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This paper conceptualizes knowledge governance (KG) in project-based organizations (PBOs) and its methodological approaches for empirical investigation. Three key contributions towards a multi-faceted view of KG and an understanding of KG in PBOs are advanced. These contributions include a definition of KG in PBOs, a conceptual framework to investigate KG and a methodological framework for empirical inquiry into KG in PBO settings. Our definition highlights the contingent nature of KG processes in relation to their organizational context. The conceptual framework addresses macro- and micro-level elements of KG and their interaction. The methodological framework proposes five different research approaches, structured by differentiation and integration of various ontological and epistemological stances. Together these contributions provide a novel platform for understanding KG in PBOs and developing new insights into the design and execution of research on KG within PBOs.

Methodological approaches for comparing metabolic theory predictions to empirical data fall into two general categories: 1) determining if the general functional form of a relationship predicted by the theory is valid; and 2) determining whether the observed values of the parameters match the specific quantitative predictions made by the theory. Both of these categories of analysis rely on being able to accurately determine the best fitting form of a model with the same general functional form as that of MTE, so we will begin by discussing how this has typically been done using OLS regression on appropriately transformed data. Potential improvements to these approaches that account for statistical complexities of the data will then be considered. We will discuss methods for comparing the fitted parameters to theoretical values and how to determine if the general functional form predicted by the theory is supported by data. This will require some discussion of the philosophy of how to test theoretical models. So we will end with a general discussion of the technical and philosophical challenges of testing and developing general ecological theories.

На підставі теоретичного аналізу психолого-педагогічної літератури визначено сутність групи понять, що характеризують зміст здоров’язберігальної діяльності фахівця здоров’я людини як об’єкта наукового дослідження. До них віднесено поняття “здоров’я”, “культура здоров’я”, “здоров’язберігальні технології”, “здоров’язберігальна компетентність”. Серед методологічних підходів до дослідження проблеми підготовки майбутніх фахівців здоров’я людини до здоров’язберігальної діяльності автори виділяють як фундаментальну основу професійно-особистісний підхід, як загальнонаукову системний, акмеологічний та аксіологічний підхо¬ди, як теоретико-методологічну стратегію – особистісно орієнтований підхід, як практико орієнтовану так¬тику – діяльнісний і компетентнісний підходи. У статті акцентується увага на сутності методологічних підходів до дослідження проблеми підготовки майбутніх фахівців здоров’я людини до здоров’язберігальної діяльності. Їх комплексне використання дає змогу розглядати підготовку фахівців як педагогічну систему, що сприяє формуванню в майбутнього фахівця групи професійних якостей, мотивів і цінностей, дає змогу виділи¬ти компоненти його готовності до майбутньої діяльності. According to the theoretical analysis of phychological and pedagogical literature the authors defined the essence of group of notions that are characterizing basics of health-preserving activity of a specialst on human’ health as an object of scientific research. These concepts include “health”, “health culture”, “health protective technologies”, “health protective competence”. Among the methodological approaches to the research of the problem of future specialists of human health training to health protectice activity the authors single out such chosen professional and personal approaches as fundamental basis; systems, acmeological and acseological approaches as scientific basis; personality oriented approach as theoretical and methodological strategy; action and competence approaches as practice-oriented tactics. This article focuses its attention on the essence of the methodological approaches to research of the the problem of the future specialists of the human health training to health protective activity. Complex usage of these approaches makes it possible to consider specialists training as pedagogical system which enable the formation of group of professional qualities, motives and values for the future specialist, mark out the components of his readiness to future activity.

