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s of Efficiency Studies in the Hospital Servicett help to bring the results of these studies to hospital administrators. The development of management studies in the hospital service can be extremely valuable. Creative operational research can help doctors and health-care officials to choose among different methods of treatment, between in-patient and out-patient care for particular conditions, and to solve other problems of choice in the planning and operation of the Health Service. Analytic and normative studies can both be useful. But there is a danger that much operational research currently being undertaken will be of limited value because the wrong questions are being asked. Instead of merely producing quantitative descriptions of Health Service activities, the analytical research should be finding the underlying relationships that characterise Health Service operations. Instead of searching for elusive 'necessary' or ' adequate ' standards of care, normative studies should be seeking the optimal allocation of resources among competing claims.? Only by providing such information and advice can operational research be useful as a basis for administrative decisions. Unification and Co-ordination The administrative division of the NHS into three functional branches-hospital, local authority, and executive council (general practitioner) services-has * Occasional papers of this type include the Hospital Building Bulletins Hospital Building Notes, Hospital Equipment Notes and Hospital Technical Memoranda all published by HMSO. ** Oxford Regional Hospital Board, Nursing Care in a Modern Hospital, 1962; Oxford Regional Hospital Board, Hospital Out-Patient Services, 1962; Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, Towards a Clearer View: The Organisation of Diagnostic X-Ray Departments, 1962; Gordon Forsyth and Robert Logan, The Demand for Medical Care: A study of the case-load in the Barrow and Furness Group of Hospitals, I960; A. D. Airth and D. J. Newell, The Demand for Hospital Beds: Results of an Inquiry on Tees-side, 1962. For a general survey of recent health services operational research see: J. O. F. Davies, et al., Towards a Measure of Medical Care: Operational Research in the Health Services-A symposiumn, 1962. t Recent reports have included The Filing of Management Papers, I961 and Organisation and Management of Domestic Work in Hospitals, 1960. ft The abstracts are published as a periodical by HMSO. ? For a discussion of this point see: M. S. Feldstein, ' Operational Research and Efficiency in the Health Service', The Lancet, 1963, and 'Economic Analysis, Operational Research, and the National Health Service ', Oxford Economic Papers, I963.

In Britain the provisions for governmental financial support for universities, and governmental provision for scientific research, have grown up as relatively independent traditions, although the decision of 1889 to introduce an annual university vote was probably influenced by a preceding Royal Commission on Technical Education. The origins of our present university grant system may be traced back as far as 1889, but it was only when the University Grants Committee was formed in 1919 that its recurrent grant to British universities came to be allocated on the quinquennial principle. It is important to point out that government grants are made without any directive as to how the major portion of the money should be spent by the individual university. Each institution has been allocated a sum based upon the requirements of its current activities with an extra sum for approved expansion and new developments; it has then been at liberty to dispose of the funds as it has seen fit. The rationalisation of governmental financial support for research in physical science may be said to date from 1916, with the foundation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which was to advise the Lord President of the Council and the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. (The University Grants Committee was, in contrast, responsible to the Chancellor of the Exchequer.) The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research always had, as two of its major functions, the provision of support for trainee research workers and for research projects " of special timeliness and promise ". These were always the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research's main arrangements for contributing to academic science, and after the Second World War they came to absorb a substantial portion of the council's budget.1 In 1920, the Medical Research Council was formed, and although of rather different administrative constitution from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, it has always had rather similar obligations towards university research. The third main administrative division of research in the United Kingdom provides for agriculture and fisheries. This

