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Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a fatal disease, especially when it causes right heart failure (RHF). However, it is difficult to treat. It has been reported that trapidil (Tra) can improve the redox balance and cardiac conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of Tra on RHF induced by monocrotaline (MCT) in rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with MCT or Tra. Treatment lasted 28 days, then rats were euthanized after echocardiography and catheterization. Subsequently, lungs and right ventricular myocardia were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, and TUNEL staining. Protein expression was detected by western blotting. We found remarkably expanded right ventricle end-diastolic volume, decreased partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ), increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), right ventricular systolic pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, lung/body weight, and liver/body weight in the RHF rat group, as well as increases in the apoptosis rate and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins. However, these changes were significantly inhibited by Tra. Our data suggested that inhibition of ERS is essential for improving RHF, and that therapeutic intervention of Tra in RHF rats works by reducing ERS.

TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, whereas tumors with wild-type TP53 develop alternative strategies to survive. Identifying new regulators of p53 reactivation would greatly contribute to the development of cancer therapies. After screening the entire genome in liver cancer cells, we identified lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) as a novel regulator for p53 activation. We found that 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) induces LOXL4 upregulation, with LOXL4 subsequently binding the basic domain of p53 via its low-isoelectric point region. The interaction between LOXL4 and p53 induces the reactivation of compromised p53, resulting in cell death. Furthermore, the nude mouse xenograft model showed that the 5-aza-CR-dependent LOXL4-p53 axis reduces tumor growth. A positive correlation between LOXL4 expression and overall survival in liver cancer patients with wild-type p53 tumors was observed. In conclusion, we found that 5-aza-CR-induced LOXL4 upregulation reactivates wild-type p53 and triggers cell death, which blocks liver cancer development.

Background: Bridging studies are mandatory in the EU and USA if the reference biological product used in the biosimilar comparability exercise is foreign sourced. However, it has been argued that the duplication of bridging studies may limit biosimilar development., Objective: The aim of the study was to explore whether it is necessary to conduct pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) bridging studies for biosimilars. This study examines similarities and differences between EU- and US-licensed reference biological products, based on literature-reported PK and/or PD data., Methods: We searched PubMed, Drugs@FDA, and European Medicines Agency (EMA) databases to identify biosimilar bridging studies designed to evaluate similarities between EU- and US-licensed reference biological products. PK and/or PD parameters were retrieved; the ratio of the parameter value of the EU-licensed product to that of the US-licensed product and its corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Similarity was declared if the 90% CIs for the ratios of the PK or PD parameters were within the range of 80-125%., Results: Thirty-one bridging studies were identified for 11 biosimilars, including adalimumab (n = 10), bevacizumab (n = 4), epoetin alfa (n = 1), etanercept (n = 2), filgrastim (n = 1), infliximab (n = 3), insulin glargine (n = 1), insulin lispro (n = 1), PEGfilgrastim (n = 2), rituximab (n = 2), and trastuzumab (n = 4). Most studies showed PK and/or PD similarities between the EU- and US-licensed reference biological products. However, among the 31 studies, only three studies (accounting for two biologics, PEGfilgrastim and adalimumab) showed dissimilarity between the EU and US reference products. Although one bridging study on PEGfilgrastim (Sandoz) indicated dissimilar PKs (maximum observed plasma concentration [C max ] and area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]) between the reference products, the other study (Mylan) demonstrated similar PK. Moreover, two of ten studies involving adalimumab failed to demonstrate similarities between the reference products. However, for both cases, PK similarities were later confirmed in the follow-up bridging studies with larger sample sizes., Conclusion: Our analysis reveals that, in most cases, the reference biological products originated from the EU and those from the USA are almost indistinguishable in terms of PK/PD properties. Additional in vivo bridging studies between reference products from different global regions may not be required if similar physicochemical and structural properties are evident in vitro.