Most of the available Sustainable Product Innovation (SPI) approaches and tools have been developed in Western Europe, based upon European experiences. However, in South-East Asian economies like Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, needs are different and more immediate. Also the characteristics of the local companies and product innovation approaches differ because of specific local social, economic and industrial development aspects. Based upon the experiences of Delft University of Technology with Design for Sustainability within companies in, among others, East Africa, Central America, India and South-East Asia, an adapted approach and set of tools has been developed which fits better into the context of small and medium sized enterprises in SE Asian economies. This toolkit development is part of the activities in the EU SWITCH-ASIA project SPIN-VCL: Sustainable Product Innovation in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. VNCPC and AIT-VN have jointly set up the regional coordination office (“Green Office”) for the project in Hanoi. In the project 500 companies, mainly SMEs, participate to improve their products over the whole life cycle of the product and make them more sustainable, thus contributing to the objective of ‘Green Business’. The toolkit is organized according to the step-by-step approach that has been developed for SPIN implementation at the companies. This approach consists of four phases: Kick-off, product planning, product development and implementation. Other than most existing SPI approaches, the SPIN toolkit includes integrated approaches along the full line of possible company needs, ranging from benchmarking or redesign of existing products to development of fully new products and services, as well as strategic development approaches for branding and marketing of greener products. This extension is based on the explicit needs of SE Asian companies encountered in earlier projects. These approaches are all adapted to local circumstances and different circumstances such as micro-enterprises, SMEs, craft villages or larger companies. A needs assessment was performed to find out the requirements of the companies as well as the prospective experts to be trained in the approach, feeding into the theoretical and methodological development of the toolkit. Co-design sessions were organized with local experts to further fine-tune the toolkit. The preliminary results of company projects in which the toolkit is used show encouraging results, and further improvements are proposed for the next version of the toolkit.

Most of the available Sustainable Product Innovation (SPI) approaches and tools have been developed in Western Europe, based upon European experiences. However, in South-East Asian economies like Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, needs are different and more immediate. Also the characteristics of the local companies and product innovation approaches differ because of specific local social, economic and industrial development aspects. Based upon the experiences of Delft University of Technology with Design for Sustainability within companies in, among others, East Africa, Central America, India and South-East Asia, an adapted approach and set of tools has been developed which fits better into the context of small and medium sized enterprises in SE Asian economies. This toolkit development is part of the activities in the EU SWITCH-ASIA project SPIN-VCL: Sustainable Product Innovation in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. VNCPC and AIT-VN have jointly set up the regional coordination office (“Green Office”) for the project in Hanoi. In the project 500 companies, mainly SMEs, participate to improve their products over the whole life cycle of the product and make them more sustainable, thus contributing to the objective of ‘Green Business’. The toolkit is organized according to the step-by-step approach that has been developed for SPIN implementation at the companies. This approach consists of four phases: Kick-off, product planning, product development and implementation. Other than most existing SPI approaches, the SPIN toolkit includes integrated approaches along the full line of possible company needs, ranging from benchmarking or redesign of existing products to development of fully new products and services, as well as strategic development approaches for branding and marketing of greener products. This extension is based on the explicit needs of SE Asian companies encountered in earlier projects. These approaches are all adapted to local circumstances and different circumstances such as micro-enterprises, SMEs, craft villages or larger companies. A needs assessment was performed to find out the requirements of the companies as well as the prospective experts to be trained in the approach, feeding into the theoretical and methodological development of the toolkit. Co-design sessions were organized with local experts to further fine-tune the toolkit. The preliminary results of company projects in which the toolkit is used show encouraging results, and further improvements are proposed for the next version of the toolkit.

У статті викладено результати історичного аналізу методичних підходів до вивчення речовин у курсі хімії, здійсненого за навчальними і методичними посібниками, підручниками та навчальними програмами для середньої й вищої школи, дисертаціями і науковими публікаціями. Встановлено відповідний до сучасного стану розвитку науки ланцюг характеристики речовин і хімічних елементів. Теоретично обґрунтовано доцільність такої характеристики., The article states results of historical analysis of methodological approaches towards substance study in the course of chemistry made on the workbooks and books of learning and methodological character as well as curricula for secondary and higher schools, theses and scientific articles. Substance characteristics order relevant to modern scientific level is denoted. Expediency of such characteristics is substantiated., В статье изложены результаты исторического анализа методических подходов к изучению веществ в курсе химии, осуществленный по учебным и методическим пособиям, учебникам и учебным программам для средней и высшей школы, диссертациям и научным публикациям. Определена последовательность характеристики веществ, которая соответствует современному уровню развития науки. Теоретически обоснована целесообразность такой характеристики.

У поданій статті висвітлено актуальність проблеми оцінки економічних збитків у разі відмови систем електро-, водо-, газо-, теплопостачання. Визначено поняття «економічний збиток» у декількох сферах діяльності. У процесі дослідження було запропоновано методичні підходи для розрахунку прямих та непрямих економічних збитків на промисловому підприємстві. In this article was explained the actuality of problem of assessing economic loss through the failure power, water, gas, heat supply system. Determined «economic loss» of some branch of activities. In the studing it was presented methodological approaches for calculating economic direct and indirect loss in the industrial enterprises. У поданной статье показано актуальность проблемы оценки экономических ущербов от отказа систем электро-, водо-, газо-, теплоснабжения. Определено «экономический ущерб» у некоторых отраслях деятельности. В процессе исследования было представлено методические подходы для расчета прямых и непрямых экономических ущербов на промышленном предприятии.