‘Gori-Sei(_??__??__??_)’is a system of local administrative division, enforced from 715 to 739-40 in the Nara era, and it consisted of two administrative divisions: ‘Go(_??_)’and ‘Ri(_??_)’.Up to the present only historians had pursued after this system on their historical methods. So in this paper I tried to scrutinize it on a geographical method in making reference to following primary historical materials: ‘Daizei-Sinkyu-Rekimei-Cho *in Izumo Province(_??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_)’, ‘Daizei-Oi-Shibonin-Cho **in Bicchu Province(_??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_)’(both in A.D. 739), ‘Izumo-no-Kuni-Fudoki ***(_??__??__??__??__??__??_)’(in A.D. 733), etc.Scrutiny is carried out in the below mentioned process:1. Presumption of the Go-areas in consulting documents, present names of places, etc.2. Presumption of the unities of Lebensraume at that time in each Go-areas in availing of materials such as documents, present names of places, topography, river systems, irrigation spheres of each river, remains in the Kofun era, sites of the ‘Shiki-Nai-Sha ****(_??__??__??_)’, etc.3. Comparison between the unities of Lebensraume and Ris in each Go-areas.Treating more than twenty cases on such method, I can clear up the four points.1. In nearly all Go-areas, several unities of Lebensraume are classified into two or three grades for their scales.2. Unities of Lebensraume with nearly same scale to Go-areas are recognized in a certain cases (Type A). On the other hand, there are not a few cases, where each unity of Lebensraum corresponds to the approximately same scale of a Ri (Type B).3. In the case of Type B, especially when the name of place similar to the name of Ri is found in the unity of Lebensraum with approximately same scale to that Ri, (Type B'), there is a fair possibility that the Ri was organized basing on the unity of Lebensraum. Yet even in such cases of Type B and Type B', I can hardly suppose that the Ri was always organized basing on the unity of Lebensraum.4. In such a case as neither in Type B nor Type B', there presents very considerable possibility that the Ri was organized almost indifferently from the unity of Lebensraum in the same Go-area.If the four above-mentioned points constitute nation-wide characteristic of the Gori-Sei at its enforcement, it is possible to develop further inference on the basis of the results which had been already achieved by historians. Although the Gori-Sei came in enforcement so that the government might rule over the ‘Boko(_??__??_)’, it had been unable to meet with the actual state of affairs at that time any more than the prior system, ‘Ri-Sei(_??__??_)’ did. After a quarter of century, on the advent of new political situation, it was simply laid aside and the Go-Sei, a not so complicated system of local administrative division as the Gori-Sei, came close after it and kept on for hundreds of years.* an official document, recorded at each administrative divisions about men, women, and children, who were provided with rice from the provincial government for their old age or some other reasons.** an official document, recorded at each administrative divisions about farmers who borrowed rice from the provincial government and died without repaying.*** ancient topographical document which the Izumo Provincial Government compiled with materials of its own territory after the order of the Central Government.

Aso Atrio, consisting of the volcano, the alluvial plain, the alluvial fan, the talus, the terrace and the plateau, has the very complicated natural features, the whole of which orginates in the volcano-actions.Through the study of the process of reclamations, I made it clear what a regional system the modes of production and the enlargement of the residence did bring about.The reclamation on Aso Atrio, which were, to begin with, set about at the foot of the somma wall and the central corn both in the southrn valley and the northern one and secondly spread to the central region, left the terrace region in the southern valley and the fans in the eastern regions of both valleys undeveloped till rather later times.The farming methods in the process of reclamation on Aso Atrio came into being by the combination of the farming and the stock farming.And the regional unity had the combination of the arable land and the meadow on its basis, too.The administrative unit accordingly had often changed since olden times, but it had always included the arable land on the atrio, the central corn, the pasture and the meadow on the somma wall. The changing process of administrative division will explain that of the regional unity distinctly.

T HE concept of the dominant caste is crucial to the understanding of rural social life in most parts of India. Whether analysis is to be made of the hierarchy of a multi-caste village, the settlement of a dispute at the level of village or caste, or the pattern of Sanskritization among the several castes of an area, a study of the locally dominant caste and the kind of dominance it enjoys is essential. Occasionally a caste is dominant in a group of neighboring villages if not over a district or two, and in such cases, local dominance is linked with regional dominance. Such linkage also exists when the caste which is locally dominant is different from the caste which is regionally dominant. I stumbled on the importance of the idea of dominant caste only in 1953, after I had made two field trips to Rampura, a multi-caste village about 22 miles southeast of Mysore City in South India, and the present analysis is based on material which was collected previously. A full understanding of the dominance which a caste such as the Peasants (Okkaligas) enjoy needs a study of the entire region over which they are dominant, and over a period of time. I regret that I do not have the data for such an analysis. My analysis would have been even sketchier but for the fact that in 1952 the headman of the Peasants in the neighboring village of Kere loaned me several documents which related to the settlement of disputes in the Kere area over a period of forty years. These documents referred to villages in Kere hobli (an administrative division referring to a group of 20-50 villages) which is different from the hobli to which Rampura belongs. But as Peasants are dominant in both the areas, and as culturally the two areas are quite close to each other, I have made use of the Kere documents in order to clarify the concept of the dominant caste. I have elsewhere defined a dominant caste in the following words

