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The night is a double of the day, a comment on its activities, a countersite. In most cultures, the setting of the sun has always been connected with the advent of a different way of thinking and behaving. As our sight diminishes, other senses — notably our faculties of hearing and of the imagination — come to be increased. Our sense of distance and measure changes, the contours of the persons or objects we meet become blurred, we encounter a sense of disorientation, which can be either fascinating or threatening. In contrast to its appearance in daylight, the world surrounding us is harder to characterize; it shifts between the familiar and the unfamiliar. The danger potentially lurking in the night has, furthermore, always inspired tales of superstitious powers beyond those ruled by diurnal reason. Apart from thieves, arsonists and conspirators, ghosts, vampires and the devil himself seek the protection of darkness to pursue their unholy goals. At the same time, precisely because the night requires a higher degree of vigilance than the day, its darkness affords revelations. The night is the right time for the divine visions of early Christian mystics, for encountering the spirits of one’s departed loved ones, for telling ghost stories around a fire or for seeing in one’s dreams things one’s conscious mind would censor during the day.

Values are prominent in public discourse today. Theorists have long considered values central to understanding attitudes and behavior. The Schwartz (1992) theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values. The semi-annual European Social Survey (ESS) includes a new 21-item instrument to measure the importance of the ten basic values of the theory. Representative national samples in 20 countries responded to the instrument in 2002-3. We briefly describe the theory and the ESS instrument and assess its adequacy for measuring values across countries. Using multiple group confirmatory factor analyses, augmented with mean-structure information, we assess the configural and measurement (metric) invariance of the values—necessary conditions for equivalence of the meaning of constructs, and scalar invariance—a precondition for comparing value means across countries. Only if such equivalence is established can researchers make meaningful and clearly interpretable cross- national comparisons of value priorities and their correlates. The ESS values scale demonstrates configural and metric invariance, allowing researchers to use it to study relationships among values, attitudes, behavior and socio-demographic characteristics across countries. Comparing the mean importance of values across countries is possible only for subsets of countries where scalar invariance holds.

Charging for IP-based communications determines the overall term for metering or monitoring, accounting, pricing, charge calculation, and billing. These five actions are detailed in this chapter to provide a clear view on their interdependencies as well as their relations to distributed computing. Since an ubiquitous computing approach does require communication means between all entities involved, the provisioning of these communication channels is supported typically by commercial service providers— covering network, transport, and value-added services. Thus, the legal and contractual relationships between customers and providers as well as technological choices of protocols, mechanisms, and parameters define the area of interest here.

This volume brings together the current approaches to the definition and measurement of the sense of humor and its components. It provides both an overview of historic approaches and a compendium of current humor inventories and humor traits that have been studied. Presenting the only available overview and analysis of this significant facet of human behavior, this volume will interest researchers from the fields of humor and personality studies as well as those interested in the clinical or abstract implications of the subject.

Introduction It has been recognized for a long time that languages across a broad sub-Saharan belt from the western end of the continent to the escarpment of the Ethiopian Plateau in the east display certain linguistic affinities. At the same time, it has been difficult to identify precisely the nature and range of these affinities and to provide a plausible explanation for them. I propose in Guldemann (2003a) that the distribution of logophoric marking in Africa follows an areal pattern in that it is regularly found in languages of the sub-Saharan belt referred to above, but is virtually absent from the rest of the continent. This finding is the starting point for a more systematic investigation of the following questions: Does this geographical region share other linguistic traits? If so, do these define some sort of linguistic area? If so, how has this area come into being? I present in section 5.2 several linguistic features which appear to share a roughly similar distribution across the African continent, as well as additional candidate features which may support the evidence provided in this chapter. Section 5.3 briefly surveys previous approaches to the general observation of linguistic commonalities across the sub-Saharan belt, among which there is the proposal that most of the languages involved belong to a genealogical lineage comprising Greenberg's super-groups Niger-Kordofanian and Nilo-Saharan.

Impact factors are a widely accepted means for the assessment of journal quality. However, journal editors have possibilities to influence the impact factor of their journals, for example, by requesting authors to cite additional papers published recently in that journal thus increasing the self-citation rate. I calculated self-citation rates of journals ranked in the Journal Citation Reports of ISI in the subject category “Ecology” (n = 107). On average, self citation was responsible for 16.2 ± 1.3% (mean ± SE) of the impact factor in 2004. The self-citation rates decrease with increasing journal impact, but even high impact journals show large variation. Six journals suspected to request for additional citations showed high self-citation rates, which increased over the last seven years. To avoid further deliberate increases in self-citation rates, I suggest to take journal-specific self-citation rates into account for journal rankings.