У статті проаналізовано аксіологічний, системний, синергетичний, культурологічний, особистісно орієнтований, діяльнісний методологічні підходи, що є провідними у контексті формування духовності молодших школярів. Article analyzes methodological approaches: axiological, systematic, synergistic, cultural, personality-oriented, activity, that are leading in the context of younger pupils’ spirituality formation.

The Knowledge, from the perspective of the Greeks, it has four types: Empeiria, tekhne, episteme and nous. These types have different characteristics, as they target the source dimension (facts and concepts), or the purpose dimension (contemplation or domain). On the basis of these dimensions is presented a tool kit to collect, develop and build personal strengths, arising from the disposition of knowledge itself. This tool allows to outline the productive potential of staff, from the perspective that the knowledge acquired, determines the disposition and development of ability to make decisions and solve problems. In the sample studied, it was noted that professionals have different susceptibility to the dimensions of knowledge, which leads to a different personal profi le for the resolution of problems. According to the predominant profi le, professionals are more focused on the analysis and study, and less problem solving and mastery orientation is low. In general, this study provides evidence to broaden the perspective of development and professional learning., El conocimiento, desde la perspectiva de los griegos, es de cuatro tipos: empeiría, tékhne, epistéme y noús. Estos tipos presentan diferentes características, según se orienten a la dimensión del origen (hechos o conceptos), o a la dimensión de la fi nalidad (contemplación o dominio). Sobre la base de estas dimensiones se plantea una herramienta para percibir, desarrollar y consolidar las fortalezas personales, derivadas de la predisposición del propio conocimiento. Esta herramienta permite delinear el potencial productivo personal, bajo la perspectiva que el conocimiento adquirido determina la predisposición y el desarrollo de su capacidad para tomar decisiones y resolver problemas. En la muestra estudiada, se observa que los profesionales tienen diferente predisposición hacia las dimensiones del conocimiento, lo que conlleva un diferente perfi l personal para la resolución de problemas. Según el perfi l predominante, los profesionales están más orientados al análisis y estudio, y menos a resolver problemas y la orientación al dominio es baja. En general, el presente estudio brinda elementos de juicio para ampliar la perspectiva de desarrollo y aprendizaje profesional.

As últimas décadas foram marcadas pela grande quantidade de problemas ambientais transfronteiriços e pelo consequente aumento no número de regimes internacionais relacionados. Entretanto, a criação de um regime por si só não garante sua implementação, tampouco a obtenção plena de seus objetivos ou, menos ainda, a resolução do problema. Este fato vem estimulando um debate interessante na academia: os regimes internacionais são realmente eficazes para tratar de questões de meio ambiente? O presente artigo discute os principais métodos de análise da eficácia dos regimes de meio ambiente. Para tanto, delineia questões conceituais gerais sobre a eficácia dos regimes, discute os questionamentos e necessidades metodológicas no caso específico das políticas ambientais internacionais, analisa as principais abordagens utilizadas e apresenta seus achados mais importantes, focando nos fatores que contribuem para a eficácia. The last decades were marked by the large amount of transborder environmental problems and, consequently, the increase in the number of related international regimes. However, the creation of a regime per se does not guarantee that it be implemented nor that its objectives be fully attained, much less that the issue be solved. This fact has been stimulating an interesting debate: are international regimes really effective to deal with environmental issues? This article discusses the main methods of analyzing environmental regime effectiveness. For that purpose it presents general conceptual issues related to regime effectiveness, discusses the main questions and specific methodological needs in the specific case of international environmental policy, analyses its most important findings, and focuses on the factors that contribute to effectiveness.