Cult-groups, called Miyaza, were constituted so that specified proteges of a tutelary deity might take part in religious services as diviners in the feudal age (12-19 Cent.). In rural communities they had held an important position. Miyaza is not merely the object of such studies as religion, politics, or sociology, but also of cultural history, social education, economics, and geography of Japan.Viewed in the whole country, the Miyaza cult-groups show a geographical distribution centering around Kinki region in rural villages of western Japan. Especially, in the Izumi district, Kinki, these groups are even now distributed extensively in the cities, towns, and villages. According to findings that investigated in detail by using records and carrying out surveys of habitual practices, these cultgroups have some local groups for the convenience of religious services of shrines in each village; the management of cult-groups is called Miyaza. Families affiliated with these groups are under the rule of the Miyaza at the village shrine belonging to the subordinate structure, and besides the villagers together with some other neighbouring villagers form a “Miyaza” area. Superstructure was composed of every individual villages (Miyaza villages), cult-groups called Miyaza formed dual structure. And then the district shrine was made up of villages of this kind.How did the combining of a village with other villages called Miyaza come to be formed? Historical records concerning the question are limited. When a pilgrimage to the Kumano was being made, about 10 to 12 Cent., tradition says that the people there rendered service, patrol, pelicing, and guarding to its visit from the villages along the Oguri Roads; such organized groups were called Miyaza. The area of Miyaza is about the same as villages under a clan community where, about 5 to 7 Cent., a powerful clan had established their own patron deity of the place, and performed religious services in those days; for example: the “Go”, administrative division unit in ancient times, district in the era of Ritsuryo institution codes of laws and ethics from 7 to 11 Cent.; the district in the period of manor system from 12 to 15 Cent., and the village area, in the era of the Go village system, from 15 to 17 Cent. In the Shoen manor institution period, a district shrine was set up. People in the manor villages got Miyaza cult-groups together from district shrines, and carried on a religious service. After that, some shrines were gradually built up in the manor villages, and each of them had other smaller Miyaza cult-groups. Such being the case, in Miyaza, the existence of double structure is recognized and as a result of the circumstances the Miyaza cult-group system is kept still in partnership with neighbouring villages. Even villages in 17 to 19 Cent., clearly subsisted on these traditional practices. Through the cult-group system called Miyaza, the religious combination of villages was brought forth as an area under a single authority for a long time, and a community consciousness that the natives were the proteges of a tutelary deity in the same shrine had grown up.

The attempt is made to clarify the regional distribution of population in China, particularly the urban population, and to trace the course of changes which have occurred under the new regime. As this study was conducted as a part of a study of the industrial location in China, the relation of industrial location to the regional distribution of population must be clarified first. The major statistics regarding the regional distribution of various economic values including population are given on the basis of administrative division. Population by province and the population density are given for mid-year of 1953 and year end of 1954 and 1957. The population density by province shows considerable variety, the average having no significance in itself. The density is high in the eastern provinces and low in the western provinces. The population density of 17 provinces was higher than the national average and that of 8 provinces was below the average. It can be pointed out from the changes in 1953-1957 that population grew in size in all provinces and autonomous districts except for the slight decrease in Tibet. The growth rate almost reached the national average in most provinces. No change was seen in the ranking by population density. Very little data is available to show the situation after 1957. The economic geography of China is characterized by the distinctive contrast between the well developed regions of 3 provinces in Northwest Region, as well as Hopei and Kiangsu and other undeveloped regions. The long-term policy on industrial location is based on several principles but practically aims at the locational dispersion of industry and the elimination of differences in income standard and industrial structure among regions. Provinces of China can be divided into 3 groups according to the urban population ratio. The 1st group is Liaoning with the highest ratio of approximately 33%; the 2nd group consists of 4 provinces, i.e., Heilungkiang, Kiangsu, Kirin, and Hopei with ratios between 18 and 25%. The other 20 provinces are all less than 10%.