'Dieser Artikel führt die Analyse von Finanzmärkten als ergänzende Methode der Geschichtsforschung ein. Exemplarisch wird die Wahrnehmung einschneidender Ereignisse vor und während des Zweiten Weltkrieges analysiert. Dieser Ansatz stellt eine Alternative zur Analyse schriftlicher Quellen dar, die oft unausgewogen und nicht repräsentativ für die Wahrnehmung der breiten Öffentlichkeit sind. Im Folgenden wird mit Hilfe der Analyse von Finanzmärkten die Wahrnehmung und Antizipation ausgewählter Ereignisse vor und während des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Frankreich, Deutschland, Dänemark und Norwegen untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Preise von Staatsanleihen dieser Länder, die an den Börsen von Zürich und Stockholm gehandelt wurden, analysiert. Die Ergebnisse hinterfragen einige etablierte Ansichten. So kann zum Beispiel gezeigt werden, dass die Invasion Norwegens von den Zeitgenossen antizipiert wurde. Obwohl beide Methoden, der traditionelle historiographische Ansatz und die Analyse von Finanzmärkten, letztlich auf Interpretation beruhen, beziehen sie sich doch auf vollkommen unterschiedliche Quellengattungen. Deshalb stellt die Analyse von Finanzmärkten eine gute Ergänzung des traditionellen Ansatzes dar.' (Autorenreferat) 'This article presents the analysis of financial markets as a supplementary method to the traditional historiographic approach by investigating the perception of events before and during World War II. This approach constitutes an alternative to written sources, which are often biased and commonly do not represent the opinions held in the wider public. In the following, the financial markets approach is used to analyse the perception and anticipation of events before and during the World War II in France, Germany, Denmark, and Norway. Thereby, price data of long-term government bonds for these countries traded in Zurich and Stockholm are used. The presented evidence challenges some common held views, e.g., it can be shown that the invasion of Norway was in part anticipated by contemporaries. Although both methods rely on interpretation the financial markets approach is based on a fundamentally different type of source. Therefore, it can be used as a supplement to the traditional approach.' (author's abstract)

The successful global diffusion of formal democracy has gone hand in hand with the hollowing out of its substance. Ever more realms of domestic public policy are removed from the purview of national legislative deliberation and insulated from popular scrutiny. Rhetoric of accountability has accompanied the increasing unaccountability of international financial and trade organizations, transnational corporations as well as of states and NGOs. The new architecture of global governance characterized by legal plurality and overlapping sovereignties has facilitated a game of ‘passing the blame’ among these four actors. There is a curious ambivalence in current debates on globalization about the role of the state, which is conceived of as both central and marginal. Globalization is seen to be marked by the decline of both the external and the internal sovereignty of the state. Contrary to such a view, it will be argued here that the state is both an agent and an object of globalization. Although inadequate, the state remains indispensable as its laws and policies play a key role in transposing neo-liberal agendas to the national and local levels. If in the age of globalization and of economic Empire, political violence has been replaced by legal violence, resistance to it is also articulated in the language of law. This paper focuses on the dynamic of legal politics against impoverishment and dispossession caused by the new global designs of intellectual property protection, biodiversity conservation and privatization of the commons in India. The case studies in this paper point to the emergence of intertwined structures of rule, overlapping sovereignties and complex processes of legal transnationalization that have reconfigured the relations between law, state, and territoriality. If welfare states were concerned with the redistribution of risk and resources, cunning states seek to redistribute responsibility. Sensitivity to the history of colonialism would be an important corrective to the presentism and Westerncentrism of analyses of (legal) globalization.

The main aim of our research was to describe the comprehensive picture of relationships between identity and well-being with a cross-national perspective. We examined identity considering the interplay of three processes (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) and we treated well-being as a multidimensional latent variable, whose indicators were subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being. Participants were 1,086 (60.6 % female) emerging adults from Italy, Poland, and Romania. They completed self-report measures of identity and well-being. We adopted a structural equation modeling approach and we tested associations between identity and well-being for university students (taking into account educational identity) and working emerging adults (considering job identity). For all countries and in both identity domains findings indicated that well-being was consistently associated with high commitment, high in-depth exploration, and low reconsideration of commitment. Implications of these findings are discussed.