Запропоновано методичний підхід до аналізу і урахування ризиків програм реінжинірингу бізнес процесів (БП). Він дозволяє провадити багатофакторну оцінку ризиків в умовах нечіткої оцінки впливу окремих факторів, що дозволяє підвищити рівень обґрунтованості програм реінжинірингу БП. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16087 Предложен методический подход к анализу и учету рисков программ реинжиниринга бизнес процессов (БП). Он позволяет выполнять многофакторную оценку рисков в условиях нечеткой оценки влияния отдельных факторов, что позволяет повысить уровень обоснованности программ реинжиниринга БП. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16087 Methodical approach to analysis and taking into account the risks of software reengineering business processes (PSU). It allows to implement multi-factor risk assessment in terms of fuzzy evaluation of influence of individual factors that allows you to enhance the feasibility of application reengineering PSU. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16087

Esta investigación trata de comparar la motivación de niños y maestros tras la aplicación de un programa de 18 sesiones de iniciación hacia la práctica del atletismo con una metodología tradicional y otra alternativa. Para lo cuál, 3 maestros y 32 alumnos de cuarto de Educación Primaria han participado en un total de 9 entrevistas semiestructuradas grupales. Las principales conclusiones a las que se ha llegado tras el análisis de los textos mediante el programa Nudist Vivo, son que el enfoque Ludotécnico es una propuesta que destaca entre los niños por la diversión que genera y su percepción motivacional dirigida hacia la tarea, provocando un menor número de comportamientos inadecuados, mientras que los maestros perciben que esta propuesta no estimula el aprendizaje, y se sienten mucho más cómodos con el empleo de un enfoque tradicional y un clima motivacional de implicación al ego., This research compares students' and teachers' motivation after the application of an 18-session initiation to athletics that uses both a traditional and an alternative methodology. To achieve this, 3 primary school teachers and 32 fourth-grade students took part in 9 semi-structured group interviews. The main conclusion found after the texts were analysed by the Nudist Vivo software programme was that the “Ludic-tecnique” or playful approach is popular with children because of how much fun it is and how it affects their motivational perception of the task. Thus, this approach has been tested and the result is that it caused fewer cases of inappropriate behaviour. However, primary teachers do not perceive this proposal as useful for stimulating learning in any way and feel that a traditional approach and an egoinvolving motivational climate is more recommendable.

Автором были рассмотрены методические подходы к оценке эффективности деятельности банка. Также был систематизирован инструментарий оценки эффективности. The article deals with methodological approaches of evaluation of bank's efficiency. Also author has systematized tools for measuring bank's efficiency.

Esta investigación trata de comparar la motivación de niños y maestros tras la aplicación de un programa de 18 sesiones de iniciación hacia la práctica del atletismo con una metodología tradicional y otra alternativa. Para lo cuál, 3 maestros y 32 alumnos de cuarto de Educación Primaria han participado en un total de 9 entrevistas semiestructuradas grupales. Las principales conclusiones a las que se ha llegado tras el análisis de los textos mediante el programa Nudist Vivo, son que el enfoque Ludotécnico es una propuesta que destaca entre los niños por la diversión que genera y su percepción motivacional dirigida hacia la tarea, provocando un menor número de comportamientos inadecuados, mientras que los maestros perciben que esta propuesta no estimula el aprendizaje, y se sienten mucho más cómodos con el empleo de un enfoque tradicional y un clima motivacional de implicación al ego. This research compares students' and teachers' motivation after the application of an 18-session initiation to athletics that uses both a traditional and an alternative methodology. To achieve this, 3 primary school teachers and 32 fourth-grade students took part in 9 semi-structured group interviews. The main conclusion found after the texts were analysed by the Nudist Vivo software programme was that the “Ludic-tecnique” or playful approach is popular with children because of how much fun it is and how it affects their motivational perception of the task. Thus, this approach has been tested and the result is that it caused fewer cases of inappropriate behaviour. However, primary teachers do not perceive this proposal as useful for stimulating learning in any way and feel that a traditional approach and an egoinvolving motivational climate is more recommendable.

