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[Display omitted] • Twenty year data on PAH in multi-environmental matrices were critically analyzed. • A total of six matrices (air-dust, water, soil-sediments, and biotas) were considered for the review. • The sediment component had highest level of PAHs, followed by dust, soil and water. • Use of more advanced and modernized analytical technique is needed for future study. Monitoring organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been of global concern due to their widespread occurrence in multi-components of the environment. In this study, we critically reviewed 20 years of published literature to examine the occurrence of PAHs, sources, and their toxicological effect in the multimedia environment of India, with particular emphasis on analytical techniques. After review, we found the ubiquitous presence of PAHs in the Indian condition. The distribution of PAH is highly heterogeneous, with maximum concentration in coastal sediments from Bhavnagar in Gujrat. Nonetheless, PAH has not been investigated in all locations/matrices of India, especially highly urbanized areas, metropolitan cities, and industrial zone, demanding organized monitoring of PAHs. Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, mass spectrometry detector (GC-FID/GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet–visible sensor (HPLC-UV) is currently employed for PAH analysis. The usage of more sensitive and advanced techniques such as high-resolution MS (HRMS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) can offer accurate identification of PAHs. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment analysis indicated residential coal combustion, vehicular emission, and biomass burning as the primary sources of PAHs pollution. Exposure to PAHs is associated with many adverse effects in humans, including carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine-disrupting effects. Finally, we have highlighted the significant research gaps and suggested recommendations for future work based on our critical review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air, water, dry particulate, and wet deposition samples were collected to estimate the air-water mass transfer coefficient at Honghu Lake, China, 2005-06. Collected samples were analyzed by using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (Agilent 6890 GC-ECD). Concentration vs. flux of α-HCH (1,348 ng m-2 ·m-1) was found to be higher volatilization in atmosphere in the month of March; however σ-HCH (286 ng m-2 ·m-1) was deposited in water body. Further, p,p'-DDE (380 ng m-2 ·m-1) metabolite was higher in Honghu lake atmosphere. The ratios of p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT indicated recent use of DDT and dicofol in Honghu Lake. The a-endosulfan (640 ng m-2 ·m-1) was also found to be more deposited in the water body compared to β-endosulfan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of legacy and emerging flame retardants are poorly reported in developing countries, including India. Also, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) application-based source apportionment of these pollutants is less comprehensive. This study analyzed the contamination level and sources of 25 flame retardants in dust from India's central Indo-Gangetic Plain (Patna city) using the PCA and PMF model. Dust samples were collected from various functional areas of indoor (n = 22) and outdoor (n = 16) environments. The sum of four groups of FRs in indoor dust (median 8080 ng/g) was 3-4 times greater than the outdoor dust (median 2410 ng/g). The novel-brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPFRs) were more dominant than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), indicating the influence of worldwide elimination of PBDEs. The median concentration of ∑NBFRs in indoor and outdoor dust was 1210 ng/g and 6820 ng/g, while the median concentration of ∑OPFRs was measured to be 383 ng/g and 1210 ng/g, respectively. Likewise, ∑ 9 PBDEs in indoor and outdoor dust ranged from 2-1040 ng/g (median 38.8 ng/g) to 0.62-249 ng/g (median 10.7 ng/g), respectively. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was identified as the most abundant NBFR in dust, comprising 99.9% of ∑ 6 NBFR, while tri-cresyl phosphates (TMPPs) showed the highest concentration among OPFR and accounted for 75% ∑ 8 OPFRs. The PMF analysis indicated that a significant fraction of FRs in the dust (80%) could derive from plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, anti-foam agents, PVC, paint, and coatings. In comparison, debromination of higher PBDE congeners contributed 20% in the dust environment. FR's estimated daily exposure risk in dust showed dermal absorption as the main route of FR's intake to adult and children populations. Children were more vulnerable to the risk of FRs than the adult population. The estimated daily exposure risk for selected FRs in this study was 4-6 orders of magnitude lesser than the respective reference dose (RfD), proposing negligible health risk., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

After standard treatment of glioblastoma, pseudoprogression versus true progression is a clinical challenge. Indeed, to differentiate these 2 on contrast MRI (cMRI) is problematic. In recent time, Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 (Ga-PSMA) PET/CT has been suggested to have high accuracy in glioblastoma recurrence. We present a case of a 40-year-old man with right frontotemporal glioblastoma underwent surgery and radiotherapy. One month posttreatment cMRI showed a new enhancing lesion in the right hippocampal region, which was also positive on Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. On follow-up with conservative management, both cMRI and Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT showed regression in new lesion, hence suggest pseudoprogression.

Introduction: Primary laryngeal tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection of the larynx by Mycobacterium tuberculosis without affecting the lungs. It is a rare type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis seen in clinical practice., Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of primary laryngeal tuberculosis at a tertiary care teaching hospital in eastern India., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 11 cases of primary laryngeal tuberculosis managed between December 2013 and January 2018. The detailed clinical presentations, investigations, and treatment of primary laryngeal tuberculosis of the patients were studied., Results: Primary laryngeal tuberculosis is common in men with mean age of 38.63 years. Hoarseness of the voice is the most common symptom, and the most common site for primary laryngeal tuberculosis is the vocal fold with ulcerative lesion. Endoscopic examinations of the larynx in laryngeal tuberculosis are nonspecific and are to be confused with laryngeal cancer. Histopathological and bacteriological examinations are confirmatory tests for the diagnosis. After confirmation of the diagnosis, all patients had taken antitubercular therapy for 6 months, which gave excellent outcome., Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis or untreatable laryngeal tuberculosis will lead to high morbidity and mortality of the patient. Although primary laryngeal tuberculosis has nonspecific clinical presentations, it is very important to have a high index of suspiciousness to rule out tubercular lesion in the larynx as this disease is curable., (Copyright © 2018 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)