In the present article we apply a growth mixture model using Mplus via STREAMS to delineate the mechanism underlying travel-mode choice. Three waves of an experimental field study conducted in Frankfurt Main, Germany, are applied for the statistical analysis. Five major questions are addressed: (1) whether the choice of public transport rather than the car changes over time; (2) whether a soft policy intervention to change travel mode choice has any effect on the travel-mode chosen; (3) whether one can identify different groups of people regarding the importance allocated to monetary and time considerations for the decision of which travel mode to use; (4) whether the different subgroups of people have different initial states and rates of change in their travel-model choices; (5) whether sociodemographic variables have an additional effect on the latent class variables and on the changes in travel-mode choice over time. We also found that choice of public transportation in our study is stable over time. Moreover, the intervention has an effect only on one of the classes. We identify four classes of individuals. One class allocates a low importance to both monetary and time considerations, the second allocates high importance to money and low importance to time, the third allocates high importance to both, and the fourth allocates a low importance to money and a high importance to time. We found no difference in the patterns of travel-mode changes over time in the four classes. We also found some additional effects of sociodemographic characteristics on the latent class variables and on behavior in the different classes. The model specification and the empirical findings are discussed in light of the theory of the allocation of time of Gary Becker.

The essay compares German and Irish media coverage of human genome research in the year 2000, using qualitative and quantitative frame analysis of a print media corpus. Drawing from a media-theoretical account of science communication, the study examines four analytic dimensions: (1) the influence of global and national sources of discourse; (2) the nature of elaboration on important themes; (3) the extent of societal participation in discourse production; (4) the cultural conditions in which the discourse resonates. The analysis shows that a global discursive package, emphasizing claims of scientific achievement and medical progress, dominates media coverage in both countries. However, German coverage is more extensive and elaborate, and includes a wider range of participants. Irish coverage more often incorporates the global package without further elaboration. These findings indicate that the global package is ’localized’ differently due to national patterns of interests, German participation in human genome research, traditions of media coverage, and the domestic resonance of the issue.

ArgumentThe purpose of this volume is to investigate a number of selected examples of contact zones between the sciences and literature. We will be dealing with prominent cases of how science and literature encounter and interact with each other and profit by this recourse to their corresponding other, yielding aspects of self-reflection and self-representation. The volume will not attempt to address the question whether the so-called “two cultures” can be brought closer together or superseded by a third (Lepenies 1988, passim). We will be dealing neither with science and literature in an autobiographical or “life-world” sense, nor with popular scientific texts with quasi-literary claims, such as Stephen Hawking's theory of time, nor, in the parallel universe of popular fiction, with science fiction.

We study a new equilibrium concept in non-cooperative games, where players follow a behavioral rule called best-reply matching. Under this rule a player matches the probability of playing a pure strategy to the probability that this strategy is a best reply. Kosfeld, Droste, and Voorneveld [Games and Economic Behavior 40 (2002) 270] show that best-reply matching equilibria are stationary states in a simple model of social learning, where newborns adopt a best-reply to recent observations of play. In this paper we analyze best-reply matching in more detail and illustrate the concept by means of well-known examples. For example in the centipede game it is shown that players will continue with large probability.

The Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) became known worldwide through his theory of the ‘group of schizophrenias’ and their psychopathological formation, a conception that differed markedly from Emil Kraepelin’s prognostically pessimistic ‘dementia praecox theory’ and that incorporated specifically psychoanalytical elements. Bleuler sought an understanding of psychosis that, while fully acknowledging the biological determinants, brought in the individual psychological, social, and anthropological dimension. Furthermore, he outlined a natural philosophy in his later work that was to a large extent independent of contemporary philosophical trends, but that was, however, barely taken up by either psychiatry or philosophy.

Cet article présente une analyse statistique de la position des économistes français et des spécialistes français des sciences de gestion parmi les chercheurs européens de haut rang. La preuve empirique révèle que la France ne développe pas fortement ses ressources humaines sur la scène internationale. La position de la France en Europe, repérée par les citations (pour les économistes) et les nominations par les pairs (pour les spécialistes des sciences de gestion) des chercheurs de haut rang et normalisée par la taille de la population, est seulement au neuvième rang en ce qui concerne les sciences économiques et au huitième rang pour les sciences de gestion. Cela laisse penser que la politique scientifique a encore beaucoup à faire pour améliorer la situation.This note provides a statistical analysis of the position of French economists and French management scientists among the leading European scholars. The evidence shows that France does not strongly develop its human resources in the international setting. France’s position in Europe based on citations (for economists) and peer nominations (for management scientists) of the leading scholars normalized by the size of the population is only rank 9 with respect to economics, and rank 8 with respect to management science. This suggests that there is considerable scope for science policy to improve this situation

Science in Context, 8 (3), ISSN:1474-0664, ISSN:0269-8897

The article deals with the various problems of an implementation of publication indicators on a departmental level in West-German universities. The German university system relies mostly on social and informal control mechanisms. Bibliometric indicators can provide adequate information for an effective social control in such a system. However, they will only be accepted and effective if they are valid, thoroughly reliable and robust. A successful adaptation of individual goals and behaviour depends largely on the particular interests and incentives of the faculty members across various departmental arrangements.

