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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE); hence, both TBI and PTE share various similar molecular mechanisms. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA that acts as a gene-silencing molecule. Notably, the dysregulation of miRNAs in various neurological diseases, including TBI and epilepsy, has been reported in several studies. However, studies on commonly dysregulated miRNAs and the regulation of shared pathways in both TBI and epilepsy that can identify potential biomarkers of PTE are still lacking. This systematic review covers the peer-review publications of TBI and database studies of epilepsy-dysregulated miRNAs of clinical studies. For TBI, 290 research articles were identified after screening, and 12 provided data for dysregulated miRNAs in humans. The compiled data suggest that 85 and 222 miRNAs are consecutively dysregulated in TBI and epilepsy. In both, 10 miRNAs were found to be commonly dysregulated, implying that they are potentially dysregulated miRNAs for PTE. Furthermore, the targets and involvement of each putative miRNA in different pathways were identified and evaluated. Additionally, clusters of predicted miRNAs were analyzed. Each miRNA's regulatory role was linked with apoptosis, inflammation, and cell cycle regulation pathways. Hence, these findings provide insight for future diagnostic biomarkers., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background:   The classic maxillary full denture covers the whole palate, preventing the tongue from touching the denture base tissues itself. Thus, it has deleterious effects on cortical brain function and the ability to understand spoken language., Aim:  This study aimed to determine the effect of anterior palatal surface modifications of the complete denture on speech intelligibility oral perception and cortical brain function activity., Methods and Materials:  This study compared the speech clarity, oral discernment, and cortical mind capability activity of complete denture wearers in three study groups: a) complete denture wearers with a small opening (SO) in the maxillary front palatal base; b) complete denture patients who wear regular complete denture; c) complete denture patients who did not wear complete denture; and d) complete denture patients who wear a functionally contoured modified palate (FCMP). Patients with no teeth at all underwent four phases of testing to assess their cognitive abilities and speech quality (pitch and volume). In the first phase, partial dentures were used. During phase 2, a conventional full denture was inserted. In the third phase, a palatal base denture was functionally altered. In phase 4, dentures with a little aperture at the front of the palatal base were used.  Results :  The values of pitch and intensity of sound in category A with FCMP modification I were 180.76 ± 24.12 and 73.27 ± 9.74, respectively. On the other hand, the values of pitch and intensity of sound in category B with FCMP modification I were 185.41 ± 27.29 and 73.91 ± 8.31, respectively. The values of pitch and intensity of sound in category A with SO modification II were 188.52 ± 21.11 and 76.13 ± 5.21, respectively. On the other hand, the values of pitch and intensity of sound in category B with SO modification II were 194.59 ± 24.02 and 75.21 ± 6.12, respectively. The findings for values of pitch and intensity were statistically significant among the four phases (p < 0.001). The highest speech intelligibility and cortical brain function were observed in phase 4 in both categories A and B, with the highest scores by experts of 3.21 and 3.42, respectively. Conclusion :  Based on the findings of this in vivo investigation, it can be concluded that using modified dentures (modification types I and II) following denture installation improves speech intelligibility, oral perception, and cortical brain function activity., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kumar et al.)

A wide variety of dosage forms are used for the oral administration of drugs to humans and animals. Apart from solid dosage forms, it also includes liquid dosage forms, such as solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. The selection is based on the physiochemical attributes of the therapeutically active ingredient. Suspensions are classified as dispersed systems that are heterogeneous in nature and consist of two phases. One phase is the continuous phase, the dispersion medium, or the external phase, which is either liquid or semisolid; the other is a solid particle dispersed in the external phase and called an internal or dispersed phase. They have several advantages over other dosage forms, such as effectively delivering hydrophobic drugs, avoiding the need for cosolvents, masking unpleasant tastes, and providing resistance to degradation and easy swallowing for young or elderly patients. They also attain higher drug concentrations compared to solution forms. This review article aims to study and explore the advantages, novel suspending agents, patent preference, and innovations of pharmaceutical suspension. It was targeted to scrutinize the literature floating in the internet domain regarding pharmaceutical suspension for delivery of drugs by oral route. The literature survey is targeted at the novel herbal suspending agents used, their patents involved, and innovations in the dosage form. Further, the study gives an insight into various aspects of suspension, such as classification of suspension, theories of suspension, various components used in suspension formulation, formulation aspect of suspension, evaluation parameters of suspension, patents, innovations, and regulatory status., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Over the years, several developing countries have been suffering from high infant and child mortality rates, however, according to the recent statistics, Pakistan falls high on the list. Our narrative review of copious research on this topic highlights that several factors, such as complications associated with premature births, high prevalence of birth defects, lack of vaccination, unsafe deliveries, poor breastfeeding practices, complications during delivery, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), poor socioeconomic conditions, and a struggling healthcare system, have influenced these rates. Bearing in mind the urgency of addressing the increased infant and child mortality rate in Pakistan, multiple steps must be taken in order to prevent unnecessary deaths. An effective initiative could be spreading awareness and education among women, as a lack of education among women has been indirectly linked to increased child mortality in Pakistan across many researches conducted on the issue. Furthermore, the government should invest in healthcare by hiring more physicians and providing better supplies and improving infrastructure, especially in underdeveloped areas, to decrease child mortality due to lack of clean water and poor hygiene. Lastly, telemedicine should be made common in order to provide easy access to women who cannot visit the hospital.