A seleção de sítios de oviposição é uma forma de seleção de hábitat em que as fêmeas escolhem o micro-ambiente de desova procurando maximizar o sucesso reprodutivo. Nesta revisão, compilamos as principais conclusões de estudos sobre seleção de sítios de oviposição tendo os anuros como modelo. Na literatura, podemos reconhecer três linhas principais de investigação: 1) análise de múltiplos fatores em hábitat natural- no ambiente de reprodução, sítios com ovos e girinos são comparados com locais não utilizados com base em fatores abióticos e bióticos com potencial de influenciar a escolha da fêmea; 2) experimentos controlados com poças dispostas em blocos replicados simulando sítios potenciais de oviposição com diferenças na qualidade e 3) quantificações de eventos reprodutivos e experimentos de manipulação em ambiente natural. Fêmeas de várias espécies de anuros selecionam sítios de oviposição mais favoráveis à sobrevivência e desenvolvimento dos ovos e girinos. O comportamento de escolha depende da abundância e qualidade relativa dos locais potenciais de desova e da capacidade de discriminação da fêmea. Em geral, as escolhas das fêmeas respondem aos principais riscos à sobrevivência e desempenho da prole, porém apresentam eficiência relativa e perdas parciais ou totais de desovas e girinos são ocasionadas, principalmente, por fatores de mortalidade direta como dessecação e predação. Os mecanismos sensoriais que elas utilizam para discriminar as condições do ambiente de reprodução ainda são praticamente desconhecidos. Além de afetar o sucesso reprodutivo dos parentais, o comportamento de escolha pode influenciar na dinâmica de populações e estrutura de comunidades ao promover a segregação de hábitat entre espécies competidoras ou entre espécies-presa e seus predadores. Oviposition site selection is a kind of habitat selection in which the females choose egg-laying sites that maximize their reproductive success. In the present review, we compiled the main conclusions of major studies on this theme that used frogs as model organisms. In the literature, three main lines of investigations were recognized: 1) multiple factor analyses in natural habitats- within the breeding site, places with eggs/tadpoles are compared with unused sites, testing several abiotic and biotic factors that could potentially influence female's choice; 2) experiments with pools arranged in replicated blocks (treatments/control) to simulate oviposition sites differing in quality and 3) quantification of reproductive events associated with experimental manipulations in the field. Effectively, females of several frog species select oviposition sites more favorable to survival and development of eggs and tadpoles. In general, the female choice depends on the abundance and quality of potential egg-laying sites and on her discriminatory ability. Female choices usually mirror the main risks to survival and growth of the offspring, but discriminatory power is not absolute and partial or total losses of clutches and tadpoles may occur, most of them resulting from desiccation and predation. The sensory mechanisms that females use to discriminate the conditions of potential oviposition sites remain poorly known and unexplored. Besides affecting the parental reproductive success, the selective behavior potentially influence population dynamics and community structure by promoting habitat segregation among competitive species or prey-species and their predators.

Розглянуто методологічні підходи до аналізу економічних криз і циклів. Значну увагу приділено розкриттю їх ключових особливостей і типів. Досліджено природу сучасної економічної кризи в Україні та запропоновано шляхи виходу з неї. Was detected the methodological approaches to the analysis of economic crises and cycles. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of theirkey features and types. Investigated the nature of the current economic crisis in Ukraine and suggests ways out of it

Nacionalinės ekonomikos plėtros strateginis valdymas - tai valstybės vykdoma nuolatinė ciklinė strateginės analizės, strategijos rengimo ir jos įgyvendinimo funkcija, leidžianti laiku prisitaikyti prie šalies ir tarptautinės padėties pokyčių ir kaip galima labiau padidinti bei efektyviai panaudoti šalies ekonominį potencialą. Straipsnyje aptariami nustatytinis ir plėtotinis metodologiniai požiūriai į nacionalinės ekonomikos plėtros strateginį valdymą, nurodomos jų skiriamosios ypatybės, privalumai ir trūkumai. Pripažįstama, kad nustatytinis ir plėtotinis metodologiniai požiūriai yra kraštutiniai. Nagrinėjamas šių požiūrių taikymo strateginiam valdymui tikslingumas ir galimybės, jų derinimo principai. Strategic management of development of the national economy is the continuous cyclic function of strategic analysis, preparation and implementation of strategy, performed by the state and providing the possibility of timely adaptation to the changes in the country and in the international situation and for the greatest possible increase and efficient utilization of the economic potential of the country. The article discusses the methodological views of the strategic management of development of the national economy, both the one which must be identified and the one which must be developed, their distinguishable peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages are identified. It is recognized that the methodological views, both the one which must be identified and the one which must be developed are extremes. The viability and possibilities of the application of the said views to the strategic management and the principles for their matching are examined.

