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Using seven parent varieties of Japonica-Indica hybrid bred in Korea, 16 aman, 17 aus, 10 boro, 15 bulu and 15 tjereh rice varieties, excised seminal roots (root-tips) were cultured in modified White's medium containing 0% or 0.2% casamino acids. The excised roots were cultured at 28°C in the dark for two weeks. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In Japonica type parents, the excised seminal root growth was better in the 0.2% casamino acids lot than in the 0% lot. In Indica type parents, on the other hand, main root length was almost same between the two lots of casamino acids concentration in each of three varieties, while the length was shorter in the 0.2% casamino acids lot than in the 0% lot in two varieties. But, dry root weight was larger in the former than in the latter in every variety (Table 1). 2. In all the varieties belonging to aman and tjcreh ecotypes, main root length was shorter in the 0.2% casamino acids lot than in the 0% lot. In each ot aus, boro and bulu ecotypes, the length in the above half of varieties was shorter in the 0.2% casamino acids lot than in the 0% lot and it was opposite in the rest. Dry root weight, on the other hand, was larger in the 0.2% casamino acids lot than in the 0% lot in all the varieties in every ecotype (Table 2).

Patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery in our clinic during a 12-year period from 1960--1971 were divided into two groups. Group A is comprised of patients who were treated in the first, and group B of patients treated in the second half of this 12-year period and the short- and long-term results were evaluated and compared for both groups. We discovered that both short- and long-term results were better in group B than in group A. Group B contained more cases of histologically early cancer stages and extensive lymph node resection was performed more frequently in group B than in group A. These factors may account for the better results obtained for group B. In addition, performance of gastrectomy combined with the resection of other neighboring organs may have effected the better long-term results observed in group B.

Hematoside from dog erythrocyte membrane was previously considered to contain a mixture of N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl- neuraminic acids. However, the hematoside preparation used in the previous study was obtained from pooled blood of several dogs, and individual variation in hematoside was not examined. In this work, hematosides of erythrocytes from 31 mongrel dogs and 108 dogs of 23 breeds were examined individually by thin-layer chromatography, and the component sialic acids were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Individual dogs had either NAN-hematoside or NGN-hematoside: dogs with N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid also had a trace of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, but dogs with N-acetyl-neuraminic acid had no detectable N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid. A few mongrel dogs, some Kai dogs, Kishu dogs, Japanese spaniels and most Shiba dogs had NGN-hematoside, whereas all European dogs had NAN-hematoside and no NGN-hematoside. From pedigrees of some families, inheritance of NGN-hematoside was found to be autosomal dominant. NGN-hematoside is possibly one of dog blood group substances. The sialic acid of delipidized ghost protein of dogs with NGN-hematoside was N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, and that of dogs with NAN-hematoside was N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The sialic acid of plasma protein was mainly N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in all dogs.

When rice plants of japonica type were grown on the agar medium containing ABA in darkness, the elongation of mesocotyl was strikingly simulated but that of coleoptile and seminal root was inhibited. In this experiment, the rice seeds presoaked in acetone containing ABA were used for ascertaining the direct effect of ABA on the elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile. A japonica type variety "Koshijiwase" and an indica type variety "Peta" were uscd. After presoaking seeds in acetone containing ABA at 25°C, they were dried for two hours in a vacuum desiccator and stored for two days at room temperature. In all the experiments, each lot consisted of 60-80 plants. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the plants grown from the presoaked seeds in acetone contatining 10-2M or 2×10-3M of ABA, not only the elongation of mesocotyl but also that of coleoptile was sitmulated, reaching the plateau at the soaking of 24 hours. Thus the soaking for about 48 hours may be enough to examine the effect of ABA (Fig. 1). 2. By the 48 hours soaking in ABA, the stimulation of mesocotyl elongation occurred between the concentration of 10-3M to 2×10-2M. The length of mesocotyl in ABA treated plants was from 3 to 16 times longer than that of control treated with pure acetone, while the coleoptile length was from 1.0 to 1.5 times longer than that of the control. Accordingly, the morphology of plumules was almost similar those from the high temperature pre-treated seed and those of indica type rice. On the other hand, elongation of seminal root was somewhat inhibited even at 10-3M of ABA, and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing ABA concentration (Fig. 2). 3. When the seeds presoaked with acetone containing ABA were again soaked in pure acetone, the stimulatory effect of ABA on the elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile and inhibitory effect on that of seminal root disappeared. When the seeds of high temperature pre-treated japonica rice and those of nontreated indica rice were soaked in pure acetone, whereas, no effect was detected in the elongation of either mesocotyl or coleoptile (Fig. 3). 4. Parenchymatous cell length and number in a longitudinal section of mesocotyl with about 23 mm long in each experimental lot were measured. The plumules grown from the presoaked seeds in acetone containing 2×10-2M of ABA were almost similar to those from the high temperature pre-treated seeds, 40°C for 10 days. On the other hand, the plumules grown on agar medium containing 2×10-6M ABA were almost similar to those from immature seeds, harvested 15 days after anthesis (Table 1). 5. Considering the similarities of plumules between those originated from seeds presoaked with 2×10-2M ABA and those originated from seeds pre-treated with 40°C for 10 days, about 1.6 μg of ABA was estimated to be synthesized in a seedling originated from the latter, if the assumption that the mesocotyl elongation is based only on ABA is adopted (Fig. 4).