Objective: To study the effect of 280 nm-LED ultraviolet irradiation on the proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) HL-60 cells under hypoxic conditions and related mechanism., Methods: HL-60 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were selected and divided into control, hypoxia, ultraviolet and hypoxia+ultraviolet groups. The cells in the hypoxia group were treated with cobalt chloride (with a final concentration of 150 μmol/L), those in the ultraviolet group were irradiated by 280 nm-LED ultraviolet with an energy intensity of 30 J/m 2 , and those in the hypoxia+ultraviolet group were treated with cobalt chloride and then irradiated by 280 nm-LED ultraviolet. After 48 hours of treatment, the cells were placed under an invert microscope to observe cell morphology. CCK-8 assay was used to measure the inhibition rate of cell proliferation. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Bcl-2. Each experiment above was repeated three times independently., Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental groups showed shrinkage, decreased brightness, and disordered arrangement of cells, and the number of cells decreased over the time of culture. There were significant differences in the inhibition rate of cell proliferation and cell apoptosis rate among the groups (P<0.01), and the hypoxia+ultraviolet group showed the strongest inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis, followed by the ultraviolet group and the hypoxia group. Compared with the control group, the other three groups had a gradual reduction in the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, and the hypoxia+ultraviolet group had a significantly greater reduction than the hypoxia and ultraviolet groups (P<0.01)., Conclusions: Both hypoxia and ultraviolet irradiation can inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells and induce cell apoptosis, and ultraviolet irradiation has a better effect on proliferation inhibition and cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions, possibly by downregulating the mRNA expression of Bcl-2.

In principle, approval of a modified-release (MR) drug product is based on evidence from pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic studies and clinical efficacy/safety studies. The purpose of this survey is (i) to explore the number of new drug applications (NDAs) of MR drug products, approved by the FDA, employ the PK study as a bridge to already-approved immediate-release drug products without conducting their own clinical efficacy/safety studies; and (ii) to understand the type of PK studies are required for such NDAs. To this end, we surveyed the approved records of MR drug products from 2008 to 2017 from the Drug@FDA website, and filtered pertinent information from FDA's assessment reports. A total of five out of 79 products were found. A single dose PK study was conducted to investigate the underlying drug release mechanisms in four of these products. For these products, the applicants also performed multiple dose PK equivalence studies, but the PK parameters used to support the equivalence were different among studies. Information regarding the exposure-response relationship was available for all selected products, which is fundamental for such cases. Although the difference in PK curve shapes is recognized as being critical for the clinical effectiveness, this evaluation was not performed in all selected cases, as indicated in FDA's assessment reports., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To explore the factors affecting soft tissue infection after oral and maxillofacial debridement., Methods: Fifty hundred patients with debridement were enrolled in this study from January 2013 to June 2016. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to soft tissue infection, 18 cases in infection group and 482 cases in non-infection group. Age, mean time to surgery, average length of stay, duration of antibiotics use, abbreviated injury scale (AIS), combined injuries, maxillofacial fractures, soft tissue injury, type of fracture, and history of diabetes were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software package., Results: The factors influencing soft tissue infection after oral and maxillofacial surgery were the aged, longer hospital stay, longer operation time, longer antibiotics use time, higher AIS score, Jaw bone injury and diabetes., Conclusions: The factors influencing soft tissue infection after oral and maxillofacial debridement are various. The aged, longer operation time, higher AIS score, jaw bone involvement lip and chin injury as well as diabetes might be the independent factors. Health care providers should give preventive measures to reduce the incidence of infection, according to specific factors.