T tHE problems of Palestine have claimed such a large share of the headlines for the last thirty years that the average newspaper reader may well think that the name of the country stands for one of the historic political divisions of the world. It is seldom realized that the area now marked on our maps as 'Palestine' represents only one of the many local settlements which ultimately resulted from the tortuous proceedings of the Paris Peace Conference in I919. The frontiers then drawn for this small territorywere unknown to history and false to geography. In the thousands of years which separate the age of Moses from our own time the 'Palestine' of our present maps had never formed a single political or administrative unit. In particular, the River Jordan had never formed a frontier until the map-makers of the Peace Conference decided that it would make a convenient administrative division between two of the new 'mandated' areas from a point four miles south of Lake Tiberias to the Dead Sea. That being so, it is not surprising that in this, as in many other cases, the maps resulting from the peace settlement of Paris are now little more than historical documents. When King Abdullah recently announced that in future the official title of his realm would be 'The Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan' he was in effect notifying the world that the river had ceased to be a frontier. How far this assumption was justified depends upon factors which are yet uncertain. Palestine is in fact 'partitioned', but the existing division is wholly different from any of the schemes which have been propounded by various commissions. The lines which separate Arab and Jewish territory are merely those of an armistice and are necessarily precarious, but for the purpose of this article they must be taken as they stand at the time of writing (July I949). Although precision is impossible, since no authoritative large-scale maps are available, the lines are approximately those shown in the sketch map on p. 4I6. From this it will be seen that in the northern section, from the Lebanese frontier to the Lake of Tiberias, the river now forms a boundary. South of Lake Tiberias the river again forms a boundary between the Jewish and Arab forces for about fifteen miles down to a point east of Beisan. From this point to the Dead Sea the whole of both banks is held by King Abdullah's forces, who also occupy about half of the western shore of the Dead Sea. The 'bulge' west of the river now held by the Arab Legion amounts to about half of the whole area between the Lebanese border and the Negeb, except for a narrow wedge which gives the Jews a corridor

In the article, the subject was examined under the following headings: XVI. Administrative section of Turkey (provinces, sanjaks, towns, legal and administrative division), the economic situation, the provision of state services, the deterioration of internal order, the uprising of the madrasa students, the political tension between civil servants.

The basic notion in Soviet economic regionalization that administrative divisions should correspond closely to economic regions is often ignored at the local level. The Muya area, an intermontane basin in northern Transbaykalia, is discussed as an example of an area in which an artificial administrative division hampers the resolution of economic problems of the area as a whole.

SUMMARY The functions of the State have so expanded that the public service has become of utmost importance: The need for an efficient civil service led England to abolish patronage in making appointments to the service: Similar reforms were attempted in Australia as early as 1862, but it was not until the passing of the New South Wales Public Service Act in 1895 that the reforms found very adequate expression: The operation of this Act has done much to improve the quality of the New South Wales public service, although the principles underlying the Act have been constantly violated: The present recruitment policy fails to attract the most desirable recruits to the service: There is urgent need for building up an administrative division to deal with the higher work of Government.

