’ CH 3 OSO + AsF 6 − will be reported.

Rotary ATPases/ATP synthases have a common architecture and overall mechanism, whereby the activity of the soluble catalytic domain is coupled to the rotation of a membrane-embedded sub-complex, or c-ring, which in turn is coupled to the translocation of H+ or Na+ across the membrane. Physiologically, however, V-ATPases function only as ion pumps, while F-type enzymes function as ATP synthases. It has been proposed that this differentiation stems from the greater spacing between consecutive ion-binding sites along the circumference of V-type c-rings, relative to the F class, resulting from the different topology of the constituent c-subunits. Here, we use molecular simulation methods and bioinformatic tools to assess the atomic mechanism of the Na+-coupled ATP synthase from Acetobacterium woodii, whose unusual c-ring features one V-type c-subunit inserted along nine of the F-type, and therefore lacks one ion-binding site. Our results demonstrate that rotation of the A. woodii c-ring in either direction is not fundamentally hampered by the inserted V-type c-subunit, and explain in atomic detail why this enzyme can be driven by a transmembrane Na+-gradient and thus function as an ATP synthase. In sum, we conclude that the physiological differentiation between V- and F-type enzymes is likely to arise primarily from the availability of suitable substrates and ionic gradients in the specific environment of these enzymes, rather than from a precise structural feature.

ATP synthase membrane rotors consist of a ring of c-subunits whose stoichiometry is constant for a given species but variable across different ones. We investigated the importance of c/c-subunit contacts by site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved stretch of glycines (GxGxGxGxG) in a bacterial c 11 ring. Structural and biochemical studies show a direct, specific influence on the c-subunit stoichiometry, revealing c , c 12 , c 13 , c 14 , and c >14 rings. Molecular dynamics simulations rationalize this effect in terms of the energetics and geometry of the c-subunit interfaces. Quantitative data from a spectroscopic interaction study demonstrate that the complex assembly is independent of the c-ring size. Real-time ATP synthesis experiments in proteoliposomes show the mutant enzyme, harboring the larger c 12 instead of c 11 , is functional at lower ion motive force. The high degree of compliance in the architecture of the ATP synthase rotor offers a rationale for the natural diversity of c-ring stoichiometries, which likely reflect adaptations to specific bioenergetic demands. These results provide the basis for bioengineering ATP synthases with customized ion-to-ATP ratios, by sequence modifications.

Energetic status of the cell is one the most important factors of its normal physiological functioning. Meanwhile its experimental evaluation is not always possible and reasonable due to high costs and invasiveness. Theoretical description of ATP production in the cell can be possible using existing data about the structure, functioning and spatial distribution of energoproducing systems. The FoF1ATPsynthase is one of the key enzymes in energy supplying in almost all living systems. This enzyme is an attractive research target due to its high mechanical complexity. Nevertheless, some key issues regarding energy conversation during the FoF1-ATPsynthase catalytic cycle are still unclear. The issue of rotational catalysis convertibility arises in the step that describes the rotormovement and proton translocation. This is one of the features that causes difficulty in the creation of a universal model of ATP synthesis. In this work, we provide a theoretical description of FoF1ATPsynthase catalytic cycle using combined mathematical approaches. Thus, the mechanism of Fo can be nominally described as the complexity of the rotation of protein subunits and proton translocation through membrane half-channels, which is an obligatory step in the transformation of the accumulated energy. The description of the above processes can yield the time of proton translocation and the mechanism of energy transformation and its transition to ATP-binding sites. Langevin dynamics is used for the rotation of the central protein core and the Monte-Carlo method helps to model nucleotide and proton binding. This approach is the first in which both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis can occur depending on the nucleotide concentration and system conditions. The calculated rates are close to the experimentally measured rates of ATP functioning. The model has been formalized as a computer simulation Program of ATP Synthesis and Hydrolysis (PASH) that allows researchers to evaluate ATP production both for one enzyme and for dirrefent types of cells. Flexibility of parameter settings in synthesis and hydrolysis of active enzymes and their regulation allows universal application of this approach in the evaluation of cell energetic status.