Objective: To study the effects of Caspase broad spectrum inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK on the expressions of calumenin,caspase-3, GRP78 and GRP94 in adriamycin-injured cardiomyocytes and to discuss whether there is a regulation relationship between calumenin and endo-plasmic reticulum stress and myocardial apoptosis., Methods: The primary cultured suckling mouse myocardium were randomly divided into control group (cardiomyocyte), adriamycin group (3 mg/L adriamycin + cardiomyocyte) and z-VAD-fm group (3 mg/L adriamycin + 0.1 μ mol/L Z-VAD-fmk + cardiomyocyte), each group of cardiomyocytes were cultured in CO 2 incubator at 37℃ for 24 h ( n =3). The expres-sion ofα -SMA protein in ventricular myocytes was detected by immunohistochemical method. The expressions of calumenin, GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase-3 in the myocardial cells were detected by Western blot., Results: Compared with the control group, the expression of calumenin in adriamycin induced myocardial cells was significantly decreased ( P < 0.01), while the expressions of GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase-3 ex-pression were increased ( P < 0.01). Compared with adriamycin group, the expression of calumenin in z-VAD-fm group was increased ( P < 0.01), while the expressions of GRP78, GRP94 and caspase-3 were decreased ( P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk inhibited the expression of caspase and increased the expression of calumenin in adriamycin induced myocardial cells, and thus alleviated the endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis-inducing factors in the process of by researching the effect of oxidative stress on myocardial apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis factor--chop, bax, bcl-2 in suckling mouse atria myocardium., Methods: The primary cultured suckling mouse myocardium were randomly divided into control group and oxidative stress group. Firstly, the suckling mouse atria cardiomyocytes were treated with H 2 O 2 at the concentration of 100 m μ mol/L for 2 hours. Then, the index of oxidative stress and anti-oxidative stress superoxide dismutase (SOD), the con-tents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) of this two groups were detected by ELISA. Myocardial apoptosis of the two groups was detected by TUNEL. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), C/EBP homolo-gous protein (chop), Bcl-2 associated X protein (bax), B-cell leukemia 2 protein (bcl-2) mRNA were detected by real time PCR., Results: Compared with the control group, the viability of SOD and the contents of MDA in oxidative stress group were reduced, the contents of MDA was increased ( P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the expression of myocardial apoptosis in oxidative stress group was increased( P < 0.01); the expressions of GRP78, GRP94, chop and bax mRNA were increased, while the expression of bcl-2 mRNA was reduced in ox-idative stress group., Conclusions: Oxidative stress may induce the endoplasmic reticulum stress, activate the expressions of apoptosis factors, and finally increase the myocardial apoptosis of atria cardiomyocytes. This may connected to the incident of atrial fibrillation.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between miRNA378, calumenin and endoplasmic reticulum stress in suckling mouse myocardium with myocarditis caused by adriamycin., Methods: The suckling mouse myocardium of primary culture were randomly divided into control group, adriamycin group, lentivirus infection miRNA378 over expression control group, lentivirus infection miRNA378 over expression group, lentivirus infection miRNA378 silence control group and lentivirus infection miRNA378 silence group. Firstly to identify the suckling mouse myocardium, α-SMA was monitored by immunohistochemical method, and secondly the ventricular myocytes were transfered by lentivirus plasmids. Then the expression change of miRNA378, calumenin and glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78) mRNA were detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR., Results: Compared with the adriamycin infection group, the expression of calumenin mRNA in lentivirus infection miRNA378 over expression group was increased( P <0.01), while the expression of GRP78 mRNA was reduced( P <0.01); Compared with the adriamycin infection group, the expressions of calumenin and GRP78 mRNA in lentivirus infection miRNA378 silence group did not change insignificantly., Conclusions: Adriamycin injection may cause expression of calumenin in suckling mouse myocardium with myocarditis reduced, which may lead to the endoplasmic reticulum stress. This effect is related with miRNA378.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ oncardiac functions, myocardial pathology, endoplasmic reticulum stress and myocardial apoptosis in congestive heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy in rats., Methods: Thirty SD male rats were randomly dividedinto 3 groups( n =10):control group, dilated cardiomyopathy group (intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin 2 mg/kg body weight, 1 time/week, 4 weeks after treatment were observed for 4 weeks), Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ group(intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin 2 mg/kg body weight, 1 time/week, 4 weeks after treatment, 30 mg/(kg·d)was given Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ orally for 4 weeks). During the experiment, general conditions of rats were observed. After 8 weeks, these rats were killed after measurement of the cardiac function indexes by high frequency echocardiography. The morphological changes of myocardial tissues were observed by using HEstaining, VG staining and electron microscopic. The myocardial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL method and the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78, GRP94, pro-apoptotic factor CHOP and caspase-3 were monitored by Western blot., Results: ① Compared with dilated cardiomyopathy group, the cardiac systolic and diastolic functions were significantly increased in Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ group, which were reflected in that left ventricular contraction diameter(LVIDs) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVIDd) were decreased, and left ventricular shortening fraction(FS) and ejection fraction(EF) were increased. The hemodynamic parameters of rats were improved significantly in Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ group. ②Compared with dilated cardiomyopathy group, the myocardial lesion score was decreased and fibrosis of tissue space was relieved in Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ group. ③Compared with dilated cardiomyopathy group, the apoptosis of myocardial cells was decreased. ④The expressions of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78, GRP94, pro-apoptotic factor chop and caspase-3 were decreased in Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ group., Conclusions: Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ could improve the pathologic alterations of cardiac cells and cardiac functions, decrease endoplasmic reticulum stress, the degree of fibrosis and myocardial apoptosis. The experimental results may be one of the mechanisms of treatment function of Mongolian new medicine-Ⅱ on dilated cardiomyopathy.