Nearly 40 years ago, in 1948, the writer presented a paper entitled "Some Problems of Arctic Geography in Canada" to the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers. He noted that geographers were just then appearing in Canada and in so doing were encountering the challenge of describing the North. Evaluation and forecasting were difficult. Local geographers were expected to help politicians assess the value of the arctic region in the Canadian economy. Physical geographers had a good deal to do in describing the arctic environment, including the landforms of the mountainous islands and the central lowlands. In the summer of 1947 new information on sea ice from Canadian and American air and sea expeditions gave the first overall picture of sea-ice conditions in the Canadian Arctic. In 1948, economic geographers were to be concerned with the distribution and utilization of natural resources. Experts concerned with administration were to consider administrative division of the North into an Eastern and Western Arctic, along with a third region, the far northern Arctic Islands. Changes in the lives of Canadian Eskimo had already taken place as "civilization advanced into the Arctic." In the field of human geography, "a geographer had a natural laboratory in the Canadian Arctic" where "the environment offered little, the choices were few, the utilization was direct." Forty years later, the author still believes that the Arctic will play only a minor role in the future development of Canada. Key words: development, geography, Arctic, division, sea ice, civilization

A high standard of training and discipline was a prerequisite for the tactical success of the military organization just described, but we can glean information about it from only a few scattered sources, which refer only to certain aspects. They can scarcely be said to paint a vivid picture, so that one has to be content with a general impression, keeping in mind that some references may apply only to a certain campaign and commander and may not be indicative of general practice. In contrast to the Roman and, to a lesser degree, the Classical Greek armies about whose weapons and tactical training comprehensive accounts survive, Seleucid training practice, as well as that of other Hellenistic armies, is entirely obscure. Passing over various references to the pre-military functions of the gymnasiums, which ought not to be overestimated, all the information we have is that weapon and warfare instructors served in the military training school at Apamea (Strabo 16.2.10(752)). In view of the presumable organization of the Guard, it may be concluded that new recruits to the Guard, i.e. the sons of the military settlers, received their initial training there, which means in effect that all military settlers were trained at Apamea at one time or another. I do not imagine that there was a similar military school in the eastern part of the Empire, despite the administrative division of the Seleucid realm into two separate parts and despite the enormous distances recruits from Media had to cover on the way to Apamea.

The increasing development of computers in recent years allow the acquisition of equipment specifically conceived for users at prices which are not beyond their purses. The medical practitioners could not remain indifferent to this new situation and a number of them, envisage now the introduction of computers in their consulting room.

The final area of children’s development investigated in the evaluation study was policy and practice concerning health care, a comparatively neglected topic in studies of pre-school provision and services. The separate development of day nurseries and nursery schools, described in Chapter 1, was paralleled by an administrative division of responsibility for the children’s health care between local authority health and education departments respectively. Traditionally, greater emphasis on physical welfare has been found in day nurseries, which until 1971 were under the direct control of local health departments.

“Prevention is better than cure” and “less expensive” : this new proverb could resume our regional health policy. This study, which partakes of a regional health policy, purposes to evaluate the risk factors, the efficiency of the detection and the effectiveness of the treatment of the intra epithelial carcinoma of the uterus cervix. (IEC).

Because solar and wind resources are available throughout Europe, a transition to an electricity system based on renewables could simultaneously be a transition to an autarkic one. We investigate to which extent electricity autarky on different levels is possible in Europe, from the continental, to the national, regional, and municipal levels, assuming that electricity autarky is only possible when the technical potential of renewable electricity exceeds local demand. We determine the technical potential of roof-mounted and open field photovoltaics, as well as on- and offshore wind turbines through an analysis of surface eligibility, considering land cover, settlements, elevation, and protected areas as determinants of eligibility for renewable electricity generation. In line with previous analyses we find that the technical-social potential of renewable electricity is greater than demand on the European and national levels. For subnational autarky, the situation is different: here, demand exceeds potential in several regions, an effect that is stronger the higher population density is. To reach electricity autarky below the national level, regions would need to use very large fractions or all of their non-built-up land for renewable electricity generation. Subnational autarky requires electricity generation to be in close proximity to demand and thus increases the pressure on non-built-up land especially in densely populated dense regions where pressure is already high. Our findings show that electricity autarky below the national level is often not possible in densely populated areas in Europe., Energy Strategy Reviews, 26