Seismic tomography is an imaging tool which allows to construct 3-D models of the Earth’s internal structure from observables of seismic waves. Surface wave tomography can be performed using earthquakes and ambient noise data and is sensitive to isotropic as well as anisotropic 3-D shear-wave velocity structure in broad depth ranges sampling the crust and the lithosphere-asthenosphere structure. In this study, surface wave tomography is performed to characterize the structure of the lithosphere-asthenosphere underneath the Mediterranean and the adjacent regions. We utilize a large database consists of 3800 teleseismic earthquakes recorded by 4500 broadband stations provided by IRIS and EIDA in a combination, for the first time, with waveform data from the Egyptian National Seismological Network (ENSN). An automated algorithm for inter-station phase velocities is applied to obtain fundamental mode phase velocities from this database (3.5 millions of waveforms). Path average dispersion curves are obtained by averaging the smooth parts of single-event dispersion curves. We calculated new high resolution Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity maps using an unprecedentedly large number (200.000) of measurements in the period range from 8s-350s. In order to relate the local dispersion curves to 1-D velocity models as function of depth, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been developed and implemented. The 3-D model has been constructed based on the obtained 1-D shear velocity model.

Besides political and striking uncertainty, induced seismicity is a fundamental risk to the success of geothermal projects. The geothermal reservoirs Landau and Insheim are located on the western rim of the Upper Rhine Graben where the highest fluid temperatures in Germany provide a good foundation for geothermal energy production while the complex tectonic structure provides a difficult set-up for geophysical investigations. In this thesis I advance automatic processing algorithms and apply them to assess characteristics of induced seismicity at the two geothermal reservoirs. Key objectives are to complete existing detection catalogs, determine the reliability of automatic processing results and to identify characteristics of induced earthquakes at the geothermal reservoirs which in future may be linked to operational parameters of the power plants. Challenging the completeness of existing catalogs a complementary offline similarity detection approach which considers multiple master events per reservoir is proposed. The second algorithm is an autoregressive prediction (AR)-Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-cost-function arrival time determination approach which is straightforward trainable for different datasets on different scales and able to reliably pick robust seismic P- and S-phase arrival times on single- and multi-component data. The resulting hypocenter offsets standard deviations are approximately 1 km horizontally as well as vertically. Finally from hypocenter relative relocations, I am able to identify a spatial separation of the Insheim earthquake clusters retrieved by the similarity detection algorithm. Two orientations of seismicity are found to coincide with the stress regimes, firstly a south-east to north-west orientation during graben activity, and secondly a rather south-to-north orientation of the recently more dominant stress regime from Alpine denudation.

We automated the inter-station method. The method automatically selects smooth parts of phase velocity dispersion curves for all the events in one inter-station path, an average dispersion curve is obtained for each inter-station path after statistical analysis of individual measurements. We applied the method to a huge data-set covering almost entire Europe and obtained phase velocity measurements in broad period range from 8s to more than 250 s for both Love and Rayleigh waves. We used phase velocity measurements in tomographic inversion and obtained high quality very broad band phase velocity maps for central and northern Europe. Synthetic reconstruction tests reveal that the regions with dense path coverage possess a lateral resolution of about 100 km to 150 km. The low period phase velocity maps clearly image the central European basin system (CEBS). At intermediate periods (e.g. around 60 s) Trans - European Suture zone marks a clear and distinct boundary between old and cold East European Craton with that of younger Phanerozoic central Europe. The boundary is sharp beneath the TTZ (Tornquist- Teisseyre Zone) on the south-estern part of the TESZ, where as gradual transition towards the north western part of the TESZ i.e. STZ (Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone). European slab is imaged clearly at western Alps and is visible at the periods from 40s to 120s.