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This article reviews measurement of single cell exocytosis with microelectrodes, covering history, basic instrumentation, cell types investigated, and fundamental insight gained.

The PurR transcription factor plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of purine metabolism in enterobacteria. Here, we elucidate the role of PurR under exogenous adenine stimulation at the genome-scale using high-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip and gene expression data obtained under in vivo conditions. Analysis of microarray data revealed that adenine stimulation led to changes in transcript level of about 10% of Escherichia coli genes, including the purine biosynthesis pathway. The E. coli strain lacking the purR gene showed that a total of 56 genes are affected by the deletion. From the ChIP-chip analysis, we determined that over 73% of genes directly regulated by PurR were enriched in the biosynthesis, utilization and transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, and 20% of them were functionally unknown. Compared to the functional diversity of the regulon of the other general transcription factors in E. coli, the functions and size of the PurR regulon are limited.