Objective: To construct a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing luciferase and GFP reporter gene and detect neutralizing antibodies against adenovirus type 5 in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to provide basic laboratory data for evaluating adenovirus vaccines., Methods: Luciferase and GFP reporter genes from plasmid pHAGE-CMV-GFP were inserted into pDC315 to construct the recombinant adenovirus shutter plasmid pDC315-Luc-GFP. The shutter plasmid was co-transduced with pBHGlox(delta)E1,3Cre in 293A cell line to package the recombinant adenovirus rAd5/Luc/GFP. Three rounds of plaque formation experiment were performed to select the monoclonal adenovirus followed by purification with cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and virus titration with TCID50 method. Chemiluminescence assay and flow cytometry were employed to detect the neutralizing antibody levels in 14 common marmosets., Results: The shuttle plasmid pDC315-Luc-GFP was successfully constructed and the recombinant adenovirus rAd5/Luc/GFP was packaged with a the titer reaching 6.9×10(11.5) PFU/mL. In the 14 marmosets, chemiluminescence assay identified 4 (28.6%) marmosets that were positive for Ad5-neutralizing antibodies, including 2 with a antibody titer of 1/16 and another 2 with a titer of 1/32; flow cytomery detected Ad5-neutralizing antibodies in 3 marmosets at the titer of 1/16., Conclusion: Chemiluminescence assay is a simple, sensitive, and accurate modality for detecting Ad5-neutralizing antibodies. Common marmosets have a very low positivity rate for Ad5-neutralizing antibodies and are therefore promising models for studying adenovirus-based vaccines and therapies.

Purpose: This meta-analysis was aimed to evaluate the association of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Ile105Val genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to oral cancer., Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Chinese BioMedical, Wanfang, VIP, CNKI databases was conducted from inception to July 15th, 2013. Crude odd ration (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated., Results: Thirteen case-control studies were assessed, including 2,019 oral cancer patients and 3,282 healthy controls. Meta-analysis showed that the overall association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and susceptibility to oral cancer was not significant. However, further stratified analyses based on ethnicity indicated that this association was significant in East Asians (Val vs. Ile: OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.06-1.90, P=0.019; Val/Val+Ile/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.13-2.23, P=0.007) and Euro Caucasians (Val vs. Ile: OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.03-1.75, P=0.032; Val/Val+Ile/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.15-2.38, P=0.006), but not significant in South Asians and America Caucasians., Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides further evidence that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism may be associated with oral cancer risk among East Asians and Euro Caucasians. However, further large-scale studies are needed to determine the association of GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to oral cancer.

With angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, gap opening is resolved at up to room temperature in the Dirac surface states of molecular beam epitaxy grown Cr-doped Bi2Se3 topological insulator films, which, however, show no long-range ferromagnetic order down to 1.5 K. The gap size is found decreasing with increasing electron-doping level. Scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations demonstrate that substitutional Cr atoms aggregate into superparamagnetic multimers in the Bi2Se3 matrix, which contribute to the observed chemical-potential-dependent gap opening in the Dirac surface states without long-range ferromagnetic order.