Landscapes have become important resources that are claimed by different interest groups. Different perceptions and experiences of landscapes and different entitlements can result in misunderstandings and conflicts. This can be problematic if stakeholders do not recognise that their experience is one of many and that there is no such thing as an absolute view on landscapes. In contrast to everyday conceptions and some scientific notions (cf. Bai-Lian Li, 2000; Berque 1986 in Reichler, 2002; Fry, 2001; Nassauer & Opdam, 2008; Naveh, 2001; Schlögel in Hard, 2008; Tress, et al., 2001) we do not conceive landscapes as encompassing the totality of a certain section of space that researchers should strive for to grasp. Rather we envisage landscape as a sphere of coexisting heterogeneity (Massey, 2005) that is under tension (Wylie, 2007). Therefore, the same landscape can be perceived in various different ways and consequently it is being regionalised in different ways too. This, however, is not always recognised in a reflected and discursive manner. Rather, many think that their own perception of landscapes and the regionalisation that is connected with this is more or less the real thing. Photography and other image processing techniques even enhance this notion, implicitly telling the beholder of images that she gets what she sees and that landscapes are what they look like. Especially when it comes to developing and protecting landscapes an absolute understanding of landscapes as a totality can be problematic. In order to make different views of landscapes and different regionalisations transparent we propose a model of landscape perception and experience that is open to accommodate different scientific and everyday approaches without trying to capture landscape's totality (cf. Backhaus, Reichler, et al., 2008; Backhaus, 2010; Backhaus & Stremlow, 2010, see figure 1). Moreover, this model offers a possibility to combine the concept of region and regionalisation with the concept of landscape that is better suited to grasp emotional attachments to locations as well as a sense of place (Cresswell, 2004). The concept is tested with an empirical vignette: an analysis of a journey through the Alps that took place in the 18th century.

Data from a survey in Switzerland incorporating both partners views are analysed to determine the level of agreement between wives and husbands in relation to contraception; current use ever used and knowledge of method. Another object of this study is to evaluate the role of men in influencing contraceptive behavior. The survey was conducted in 1980 among 600 Swiss couples in their 1st marriage. With the exception of pregnancy history the wife and husband were asked the same questions. In 90% of the interviews husband and wife were interviewed at the same time but in separate rooms with no opportunity for discussion. The spontaneous naming of the various contraceptive methods known to the couples reveals that the pill is the most frequently mentioned. A large number of respondents also knew about the condom and IUD. Douching and the diaphragm were rather unfamiliar methods. Sterilization withdrawal and temperature were quite well known in the sense of ever heard of but were not among those spontaneously named. Husbands named condoms and withdrawal more often than their wives but the significance of the differences disappear in the proportion of wives and husbands who have heard of both methods in the prompted list. On the other hand wives seemed better informed about both temperature and suppositories 2 typical female methods. Educational achievement and social status were the most important factors associated with the number of methods ever heard of for both wives and husbands. In Switzerland as is the case in other developed countries the pill is found to be the most popular contraceptive method followed by sterilization IUDs and condoms. The statements of wives and husbands did not reveal any great discrepancies. This indicates that men can be regarded as reliable informants on current contraceptive use at least in a country like Switzerland where family planning is well established. The husband-wife agreement on current contraceptive practice is quite high but not perfect: only 78% of couples gave concordant statements. Analysis of the discordant answers shows that for 7% of couples there is discordance about the specific method used. In 15.5% of the cases 1 of the 2 partners denied the use of any contraception. The analysis indicates a more pronounced degree of discordance in the case of coitus-dependent methods. The husbands perceived themselves as the active partner in family planning decisions more often than did their wives. However the data demonstrate that the contraceptive behavior of a couple is related to the fertility preferences of both husband and wife.

This chapter focuses on those who produce, distribute and use an everyday, but increasingly shunned cooking fuel, the beehive coal briquette. It looks in particular at the inter-linkages between people, things and places along the briquetting chain. By tracing the journey of the coal briquette backwards, from the stove to the trolley in which it is transported and to the production site in which it is made, the chapter illustrates how the changing uses and meanings of place and space impact dynamics and networks of small-scale commercial activities in urban Vietnam.