Fused heterocyclic systems containing a bridgehead nitrogen atom have emerged as imperative pharmacophores in the design and development of new drugs. Among these heterocyclic moieties, the imidazothiazole scaffold has long been used in medicinal chemistry for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, we have established a simplistic and environmentally safe regioselective protocol for the synthesis of 5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1- b ]thiazole derivatives from easily available reactants. The reaction proceeds through in situ formation of the α-bromodiketones ensuing trap with imidazolidine-2-thione to provide these versatile bicyclic heterocycles in excellent yields. The synthesized compounds were screened through the molecular docking approach for the most stable complex formation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA). The selected compound was further studied using ex vivo binding studies, which revealed moderate interactions with BSA and ctDNA. The binding studies were performed using biophysical approaches including UV-visible spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and viscosity parameters.

From a green chemistry perspective, sustainable irradiation as the power source and water as the solvent have certainly grabbed the attention of chemists in recent times because their use helps reduce the hazardous ecological footprints of organic synthesis. In the present work, we have established an efficient, straightforward and green protocol for the regioselective synthesis of novel functionalized thiazolo[3,2- b ][1,2,4]triazoles. The visible-light-mediated catalyst-free reaction of diversely substituted α-bromodiketones, generated in situ by the reaction of NBS and 1,3-diketones, with 3-mercapto[1,2,4]triazoles under aqueous conditions afforded thiazolo[3,2- b ][1,2,4]triazole derivatives in excellent yields. The structure of the regioisomer has been confirmed explicitly by heteronuclear 2D-NMR [( 1 H- 13 C) HMBC, ( 1 H- 13 C) HMQC] spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies. Radical initiating and trapping experiments supported the free radical mechanism for the cyclization.

The pivotal role played by ion-channel dysregulations in the pathogenesis of epilepsy has always garnered much attention. Since mutation of ion-channel proteins CACNA1A and GABRD have been associated with epilepsy, it is important to determine the post-traumatic epilepsy-associated changes in expression levels of these ion channel proteins. Additionally, curcumin is already known for its antiepileptic and neuroprotective potential in FeCl 3 -induced model of post-traumatic epilepsy. Thus, we investigated FeCl 3 -induced epilepsy mediated differential expression of CACNA1A and GABRD in the cortical region of the rat brain. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of curcumin on the expression of both proteins. For this, epilepsy was induced by intracortical FeCl 3 injection (5 μl of 100 mM). Additionally, curcumin (conc. 1000 ppm; 75 mg/kg of b.wt.; for 14 and 28 days) was administered, mixed with normal food pellets. Results obtained from EEG-MUA and Morris water maze assay demonstrate the progression of epilepsy after FeCl 3 injection. Additionally, western blotting and histological studies show the downregulation of CACNA1A and GABRD during epileptogenesis. It was observed that epilepsy-associated decline in learning and memory of animals might be linked with the dysregulation of both proteins. Results also demonstrated that curcumin administration ameliorated epilepsy-associated change in expression of both CACNA1A and GABRD proteins. In conclusion, the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against iron-induced epilepsy might be accompanied by the alleviated upregulation of these channel proteins.