The adsorption of six symmetrical cationic (dimethylammonium bromide) gemini surfactants with four different partially fluorinated chains at three different surfaces--the air/water, the hydrophilic silica/water, and the hydrophobic (octadecyltricholorosilane (OTS))/water--has been investigated by neutron reflectometry. The corresponding single chain trimethylammonium bromides have also been studied at the two solid surfaces. Four of the geminis with a C(6) spacer and chains with differing amounts of fluorocarbon have identical limiting areas per molecule at the air/water interface (106 ± 5 Å(2)). This is similar to the value for the corresponding hydrocarbon gemini with a C(6) spacer and C(12) side chains, but unlike the hydrocarbon gemini, it is significantly more than twice the area per molecule of the corresponding single chain cationic. In adsorbed aggregates on hydrophilic silica the area per molecule decreases from the air/water value by an average of about 25%, indicating a substantial improvement in the packing of these geminis in the aggregate, which can be attributed to the stronger interaction between the hydrophobic chains in the interior of the aggregates. On the hydrophobic OTS surface the area per molecule in the adsorbed monolayer for three partially fluorinated geminis decreased by about 15% from the air/water value, again indicating much more favorable packing next to the hydrophobic OTS, but for one of the geminis, fC(8)C(6)-C(6)-C(6)fC(8), the change in area was reversed. This reversal is accompanied by a marked thinning of the layer, which is attributed to a shift in the balance between the interactions of the hydrocarbon spacer and fluorocarbon chain fragments and the OTS surface.

Objective: To compare the effects of laparoscope-guided high ligation of the internal spermatic vein and open surgery in the treatment of varicocele., Methods: We collected the clinical data of 85 cases of varicocele treated by laparoscope-guided high ligation of the internal spermatic vein (the laparoscopic group) and another 47 that underwent open surgery (the open group) , and compared the results of treatment between the 2 groups., Results: The operations were successful in all the cases. In the laparoscopic group, the mean operation time was (32.0 +/- 5.9) minutes, with little bleeding, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was (3.0 +/- 1.6) days, with 3 cases (3.5%) of recurrence during the 3-12 months follow-up. In the open group, the mean operation time was (46.0 +/-7.2) minutes and the mean postoperative hospital stay was (7.0 +/- 3.7) days, with 5 cases (10.6%) of recurrence during the same length of follow-up., Conclusion: Laparoscopic method for the treatment of varicocele is obviously superior to open surgery for its advantages of minimal invasiveness, fast recovery, sure effectiveness, few complications and low recurrence, particularly for those with bilateral varicocele who experienced recurrence after open surgery.

Objective: To study the effects of gut-derived endotoxin translocation and NF-kappaB activation on the aggravating mechanism of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and of treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on rats with SAP., Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (SO), SAP group, SAP + lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) treatment group and LPS group. Biochemical parameters and cytokines were examined in the serum. Multiple organs pathological slices were examined. Expression of NF-kappaB mRNA in the liver tissue was detected by RT-PCR. Activation of NF-kappaB by the method of streptomycin avidin-peroxidase (SP) and expression of NF-kappaB p65 protein and its binding activity were analyzed by Western blot and electrophoretic mobidity shift assay (EMSA)., Results: Compared with sham operation group, the concentration of TNF-alpha, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and diamine oxidase (DAO) in serum significantly increased in SAP + LPS group (P < 0.05). Pathological changes were markedly observed in tissues and the expression of NF-kappaB mRNA in the liver significantly increased (P < 0.05) also, the activation of NF-kappaB and binding activity of NF-kappaB p65 protein in the liver markedly increased (P < 0.01) in SAP + LPS group. Treatment with PDTC markedly reduced concentration of ALT, DAO and TNF-alpha, and the expression of NF-kappaB, and the pathologic scores, as well as significantly decreased the expression of NF-kappaB p65 protein., Conclusion: The activation and overexpression of NF-kappaB may participate in the aggravating mechanism of SAP. Treatment with PDTC has a protective effect on multiple organs damage in SAP.