The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3) on essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient rats were studied. After low growth and scaly dermatitis in the hind legs due to dietary EFA deficiency were induced by feeding rats an EFA-free 25 % casein diet (25C) containing 30 % hydrogenated coconut oil with 1 % cholesterol (HCO • CHOL) for 8 weeks, they received the 25C diet with 0.19 or 0.57 % EPA ethyl ester concentrate added, or 0.02 % or 0.38 % linoleic acid (LA, 18: 2n-6) concentrate (Exp. I), and the HCO • CHOL meal including any one of 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 % EPA concentrate, and 0.12 and 0.48 % LA concentrate (Exp. II) for an additional 6 weeks. When EFA-deficient rats were fed the EPA in both experiments, body weight was gained to almost reach those of the 0.38 or 0.48 % LA-fed group (control), and the dermal symptoms of the hind legs were relieved, though the degree of healing was less than those of the controls. The ratios of eicosatrienoic acid (20: 3n-9) to arachidonic acid (20: 4n-6) characteris...

Tomato cultivars Zuiko (ZK), resistant to TMV causing top-necrosis by infection with TMV, Fukuju No. 2 (F2), susceptible to TMV causing mosaic, strains GCR 236, GCR 237, GCR 254, and GCR 267, resistant to TMV causing no symptoms, were used. They were tested whether or not the induced resistance does occur by changing temperatures during incubation following inoculation, by heating tomato seedlings as a shock at 45°C for 10 min immediately after inoculation, by introducing dyes, acridine orange (AO), azure B (AB), and pyronine B (PB), into tomato seedlings, and by introducing the infected tomato extract.At 25°C, TMV concentration in ZK was 2% of that in F2, whereas it reached almost 60% at 20°C, showing that ZK was not resistant at a low temperature below the optimum for tomato growth. Heat shock induced the reduced amount of TMV in ZK as compared with non-treatment, but did not in GCR 236, GCR 237, and GCR 267. Thus, ZK alone showed an induced resistance by this treatment. ZK, GCR 236, GCR 237, and GCR 254, all showed a decrease in TMV concentration by introducing dyes through root, especially by 10 ppm AO. However, F2 cultured in 10 ppm AO showed no alteration in TMV concentration comparing with that cultured in water. When the extract obtained from non-infected ZK which was cultured in 10 ppm AO, was mixed with TMV and the mixture was inoculated on the leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), AO absorbed-ZK extract showed no inhibitory activity to TMV infection. These facts indicate that AO did not directly inactivate TMV, but induced a highly resistance in ZK except F2. F2 which had absorbed the infected F2 extract, reduced TMV concentration, but that absorbed non-infected F2 extract or infected ZK extract did not so much. ZK did not reduce TMV concentration by absorbing F2 extract or non-infected ZK extract, but did a little by absorbing infected ZK extract.From these results, induction of resistance in tomato cultivars caused by the environmental factors is discussed.

