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This paper applies effective transfer entropy to research the information transfer in the Chinese stock market around its crash in 2015. According to the market states, the entire period is divided into four sub-phases: the tranquil, bull, crash, and post-crash periods. Kernel density estimation is used to calculate the effective transfer entropy. Then, the information transfer network is constructed. Nodes’ centralities and the directed maximum spanning trees of the networks are analyzed. The results show that, in the tranquil period, the information transfer is weak in the market. In the bull period, the strength and scope of the information transfer increases. The utility sector outputs a great deal of information and is the hub node for the information flow. In the crash period, the information transfer grows further. The market efficiency in this period is worse than that in the other three sub-periods. The information technology sector is the biggest information source, while the consumer staples sector receives the most information. The interactions of the sectors become more direct. In the post-crash period, information transfer declines but is still stronger than the tranquil time. The financial sector receives the largest amount of information and is the pivot node.

Vaccination through recombinant proteins against rumen methanogenesis provides a mitigation approach to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants. The objective of present study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of a new vaccine candidate protein (EhaF) on methanogenesis and microbial population in the rumen of goats. We amplified the gene mru 1407 encoding protein EhaF using fresh rumen fluid samples of mature goats and successfully expressed recombinant protein (EhaF) in Escherichia coli Rosetta. This product was evaluated using 12 mature goats with half for control and other half injected with 400ug/goat the purified recombinant protein in day 1 and two subsequent booster immunizations in day 35 and 49. All measurements were undertaken from 63 to 68 days after the initial vaccination, with CH4 emissions determined using respiration calorimeter chambers. The results showed that the vaccination caused intensive immune responses in serum and saliva, although it had no significant effect on total enteric CH4 emissions and methanogen population in the rumen, when compared with the control goats. However, the vaccination altered the composition of rumen bacteria, especially the abundance of main phylum Firmicutes and genus Prevotella. The results indicate that protein EhaF might not be an effective vaccine to reduce enteric CH4 emissions but our vaccine have potential to influence the rumen ecosystem of goats.

Semisolid slurry of A356 aluminum alloy was prepared by Self-Inoculation Method, and the secondary solidification behavior during rheo-diecasting forming process was researched. The results indicate that the component with non-dendritic and uniformly distributed microstructures can be produced by Rheo-Diecasting (RDC) process (combining Self-inoculation Method (SIM) with High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC)). The isothermal holding time of the slurry has large effect on primary particles, but has little effect on secondary particles. Growth rate of the primary particles in the isothermal holding process conforms to the dynamic equation of Dt3 − D03 = Kt. The suitable holding time for rheo-diecasting of A356 aluminum alloy is 3 min. During filling process, the nucleation occurs throughout the entire remaining liquid, and nuclei grow stably into globular particles with the limited grain size of 6.5μm firstly, then both α1 and α2 particles appear unstable growth phenomenon due to the existence of constitutional undercooling. The average particle sizes and shape factors of both α1 and α2 are decreasing with the increase of filling distance due to different cooling rate in different positions. The growth rate of the eutectic in RDC is 4 times faster than HPDC, which is mainly due to the limitation of α2 particles in RDC process. The average eutectic spacings are decreasing with the increase of filling distance.

The ability to respond quickly and efficiently to transient extreme environmental conditions is an important property of all biota. However, the physiological basis of thermotolerance in different species is still unclear. Here, we found that the cot mutant showed a seizure phenotype including contraction of the body, rolling, vomiting gut juice and a momentary cessation of movement, and the heartbeat rhythm of the dorsal vessel significantly increases after hyperthermia. To comprehensively understand this process at the molecular level, the transcriptomic profile of cot mutant, which is a behavior mutant that exhibits a seizure phenotype, was investigated after hyperthermia (42°C) that was induced for 5 min. By digital gene expression profiling, we determined the gene expression profile of three strains (cot/cot ok/ok, +/+ ok/ok and +/+ +/+) under hyperthermia (42°C) and normal (25°C) conditions. A Venn diagram showed that the most common differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR

The aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptides (hIAPP) to mature fibrils is considered as the main cause of type II diabetes. Therefore destroying the pre-formed hIAPP fibrils is expected to be a promising strategy for therapeutic treatments. In this work, the dissociation effects of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on hIAPP mature fibrils are investigated. The results clearly demonstrate that hIAPP fibrils can be quickly adsorbed on the GO surface and efficiently broken into short fragments. Meanwhile, the β-sheet structures of hIAPP fibrils are greatly destroyed. Particularly, in situ atomic force microscopy was applied to monitor the real-time interaction between hIAPP fibrils and GO nanosheets. It provides distinct evidence that the disruption of hIAPP fibrils by GO nanosheets mainly occurs at the GO edges. Size-dependent experiments further justify the interfere of edge contribution, which suggest small-sized GO nanosheets exhibit better dissociation ability than large-sized ones. Therefore, this study not only provides valuable information that GO nanosheets (especially small-sized ones) can act as efficient nanoblades to break hIAPP fibrils, but also suggests a powerful and widely available methodology for investigating real-time interaction between nanomaterials and biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the dislocation-related photoluminescence (PL) in GeSn films. The GeSn film samples with Sn content of 1%–7.4% were grown on Ge (001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures. Dislocations at the interface between the GeSn and the Ge buffer layer as well as the threading dislocations throughout the GeSn layer were observed for the annealed samples, but not for the as-grown samples. PL peaks of the annealed GeSn film samples show a significant red shift with increasing Sn content. However, a large energy difference (122 meV) between the PL peak energy and theoretically calculated indirect bandgap energy was found for all the GeSn films with different Sn contents. Furthermore, the PL peak position as a function of temperature could be well fitted by the calculated Eg–T line, indicating that the PL observed in the GeSn films is dislocation-related PL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase critically involved in cancer metastasis. We found an elevation of FAK expression in highly metastatic melanoma B16F10 cells compared with its less metastatic partner B16F1 cells. Down-regulation of the FAK expression by either small interfering RNA or dominant negative FAK (FAK Related Non-Kinase, FRNK) inhibited the B16F10 cell migration in vitro and invasiveness in vivo. The mechanism by which FAK activity is up-regulated in highly metastatic cells remains unclear. In this study, we reported for the first time that one of the Est family proteins, PEA3, is able to transactivate FAK expression through binding to the promoter region of FAK. We identified a PEA3-binding site between nucleotides -170 and +43 in the FAK promoter that was critical for the responsiveness to PEA3. A stronger affinity of PEA3 to this region contributed to the elevation of FAK expression in B16F10 cells. Both in vitro and in vivo knockdown of PEA3 gene successfully mimicked the cell migration and invasiveness as that induced by FAK down-regulation. The activation of the well-known upstream of PEA3, such as epidermal growth factor, JNK, and ERK can also induce FAK expression. Furthermore, in the metastatic human clinic tumor specimens from the patients with human primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, we observed a strong positive correlation among PEA3, FAK, and carcinoma metastasis. Taking together, we hypothesized that PEA3 might play an essential role in the activation of the FAK gene during tumor metastasis.

L-type voltage-dependent CaV1.2 channels play an important role in the maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis, and influence multiple cellular processes. C-terminal cleavage of CaV1.2 channels was reported in several types of excitable cells, but its expression and possible roles in non-excitable cells is still not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether distal C-terminal fragment of CaV1.2 channels is present in rat dental pulp stem cells and its possible role in the neural differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. We generated stable CaV1.2 knockdown cells via short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Rat dental pulp stem cells with deleted distal C-terminal of CaV1.2 channels lost the potential of differentiation to neural cells. Re-expression of distal C-terminal of CaV1.2 rescued the effect of knocking down the endogenous CaV1.2 on the neural differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells, indicating that the distal C-terminal of CaV1.2 is required for neural differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. These results provide new insights into the role of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in stem cells during differentiation.

It is with a great significance to discuss the selection model of regional strategic emerging industry. First, the paper uses the fuzzy optimization theory to select the central industry of area as the regional strategic emerging industry and try to optimize the weight’s calculation in the multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to get more accurate results. Then it will do a strategic emerging industrial inspection about the advantage and ecological related index based on a multiobjective programming model and the maximum entropy.