Curcumin is an important molecule with a plethora of pharmacological activities and therapeutic potentials. Despite its efficacy, it remained a potential drug candidate owing to hydrolytic instability and poor aqueous solubility. To overcome the limitations related to low solubility, low bioavailability, and the fact that curcumin is never present in solution as a "single unit", its complex was prepared with Mn II with the idea that binding to a metal ion might help to resolve these issues. The complex was characterized by elemental and spectral analysis. The structure of the complex was determined by density functional theory calculations. The complex was stable at physiological buffer conditions, unlike curcumin. It did not have any detrimental effect on mammalian cells. There was a significant enhancement in the antibacterial activity of the complex compared to curcumin against both Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacteria. It showed a strong affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evident from a high binding constant value with calf thymus DNA and also from the retarded electrophoretic mobility of bacterial plasmid DNA. The complex showed "superoxide dismutase-like" activity leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The complex caused bacterial membrane perturbation evident from calcein leakage assay, which was further corroborated by scanning and transmission electron microscopic experiments. Overall, the present study shows improved stability and antibacterial potency of a nontoxic complex over curcumin. Its multitargeting mode of action such as ROS-production, effective binding with DNA, and permeabilization of bacterial membrane together allows it to be an effective antibacterial agent that could be taken further for therapeutic use against bacterial infections., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)

Aim: Different border molding materials have different qualities which help in recording fine details of tissues. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of different border molding materials on complete denture retention., Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 10 completely edentulous patients in the age group of 50 to 70 years. On each patient, three different border moldings were completed. In group I, border molding was done with green stick impression compound. In group II, border molding was done with putty consistency addition silicone. In group III, border molding and final impression were done by polyether impression material in a single step. Permanent denture bases were fabricated with wire loop at the center. Retention was assessed in all three groups using a digital force gauge., Results: Upon data compilation and preparation of spread sheets for concerned groups, it was subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 for Windows. Mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 57.40 ± 8.46 in group I, 57.40 ± 8.46 in group II, and 57.40 ± 8.46 in group III. The difference was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). The overall mean value for the group I was 4.59 ± 0.81. For group II, it was 4.7 ± 0.81. For group III, it was 6.72 ± 0.81. The difference was significant (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Green stick compound with light body final wash showed the lowest mean values of complete denture retention. Dentures made using polyether final impression material showed the highest mean values of complete denture retention followed by putty rubber base border molding with light body final wash., Clinical Significance: In this study, polyether showed the highest mean retentive value compared with other tested materials; therefore, it could possibly provide some future innovative means in achieving optimal denture retention.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of different anatomic reference planes in determination of Occlusal plane in dentulous and edentulous subjects with Angle's class I and class II Maxillomandibular relationship. Eighty subjects were included in the study which was divided into four Groups based on dentition and skeletal relationship. The Group I (n = 20) and Group II (n = 20) includes young and completely dentulous subjects in Angle's class I and class II relationship, respectively. The Group III (n = 20) and Group IV (n = 20) subjects were completely edentulous in Angle's class I and class II relationship, respectively. For all subjects, right lateral cephalograms were taken and cephalometric analysis was done and data obtained from cephalometric tracings were then statistically analyzed. The results showed no significant difference of angle between Occlusal plane and Frankfort Horizontal plane, Camper's plane and Palatal plane when Group I and Group III, and Group II and Group IV subjects were compared. The Frankfort Horizontal plane, Camper's plane and the Palatal plane may be used as a reliable guide to establish Occlusal plane in edentulous subjects in both Angle's class I and class II Maxillomandibular relationships.

Modern civilization, urbanization, industrialization, changes in daily life, population growth and ageing all have contributed to epidemiological changes in many diseases, including cancer, in India and other countries. Tobacco has been identified as the most important cause of cancer followed by alcohol consumption, dietary practices, inadequate physical activity, infections due to viruses and sexual behavior. The total number of new cancer cases is increasing rapidly, due to growth in size of the population, and an increase in the proportion of elderly persons, as a result of improved life expectancy, following control of communicable diseases. Such changes in the age structure automatically alter the disease pattern associated with ageing and increase the burden of problems such as cancer, cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases in the society. Knowledge based on epidemiological patterns and trends would be of great help in identifying persons at high risk for the development of a particular cancer. Public education on 'tobacco and its health hazards', recommended dietary guidelines, safe sexual practices, and lifestyle modifications form the scientific basis for planning and organizing prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer in a community. Moreover, incorporating screening for cervical, breast and oral cancers into the peripheral health infrastructure can have a significant effect on reducing mortality from these diseases. This paper highlights the incidence and prevalence based epidemiological cancer statistics, its early detection and prevention measures in India.