O artigo enfoca a evolução do trabalho identificando as mudanças ocorridas e como elas transformaram a sua natureza. Ele apresenta o desenvolvimento teórico das abordagens utilizadas na relação do homem com o trabalho conseqüente à introdução de inovações tecnológicas. O enfoque adotado neste texto privilegia a análise das situações de trabalho informatizadas e como elas impactam nas condições de trabalho. O referencial norteador é a Ergonomia, seus modelos de intervenção e seus limites, neste novo contexto de trabalho. The article contextualizes the evolution of work, identifying the changes occurred and how they have transformed the nature of work. It presents the theoretical development of the approaches used in the relationship between man and work in consequence of the technological innovations. The approach adopted in this text favors the analysis of computerized work situations and how they impact on the work conditions. The leading reference is Ergonomics, its intervention models and its limits in this new work context.

The study of the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) has traditionally been based on culturing organisms from bulk water samples. The development and application of molecular methods has supplied new tools for examining the microbial diversity and activity of environmental samples, yielding new insights into the microbial community and its diversity within these engineered ecosystems. In this review, the currently available methods and emerging approaches for characterising microbial communities, including both planktonic and biofilm ways of life, are critically evaluated. The study of biofilms is considered particularly important as it plays a critical role in the processes and interactions occurring at the pipe wall and bulk water interface. The advantages, limitations and usefulness of methods that can be used to detect and assess microbial abundance, community composition and function are discussed in a DWDS context. This review will assist hydraulic engineers and microbial ecologists in choosing the most appropriate tools to assess drinking water microbiology and related aspects.

Cet article consiste en une revue documentaire synthétique et critique de travaux sur les parcours d’apprentissage de jeunes en situation d’interruption d’études en France. L’enjeu est de proposer des pistes de collecte de données pour mieux appréhender leurs parcours d’études. À partir de cette revue et de l’approche des parcours de vie, nous avons analysé des travaux portant sur les parcours d’interruption d’études de jeunes collégiens et lycéens. Les études de devis mixte avec une perspective longitudinale permettent de mieux identifier, et, d’évaluer le rôle des différents événements s’inscrivant au cours, et, au-delà de la période d’interruption d’études des individus. Les études biographiques complétées d’observations contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des liens entre les formes distinctes de parcours et l’expérience subjective, et, singulière des acteurs., This article offers a synthetic and critical literature review on the learning pathways of young people who have interrupted their studies in France. The intent is to suggest ways to collect data in order to better understand their educational pathways. Based on this review and the life-course approach, we analyzed research on the school dropout trajectories of young middle and high school students. Our study leverages mixed methods and a longitudinal perspective to help pinpoint and evaluate the role of various events during and beyond the interruption period. The biographical studies, in conjunction with observations, contribute to a better understanding of the links between distinct forms of pathways and the unique, subjective experiences of the individuals concerned., El artículo consiste en una revisión documental sintética y crítica de trabajos sobre historias de jóvenes que han interrumpido sus estudios en Francia. El desafío es proponer métodos de recopilación de datos para comprender mejor las trayectorias de estas personas. A partir de esta revisión documental y del enfoque del curso de vida de los jóvenes, hemos analizado trabajos sobre las trayectorias de interrupción del estudio de jóvenes de secundaria y de preparatoria (bachillerato). Los estudios mixtos con una perspectiva longitudinal permiten identificar y evaluar mejor el papel de los diversos eventos que ocurren durante y después del período de interrupción de los estudios de los individuos. Los estudios biográficos complementados con observaciones contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de los vínculos entre las distintas formas de trayectorias y la experiencia subjetiva y singular de los actores.

What sort of working world do our engineering graduates face? Engineering has become a global profession, where professional skills are as important as the intellectual prowess gained by obtaining the qualification itself. First, we must consider what skills are needed for engineers to meet the challenges of Industry 4.0. Academics who wish to engage in activities to enhance engineering education might therefore initially seek to identify which skills are most important and there is a wealth of literature addressing different viewpoints which adds further complexity to evaluating such studies. This paper reports on two independent systematic reviews of literature to identify the most commonly discussed skills that engineering graduates require from the focus of different stakeholders. The first study audited 129 papers and identified the list of most commonly discussed skills, which was then condensed into a list of 17 professional skills. Independently, a review of the lists of skills used in 16 quantitative studies was carried out in relation to engineering skills requirements for graduate engineers specifically. The results of both studies are compared to highlight the similarities and differences between the results of each method. The work also aims to highlight concerns over providing lists of skills in survey questionnaires without a rigorous research methodology. It is hoped that this paper will generate discussion and aims to raise additional research questions to initiate more in-depth research, into the differing views and contextual relationships of skills’ listings