Objective: Challenging differential diagnosis Background: In clinical practice, the presentation of fungal endophthalmitis is often occult and confusing, so it is difficult to make an early diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of p-d-glucan (BDG) testing in diagnosis, management, and prognosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Case Reports: We present a retrospective, observational case series of 5 fungal endophthalmitis cases, 3 of which were endogenous and 2 exogenous. There were significantly elevated BDG levels in all cases, which was consistent with the pathological diagnosis. Four cases were diagnosed as fungal endophthalmitis through smear or culture and gene chip analysis of intraocular fluid. Conclusions: Fungal endophthalmitis is rare, and its diagnosis is difficult because of its occult nature. Therefore, BDG testing may be required as an auxiliary examination for the early diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Compared to cultures and smears, intraocular fluid BDG testing has a higher sensitivity for detecting fungal endophthalmitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Trehalase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes trehalose to yield two glucose molecules, plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes. In recent years, trehalase proteins have been purified from several insect species and are divided into soluble (Tre-1) and membrane-bound (Tre-2) trehalases. However, no functions of the two trehalases in chitin biosynthesis in insects have yet been reported. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The membrane-bound trehalase of Spodoptera exigua (SeTre-2) was characterized in our laboratory previously. In this study, we cloned the soluble trehalase gene (SeTre-1) and investigated the tissue distribution and developmental expression pattern of the two trehalase genes. SeTre-1 was expressed highly in cuticle and Malpighian tubules, while SeTre-2 was expressed in tracheae and fat body. In the midgut, the two trehalase genes were expressed in different locations. Additionally, the expression profiles of both trehalase mRNAs and their enzyme activities suggest that they may play different roles in chitin biosynthesis. The RNA interference (RNAi) of either SeTre-1 or SeTre-2 was gene-specific and effective, with efficiency rates up to 83% at 72 h post injection. After RNAi of SeTre-1 and SeTre-2, significant higher mortality rates were observed during the larva-pupa stage and pupa-adult stage, and the lethal phenotypes were classified and analyzed. Additionally, the change trends of concentration of trehalose and glucose appeared reciprocally in RNAi-mutants. Moreover, knockdown of SeTre-1 gene largely inhibited the expression of chitin synthase gene A (CHSA) and reduced the chitin content in the cuticle to two-thirds relative to the control insects. The chitin synthase gene B (CHSB) expression, however, was inhibited more by the injection of dsRNA for SeTre-2, and the chitin content in the midgut decreased by about 25%. CONCLUSIONS: SeTre-1 plays a major role in CHSA expression and chitin synthesis in the cuticle, and SeTre-2 has an important role in CHSB expression and chitin synthesis in the midgut.