The metal elements mapping of Shuangbai dinosaur fossil, was obtained by synchrotron x-ray fluorescence (SXRF). Eight elements, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Y and Sr were determined. Elements As and Y were detected for the first time in the dinosaur fossil. The data indicated that metal elements are asymmetrical on fossil section. This is different from common minerals. Mapping metals showed that metal element As is few. The dinosaur most likely belongs to natural death. This is different from Zigong dinosaurs which were found dead from poisoning. This method has been used to find that metals Fe and Mn are accrete, and the same is ture for Sr and Y. This study indicated that colloid granule Fe and Mn, as well as Sr and Y had opposite electric charges in lithification process of fossils. By this analysis, compound forms can be ascertained. Synchrotron light source x-ray fluorescence is a complementary method that shows mapping of metal elements at the dinosaur fossil, and is rapid, exact and intuitionist. This study shows that dinosaur fossil mineral imaging has a potential in reconstructing the paleoenvironment and ancient geology.

Raman microscopic spectra in the higher wave number region were obtained from 7 fossil dinosaurs specimens from different regions. The specimens of fossil dinosaurs are different parts of bone. The Raman spectra of fossil dinosaurs indicate the high similarity among peak positions of different fossil dinosaurs; but important differences exist in the spectral peak figures. In the wave number region of 1000-1800 cm(-1) the Raman spectra of the same bone part fossils from different regions are very similar, example similarities between spectra of Lufeing backbone head and Yua nmou backbone head; Lufeng limb bone and Wuding limb bone. There are relations between the same bone part spectra of different fossil dinosaurs. The characteristic does not relate to regions. Raman spectra of fossil dinosaurs cannot be used to distinguish fossil source, although the part of bone can be used as an indicator to narrow the range of possible geographical origins.

Four tomato pollen line(two tomato pollen lines with space flight mutagenesis, and two common tomato pollen lines) were studied by FTIR. The method combines two steps: FTIR spectra, and second derivative spectroscopy. The results indicate that the IR spectrum of tomato pollen is mainly composed of absorption of protein, amino acid, and carbohydrates, etc, and IR spectrum shows a small change. The same change occurs fot the two space tomato: the absorbance appears at 1 100-830 cm(-1) region and 1 390 cm(-1) peak is stretching. However, absorbance at 1 645 cm(-1) was stretching for the big space tomato, while the absorbance at 1 535 cm(-1) was stretching for the small space tomato.

Two Yi herbs were studied by ATR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the present paper. The main characteristic peaks of Jigen are: 1 726 and 1 641 cm(-1) (broad peak), 1 505 cm(-1) (small peak), four finger small peaks near 1 379 cm(-1) 1 244 cm(-1) (small sharp peak), 1 512 cm(-1) (small peak), 1 438 cm(-1) (small sharp peak), and 1 044 cm(-1) (strong, single peak). The results show that Jigen and Dahongpao have different characteristic infrared spectra. FTIR has proved to be a rapid, simple and nondestructive method to discriminate Yi herbs. Besides, test indicates that the two Yi herbs have a characteristic in common: absorbance at 1 034 cm-' is the strongest, which is attributed to stretching of C-O--C, indicating that the spectra of the Yi herbs root is mainly composed of the adsorption of carbohydrates, lignin, cellulose etc.

Comparative study of the sweet pepper and tomato seeds lines with space mutation and corresponding conventional seeds was carried out with FTIR, in an attempt to search for the influence of space environment upon mutation. The similarities among space seeds lines are: the absorbance at near 1,160-1,061 cm(-1) increased. This result shows that the stretching vibration of C-O on the structure of carbohydrates was enhanced by space mutation. The special mutations are: (1) The absorbance at 2,854 cm(-1) of space sweet pepper was enhanced, showing that the stretching vibration of CH2 was stronger; (2) The absorbance at 1,160 cm(-1) of cherry tomato seeds lines was increased notably, indicating that the stretching vibration of C-O on the structure of carbohydrates was stronger. The results show that the space environment could notably increase the carbohydrates in the tomato seeds. The space sweet pepper and tomato seeds lines, which produced similar mutation, could be influenced by microgravity in space. The special mutations are the results of the influence of universe radiation in space.