Data presented in the previous paper have demonstrated that the strength of plumule-elongation at the stage of 5.0-6.0 cm long measured with unbonded gauge type transducer was the strongest in corn; oats comes second; next in order are wheat, barley, rye, sorghum and rice; the weakest was italian millet. In this paper, relation between the strength of plumule-elongation and emergence vigor or emergence ability was studied. Results were as follows. 1. No positive correlation between the strength of plumule-elongation and emergence ratio or emergence rate index under hardened texture of convering-soil of 5.5 cm depth was obtained (Table 1-a, b). On the other hand, partial correlation was obtained between the strength of plumule-elongation per unit cross section in the largest portion of plumule and emergence ratio (Table 2, Fig. 2). 2. From the above results following relationship is expected. EV=R·St EV: Emergence vigor. R: coefficient of resistance elimination at the time of emergence. St: Strength of plumule-elongation measured with unbonded gauge type transducer. In this case, shape of plumule and ecological and physiological character of plumule are involved in R. From Table 1 and Table 2, it is thought that R is greater in italian millet, sorghum and paddy rice in indica type than in barley and rye. Under the condition of none or a few hardened, however, it is probably that R is negligible in EV and St is highly correlated with EV. 3. In field condition, length from seeding to emergence is very important. So the following relationship is suspected. EA=R·St·SP EA: Emergence ability. Sp: Speed of plumule-elongation under covering-soil. From the above result, it is thought that EA is the greatest in corn and sorghum; oats, wheat and paddy rice in indica type comes second; next are upland rice in japonica type, rye and barley (normal); the weakest are paddy rice in japonica type, naked barley (uzu) and italian millet under condition of 5.5 cm depth of covering-soil at 25°C in this experiment. As the shape of plumule and ecological and physiological character is almost the same in each cereal, it is probable that EA is highly correlated with St and Sp.

One of the oldest cadastral maps (drawn in 751 A. D.) kept by Shosoin, is that of the Minuma manor in Omi province of the Todai-ji temple. It shows the “Joni”-system which was the land system of ancient Japan. As result of our research on the “Jori”-system of Inukami county in Omi, it was proved that the area in the map corresponds to the domain of the modern village, Binmanji, in the east of Hikone City. We made a general and intensive survey by means of reading air photographs, land measurements, soil analysis, studying old documents and archeological excavation of the domain of the manor. The results are as follows: 1) The Minuma manor belonging to the Todai-ji temple occupied the Inukami river's fan in the middle of the lake Biwa plain about the middle of the 8 th century. Inspite of fierce overflows at heavy rains, it was neccessary first of all to built a reservior and an irrigation canal for the management of paddy fields, because the ordinary quantity of water supplied by the river was insufficient and the soils of this fan was osmotic. 2) Below the soils now under cultivation, there spreads the stratum of the anciently cultivated soils and it is probably the same stratum as the one containing the remains which are supposed to be belong to 8th century. 3) Judging from the roads the reservoir, some parts of land division and the black coloured soils found by excavation, we think that the “Jori”-system was put in operation over this area to the same direction as the other parts of Inukami county. 4) The land division in most parts of lands now under cultivation is very much different from the “Jori”-system in Inukami county, and it is adapted to the land form. 5) It is better to consider that the Todai-ji manor has occupied this area based on the “Jori”-system. But there are some differences between the old lands of the manor and the present ones. The reasons would probably be due to the overflows or changes of various human geographical conditions. 6) The history of the settlements of this area began in Nara era, at the establishment of this manor. 7) The houses which occupied the hilly land consisting of the old aluvial strata, remained for considerably long period. And the houses which were situated on the flood plain of the river seem to have been lost by overflows and lateral erosion of the Inukami. 8) The site of the present village seems to correspond to Shibahara (brush fields) on the map, and the village has the character of a “Monzen-Machi” of the Binman-ji temple which was built up in Heian era. Probably the movements of the residents from hilly land to the present site were done gradually over the long period before Meiji revolution. 9) Considering the land from, the land system and the result of the archeological excavation, we conclude that contents of the map was not so different from facts. 10) And so we can say that the Todai-ji manor in this area was established not through the acquirement of already cultivated lands, but through the clearing of lands which were hard to cultivate. In this, we recognize the peculiar character of the Todai-ji manor in Nara era, and this character was common the other manors of this temple.

Within the vertebrate nervous system, the presence of many different lineages of neurons and glia complicates the molecular characterization of single neuronal populations. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and development of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN), we purified CSMN at distinct stages of development in vivo and compared their gene expression to two other pure populations of cortical projection neurons: callosal projection neurons and corticotectal projection neurons. We found genes that are potentially instructive for CSMN development, as well as genes that are excluded from CSMN and are restricted to other populations of neurons, even within the same cortical layer. Loss-of-function experiments in null mutant mice for Ctip2 (also known as Bcl11b), one of the newly characterized genes, demonstrate that it plays a critical role in the development of CSMN axonal projections to the spinal cord in vivo, confirming that we identified central genetic determinants of the CSMN population.