In this study we analyze 18 classical polymorphisms (ABO, Rh, MNSs, Lewis, P, Duffy, Kell, ADA, ESD, PGM1, PGD, AK1, ACP1, GLO1, HP, GC, TF, and PI) in over 2000 autochthonous individuals from 14 natural districts in three provinces of the Basque Country (Alava, Guipuzcoa, and Biscay). Heterogeneity analysis via the chi2 test and a calculation of F(ST) indicate that there is significant genetic heterogeneity between the Basque districts. The R matrix informs us that this heterogeneity is not significantly concentrated in a single district or in the districts of a single province, but is rather distributed among several districts belonging to the three provinces analyzed. We undertake to assess the influence of various historical, geographical, and cultural factors on the genetic structure of the Basque population. Analysis suggests that allele distribution is geographically patterned in the Basque Country. The gradient distributions observed in the case of some alleles (ABO*O, RH*cDE, RH*cde, MNS*MS, and ACP1*C) on the basis of Moran's autocorrelation coefficient I, along with the influence of the two main travel routes through the Basque Country (western route through Bilbao and eastern route through Vitoria), suggest that the gene flow tends toward the coast. As regards other factors considered (administrative division, repopulation processes, linguistic heterogeneity, and north vs. south cultural heterogeneity), we detected only a certain influence exerted by an old tribal differentiation (2000 B.P.), which would diminish with the passage of time.

Tylliria area is situated in the north-west part of Cyprus. Its geographical territory counts several villages of Nicosia and Paphos Districts, on the basis of the modern administrative division of the island. The area is bounded in the eastern part from Kampos River and the village of Pomos in the west (Figure 1).

In 1939 Nigeria was divided into three Regions for purely administrative reasons. These regions, to all intents and purposes, did not constitute separate governments. In fact, between 1939 and 1945, these regions had no legislatures of their own. Even under the Richards' Constitution, when they had separate legislatures they had no independent powers. In practice the state legislatures under the Richards' Constitution (1946-1951) were no more than agents of the governor and the central legislature. Between 1951 and 1954, however, glimpses of a federal division of powers began to appear because the regional legislatures had powers to make laws over issues within the boundaries of their regions. More specifically, the regional legislatures exercised such powers in electoral matters. For example, in 1951, the Electoral Regulations for election into the central and regional legislatures were in two parts. The first part was the General Regulations under which the elections were conducted while the second part was the Specific Regulations which laid down the procedure for elections in each region of the country. To a large extent, although the Macpherson Constitution of 1951 was not federal, the Electoral Regulations under that Constitution paid due respect to the varieties in the nation following the tripartite administrative division of 1939. It was not until 1954 that a federal constitution with a clear division of powers and recognized spheres of influence finally came into operation. The adoption, however, of a federal constitution introduced a new territorial dimension into the politics of the country. In the second place it raised the basic issue of whether national unity and federalism are, or should be, compatible. A federation, like any other state, is a nation-state with a set of political institutions for the work of government. Nevertheless, unlike other states, a federation is divided into a number of geographical areas each of which also has an adequate set of institutions for the work of government in their respective areas. Thus, in a federation, political authority is territorially divided between two autonomous sets of separate jurisdictions. One of such jurisdictions is national while the other is subnational although both operate directly upon the people (Wheare, 1963; Dudley, 1963: 95-100; Duchacek, 1970: 192). This spatial two-dimensionality of a federation is of cardinal importance because it is a concession to unity with diversiy rather than the conventional unity in diversity. This is particularly the case because the two levels of government derive their powers directly from the constitutional powers although not in terms of the powers exerciseable by these two levels of government. Usually there are built-in provisions for federal executive and

Estimates of mean ages at marriage of females and males in various districts of Uttar Pradesh India are presented for the census year 1971. The patterns of variations in these ages are analyzed by district and administrative division. The relationship between age at marriage and level of development is also explored. A concluding section provides a classification of Uttar Pradesh districts by mean marriage age in relation to the revised legal minimum age at marriage. (ANNOTATION)

Few lawyers in any country are satisfied with the existing arrangements for curial review of the decisions of administrative tribunals. The author examines the steps being taken in New Zealand to strike a better balance between administrative needs and the protection of the citizen. He proposes that an Administrative Division of the Supreme Court be established.