Objective: The aims of the study are to assess the marginal accuracy of base metal and titanium alloy casting and to evaluate the effect of repeated ceramic firing on the marginal accuracy of base metal and titanium alloy castings., Materials and Methods: Twenty metal copings were fabricated with each casting material. Specimens were divided into 4 groups of 10 each representing base metal alloys castings without (Group A) and with metal shoulder margin (Group B), titanium castings without (Group C) and with metal shoulder margin (Group D). The measurement of fit of the metal copings was carried out before the ceramic firing at four different points and the same was followed after porcelain build-up., Results: Significant difference was found when Ni-Cr alloy samples were compared with Grade II titanium samples both before and after ceramic firings. The titanium castings with metal shoulder margin showed highest microgap among all the materials tested., Conclusions: Based on the results that were found and within the limitations of the study design, it can be concluded that there is marginal discrepancy in the copings made from Ni-Cr and Grade II titanium. This marginal discrepancy increased after ceramic firing cycles for both Ni-Cr and Grade II titanium. The comparative statistical analysis for copings with metal-collar showed maximum discrepancy for Group D. The comparative statistical analysis for copings without metal-collar showed maximum discrepancy for Group C.

Objective: To assess the relationship between impacted mandibular third molar presence and the risk for mandibular angle fracture with the effect of various positions of mandibular third molar and the risk of mandibular angle fracture., Materials and Methods: In the North Indian territory, a total of 289 patients with mandibular angle fractures were studied and evaluated for the possible relationship with impacted third molar on the basis of clinical and panoramic radiographical findings., Results: Results that confirmed the highest risk for mandibular angle fracture was associated with mesioangular angulations (45.42%) followed by vertical (26.34%), distoangular in sequence and least risk was found with bucco-version angulations (2.67%) according to Winter's classification. Additionally, the highest risk of mandibular angle fracture was reported with partially erupted third molar (47.75%), followed by erupted (23.53%) and unerupted third molar (19.38%)., Conclusion: The risk for mandibular angle fracture is not only affected by status of eruption, angulations, position, number of roots present in third molar but also by the distance of mandibular third molar from inferior border of mandible and the percentage of remaining amount of bone at the mandibular angle region.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare color stability and surface topography of three different feldspathic porcelains both qualitatively and quantitatively after exposure to routinely consumed beverages over different time periods using a Spectrophotometer, Stereomicroscope and Surface roughness tester, respectively., Materials and Methods: A total of 90 plastic discs were casted to obtain metal dies for three different newer ceramic applications each on thirty samples. The color and surface roughness of these samples were measured using stereomicroscope and surface roughness tester following which they were kept in different test solutions for different durations and revaluated for color changes and surface roughness in the similar manner., Results and Conclusion: Among all the five test solutions, Coffee showed the maximum staining of the ceramic whereas maximum surface roughness was shown by the Duceram Kiss (1.48 μm) by Orange Juice which could be due to its high titratable acidity.

This study was to correlate and analyze the imaging features and epithelial cell proliferation pattern in different cases of keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOT) and study the role of inflammation using proliferative markers and different radiographic patterns of KCOT to determine its biological behavior. One hundred and eighty-six cases of KCOT were taken together and grouped based on radiographic patterns. Forty cases were randomly selected and stained using a proliferating cellular nuclear antigen marker. The correlation between imaging and epithelial proliferation with and without inflammation was determined. Unilocular variety is the most common type of KCOT, showing least epithelial proliferation of all the patterns. More than 50% of the multilocular KCOTs were associated with inflammation, showing an enhanced rate of epithelial proliferation. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. Different rates of epithelial proliferation of the different patterns suggested that all odontogenic keratocysts do not behave like tumors and that aggressive treatment should be reserved for selective cases only depending on radiographic and other histopathological parameters such as inflammation.

Complete access to the existing pool of biomedical literature and the ability to "hit" upon the exact information of the relevant specialty are becoming essential elements of academic and clinical expertise. With the rapid expansion of the literature database, it is almost impossible to keep up to date with every innovation. Using the Internet, however, most people can freely access this literature at any time, from almost anywhere. This paper highlights the use of the Internet in obtaining valuable biomedical research information, which is mostly available from journals, databases, textbooks and e-journals in the form of web pages, text materials, images, and so on. The authors present an overview of web-based resources for biomedical researchers, providing information about Internet search engines (e.g., Google), web-based bibliographic databases (e.g., PubMed, IndMed) and how to use them, and other online biomedical resources that can assist clinicians in reaching well-informed clinical decisions.