The molecular mechanisms of assembly and budding of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain poorly understood. The budding of several enveloped viruses requires an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), which is part of the cellular machinery used to form multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, we demonstrated that Hrs, an ESCRT-0 component, is critical for the budding of HCV through the exosomal secretion pathway. Hrs depletion caused reduced exosome production, which paralleled with the decrease of HCV replication in the host cell, and that in the culture supernatant. Sucrose-density gradient separation of the culture supernatant of HCV-infected cells revealed the co-existence of HCV core proteins and the exosome marker. Furthermore, both the core protein and an envelope protein of HCV were detected in the intraluminal vesicles of MVBs. These results suggested that HCV secretion from host cells requires Hrs-dependent exosomal pathway in which the viral assembly is also involved.

Wide-band (0.002?20,000 Hz) magnetotelluric measurements (MT) observations have been conducted along three traverses in the central Tohoku district of the northeastern Japan arc at 86 observation sites since 1990 in order to image the electrical resistivity structure. We used the impedance tensors fully corrected for the three-dimensional galvanic distortion effects including static shift effects in order to refine previous 2-D models (discussed in Fujinawa et al., 1997). The subsurface 3-D effects are found to be generally small with the result of a slight difference between the present model and the previously reported one. p]The modeling results indicate that the crust is homogeneous without an enhanced conductivity zone in the lower crust, in general agreement with results in the northern part of the Tohoku district. The refined resistivity profiles delineate more clearly two near-surface conductive anomalies located in the fracture zone between the Dewa Hill and the Central Basin Range, and in the zone between the Kitakami and Abukuma River regions. Conductors in the crust west of the Sekiryo Mountain Range generally correlate well with mapped faults or pre-Tertiary tectonic lines. Several buried faults are also suggested from the conductivity data. The electrical resistivity distribution and known active faults are integrated to better understand the seismo-tectonics and geologic regime associated with the subduction processes in the Japan arc region.

A patient on chronic hemodialysis, with secondary hyperparathyroidism was referred for a radionuclide bone-imaging study. Deposition of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) was apparent in the myocardium and abdominal blood vessels, as well as in the skeleton by four-color processed scintigraphy. Plain radiographs of the chest and abdomen demonstrated no calcification in the myocardium or abdominal blood vessels. Several possible mechanism for this uptake are discussed briefly.

The glycolipids of erythrocytes from individual cats were examined. The main glycolipid of cat erythrocytes was generally NeuGc-NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GD3), but among 41 cats of 5 breeds and 2 mongrels examined, 2 Persian cats were found to have NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuAc-GD3). This is the first report of the occurrence of NeuAc-GD3 in cat erythrocyte membranes.

The ganglioside patterns of erythrocytes from individual horses and cattle were examined. Variations in the ganglioside patterns were found in both horses and cattle. In the erythrocytes of most horses examined, NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GM3) of 25 horses examined had only NeuGc-GM3 with no 4-O-Ac-NeuGc-GM3. The erythrocytes of various breeds of cattle had a characteristic ganglioside pattern, but they could be divided into 4 types on the basis of the composition of their gangliosides.

Rontgenographisch und durch DTA wird ein groserer Teil des Ga-reichen Gebietes des Zustandsdiagramms Ga-GaAs-GaP ermittelt.

Climate is an important control on biomass burning, but the sensitivity of fire to changes in temperature and moisture balance has not been quantified. We analyze sedimentary charcoal records to show that the changes in fire regime over the past 21,000 yrs are predictable from changes in regional climates. Analyses of paleo- fire data show that fire increases monotonically with changes in temperature and peaks at intermediate moisture levels, and that temperature is quantitatively the most important driver of changes in biomass burning over the past 21,000 yrs. Given that a similar relationship between climate drivers and fire emerges from analyses of the interannual variability in biomass burning shown by remote-sensing observations of month-by-month burnt area between 1996 and 2008, our results signal a serious cause for concern in the face of continuing global warming. ispartof: Global Biogeochemical Cycles vol:26 issue:4 status: published

Magnetic properties of YBa2(Cu1-x Fe x )3O7-δ with 0≦x≦0.085 were investigated by dc- and ac-magnetic susceptibility in a temperature range from 4.2 to 300 K. The susceptibility in the normal state follows the Curie-Weiss law χ=C/(T-\varTheta)+χ0 with constant paramagnetism χ0. The effective magnetic moments estimated from the Curie constant are 3.4∼4.0 µB/Fe, which are consistent with the magnetic moment obtained in the Mössbauer experiments. From the ac susceptibility in the superconducting state, a decrease of volume fraction of superconductivity was observed with increasing Fe-concentration.