The first-time application of FTIR to analyzing and comparing two sweet pepper seeds lines of space mutation and two sweet pepper seeds lines bred in system approaches as well as their spectra is presented. The IR spectrum of sweet pepper seeds lines is mainly composed of the band of adsorption of protein and that of carbohydrates. The absorbance of the two sweet pepper seeds lines of space mutation at 2854, 1652, 1542 and 1160-1062 cm(-1) was enhanced. The peak near 2854 cm(-1) is attributable to the stretching vibration of CH2--, The dominating bands near 1652 and 1542 cm(-1) were assigned to amide I and amide II respectively. The absorbance at 1160 cm(-1) is attributable to the stretching vibration of C--O on the structure of carbohydrates. The major components and the structures remained intact, indicating that the space environment can increase carbohydrates and protein content of sweet pepper seeds lines.

With the advances in immunology and molecular biology, new recognition in the pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis of carcinoma have been achieved. Studies on gene therapy for pancreatic carcinoma have been attempted in different ways, such as inhibiting oncogene, activating tumor suppressor gene, inducing apoptosis, applying gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and immune activation. New specific target genes and further development of gene technology may bring the break-through in this field.

More dinosaur fossils have been found in the Laochangqing valley, Lufeng county than anywhere else in the world, and the dinosaur fossils found here cover the longest time span (including the early and middle Jurassic ages). This excavation offers an ideal experimental base for prehistoric biology studies. This paper presents an elementary analysis of the components and structure of the dinosaur fossils in three different geologic-layers and their surrounding rocks in the above mentioned area. Atomic emission spectrum shows that the fossils are rich in the contents of calcium (>5%) and phosphor, but low in the content of silicon (3%-8%), while the surrounding rocks are high in the content of silicon (>10%). Furthermore, XRD results show that the major compound of the fossils is CaCO3 (66%), followed by SiO2 (17%); while that of the surrounding rocks is SiO2 (>80%), followed by CaCO3 (<12%). The most important difference between the fossils and the surrounding rocks is, according to the experiment, that phosphate has been identified in the former but not in the latter. This is a characteristic that can be used to distinguish the dinosaur fossils from other rocks. This paper provides valuable data for further zoological studies on the living conditions and evolution of the dinosaurs in the Laochangqing valley, Lufeng county.

Purpose: To explore the cause of orbital fracture associated with diplopia by summarizing 68 cases,in order to offer reference for clinical treatment., Methods: 68 cases of orbital fracture associated with diplopia were examined by maxillofacial surgeon and oculist,by analyzing the CT and X-ray films of whom to make clear the reasons of diplopia., Results: Of the 68 cases,male was more than female,vertical diplopia was dominant,and generally with the changes of the orbital structure., Conclusion: The main cause of diplopia is for the changes of orbital structures. The doctors must take it seriously and give the patients timely treatment.

Selected ancient Dinosaur fossils (about a hundred million ago) from Wuding, Yunnan, pilot were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy, atomic emissive spectrum and polarization microscopic analysis. Raman experimental results found out the primary compounds of fossil surface and section are calcite (CaCO3), and are not others. Analysis of atomic emissive spectrum indicated that main elements of fossils are calcium (> 10%), silicon (5.0%), phosphor (4.0%) and iron (1.0%), rare elements example of iridium (Ir) and thorium (Th) are not found in testing. Complementary studies by atomic emissive spectrum and polarization microscope found that besides calcite (CaCO3), SiO2.nH2O, which is not crystal, is contained in the examples of the fossils. Main composition data taken from both the atomic emissive spectrum, microscopic photograph and Raman spectroscopy are in agreement.

Over the past 17 years, Raman microscopy has proven to be a valuable tool for the non-destructive evaluation of pigments in artwork and artifacts. Here Raman microscopy and electro probe technique were used to identify the corrosion products and their locations on and within of ancient Yuan Dynasty bronze mirror from Lufeng of Yunnan province. The most corrosive compounds are CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 and Cu2O. There is a thin layer of Fe-Al alloy on bronze mirror, which can protect the mirror from corrosion. The Raman microscopy is shown to be a useful tool to complement more traditional characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry in the analysis of metal artifacts.