Over the past several decades, the high frequency of oil pipeline accidents has drawn substantial attention around the world. Many oil pipeline accident analysis models have been established based on the event tree method, the Bayesian network method and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation models. Considering the disadvantages of current models for comprehensively representing the incident evolution process and quantitative analysis for consequences, this paper proposes a probabilistic analysis model for oil pipeline accidents that integrates three methods the event tree (E), the incident evolution diagram (E) and the Bayesian network (B). Therefore, the model is called the “EEB model”. The EEB model can identify the initial event and secondary events, illustrate the accident evolution path, identify the key influencing factors, analyze their effects, and calculate the probabilities of different consequences of oil pipeline network accidents. Compared with other models, the EEB model considers more factors, such as key environmental conditions and the emergency response. Probabilistic analysis of different consequences, including casualties, economic losses, environmental pollution and the influence on social order, can be obtained. For a general scenario of an oil pipeline network accident, the probabilities for different consequences are 71.3% for “less than 5 persons affected”, 68.2% for “less than 10 million RMB lost”, 50.4% for “less than 1 km2 of water pollution” and 59.5% for “influence on social order of less than 100 persons”. The risk for the accident can be estimated by assuming the probability of the initial event as P. The model also denotes the emergency targets to be achieved and the response missions to be executed. Based on this information, a response plan can be developed for decision making. Since the incident evolution process is complex, the effects of the influencing factors should be analyzed. The EEB model highlights the significant influences of the water area (e.g., the probability of “10–50 km2 of water pollution” decreases from 38.7% for “near and large” water bodies to 17.4% for “far and small” water bodies) and the emergency response (e.g., the probability of “50–100 million RMB economic loss” increases from 11.5% for an “effective” response to 29.3% for a “poor” response). The probabilistic analysis obtained by the EEB is more comprehensive than those of other models, and the results can be used for risk analysis, decision making and effect analysis of oil pipeline networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intensification of population aging worldwide, the health problems of the elderly have become a particular concern. Functional disability is a prominent problem in the aging of this population, resulting in the decreased quality of life of senile people. Risk factors for functional disability in the elderly include geriatric syndromes and the associated diseases such as frailty. The influence of frailty on the health of the elderly has been a hot topic in recent years. As a dynamic and reversible geriatric syndrome, it has become one of the important public health problems emerging around the world. Frailty lies between self-reliance and the need for care and is reversible. Reasonable preventive interventions can restore the elderly to an independent life. If no interventions are implemented, the elderly will face a dilemma. There is no gold standard for frailty screening around the world. In order to alleviate frailty in the elderly, many countries have conducted early screening for frailty, mainly focusing on nutrition, physical activity, and social participation, in order to detect and prevent frailty earlier and to reduce the incidence of frailty. This topic provides an overview of the current status of frailty, early screening for frailty, and the interventions for frailty in most countries of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholecystokinin (CCK) enables excitatory circuit long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we investigated its involvement in the enhancement of inhibitory synapses. Activation of GABA neurons suppressed neuronal responses in the neocortex to a forthcoming auditory stimulus in mice of both sexes. High-frequency laser stimulation (HFLS) of GABAergic neurons potentiated this suppression. HFLS of CCK interneurons could induce the LTP of their inhibition toward pyramidal neurons. This potentiation was abolished in CCK knock-out mice but intact in mice with both CCK1R and 2R knockout of both sexes. Next, we combined bioinformatics analysis, multiple unbiased cell-based assays, and histology examinations to identify a novel CCK receptor, GPR173. We propose GPR173 as CCK3R, which mediates the relationship between cortical CCK interneuron signaling and inhibitory LTP in the mice of either sex. Thus, GPR173 might represent a promising therapeutic target for brain disorders related to excitation and inhibition imbalance in the cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on crystalline ceria thin films grown on Ru(0001) was studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared absorption reflection spectroscopy (IRAS). TPD experiments show that methanol and formaldehyde desorb as the two main products at 575K, while water, formaldehyde and CO are produced above 800K. IRAS studies demonstrate that DMMP adsorbs via the phosphoryl oxygen at 200K, but the P=O bong converts to a bridging O—P—O species at 300K. DMMP decomposition initially occurs via P—OCH3 bond scission to form methyl methylphosphonate (MMP) and methyl phosphonate (MP) between 300 and 500K; XPS and IRAS data are consistent with a methoxy intermediate on the surface at these temperatures. The more stable P—CH3 bonds remain intact up to 700K, and the only surface intermediate at higher temperatures is believed to be POx. Although the presence of POx decreases activity for DMMP decomposition, some activity on the ceria surface remains even after 7 cycles of adsorption and reaction. The ceria films become reduced by multiple DMMP adsorption-reaction cycles, with the Ce+4 content dropping to 30% after seven cycles. Investigations of DMMP reaction on reduced ceria surfaces show that CO and H2 are produced in addition to methanol and formaldehyde. Furthermore, DMMP decomposition activity on the reduced ceria films is almost completely inhibited after only 3 adsorption-reaction cycles. Similarities between DMMP and methanol chemistry on the ceria films suggest that methoxy is a key surface intermediate in both reactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Electronic textiles may revolutionize many fields, such as communication, health care and artificial intelligence. To date, unfortunately, computing with them is not yet possible. Memristors are compatible with the interwoven structure and manufacturing process in textiles because of its two-terminal crossbar configuration. However, it remains a challenge to realize textile memristors owing to the difficulties in designing advanced memristive materials and achieving high-quality active layers on fiber electrodes. Herein we report a robust textile memristor based on an electrophoretic-deposited active layer of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on fiber electrodes. The unique architecture and orientation of DNA molecules with the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles offer the best-in-class performances, e.g., both ultra-low operation voltage of 0.3 V and power consumption of 100 pWand high switching speed of 20 ns. Fundamental logic calculations such as implication and NAND are demonstrated as functions of textile chips, and it has been thus integrated with power-supplying and light emitting modules to demonstrate an all-fabric information processing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the macular and peripapillary area choroid microstructure parameters of hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia eyes and compare to fellow and age-matched control eyes. To assess the correlation between the axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (CT) and choroid microstructure parameters., Methods: This cross-sectional comparative, non-interventional study involved 52 hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia children and 48 age-matched heathy controls. 52 eyes with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia and 48 age-matched control eyes were studied. The peripapillary and subfoveal CT were determined. The total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), and stromal area (SA) of the subfoveal and peripapillary choroid were measured. In addition, the correlation between the AL, CT and choroid microstructure parameters were calculated., Results: The peripapillary and subfoveal CT of the amblyopic eyes was significantly thicker than the fellow and control eyes (all P  < 0.05). The subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal SA, LA and TCA of the amblyopic eyes were significantly increased than that of the fellow and control eyes (all P  < 0.05). The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) values of the amblyopic eye were significantly different among the three groups ( P  < 0.05). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between AL and subfoveal CT (SFCT), LA and TCA levels ( P  < 0.001, P  = 0.039, P  = 0.027, respectively). Spherical equivalent (SE) was positive correlated with SFCT, LA and TCA levels ( P  = 0.456, 0.229 and 0.240, respectively; all P  < 0.05). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between SFCT, SE, LA, SA, TCA and CVI levels (all P  < 0.05)., Conclusion: The subfoveal and peripapillary CT of amblyopic children abnormally increased and correlated with shorter AL and higher SE. The choroidal structure of the amblyopic eyes was different from the fellow and control eyes, the hyperopic anisometropic amblyopic eyes had significantly thicker sub-foveal choroid, higher LA, SA, and TCA. AL and CT affect choroidal structure and vascular density. Choroidal blood flow may be increased in amblyopic eyes. The larger LA, SA, TCA, and lower CVI were characteristic of the amblyopic eye., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 Hui, Xiaofeng, Hua, Yihan and Yong.)