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Background: Regular Physical activity (PA) is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes because it has a beneficial effect on metabolic risk factors for the development of diabetic complications. This study was designed to determine the effect of health literacy (HL) brisk walking on clinical outcomes (HbA1c) and PA in patients with DMT2. Method: In using the Quasi Experimental method using the Two group pre-posttest design approach. Research subjects were allocated for the provision of Health literacy Brisk walking (n-30, 30 completed) and the usual care group (n = 30,30 completed). Health literacy brisk walking participants received weekly scheduled information via WhatsApp group with monitoring to walk 3-5 times for 150 minutes/week, while the control group only received regular care from the Chronic Disease Management (Prolanis) program. Results: Sixty T2DM patients (thirty in the intervention group and thirty in the control group) were examined. The results showed that Health literacy Brisk walking with Whatsapp Group Monitoring in the intervention group was significantly higher than usual care from the Chronic Disease Management program (Prolanis) in the control group towards changes in HbA1c and PA after 3 months (p<0.05). Conclusion: Health literacy brisk walking related to diabetes can be a modifiable factor related to HbA1c for DMT2 patients. The findings indicate the need for health care providers to be able to consider brisk walking PA as a solution in controlling blood sugar (HbA1c). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Sulawesi Provincial Government, through the health Office, stated that South Sulawesi currently has a fairly high infant mortality rate. From January to September 2018, a total of 870 infants died. According to these data, the highest mortality rate was recorded in Bone District. High maternal and neonatal mortality rates have a major impact on families and communities. Therefore, it is highly expected that women's participation as housewives will directly determine the survival of their infants. This study aims to determine the effect of child survival strategies (CSS) on the growth and development of infants of employed and unemployed mothers aged 0-6 months. It is an observational study with a case-control design. This study involved employed and unemployed mothers who had infants aged 0-6 months. The sample was determined by the simple random sampling method in the case and control groups. The Data was collected through interviews using a questionnaire and then analyzed statistically. This study is expected to provide input for the Indonesian Government (Health Office) as a consideration in formulating policies to reduce infant mortality rates, especially in South Sulawesi. The results indicated a significant correlation between mothers' occupations and their infants' fine motor skill development category (p < 0.05 or = 0.033). The anthropometry of infants of employed and unemployed mothers indicated no significant differences, both in terms of age, body weight, and body length (with p > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between mothers' occupations and their infants' fine motor skill development category. The infants of employed mothers tend to have good fine motor skill development than those of unemployed mothers. The percentage of growth and development of other infants that fall into the good category was found to be higher in employed mothers than in unemployed mothers, although it was not statistically significant. Employed mothers have better CSS than unemployed mothers, although it is not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moringa oleifera is known for its nutrition content, antioxidant and medical benefit. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic substance and can affect the pregnancy. To reduce the tobacco smoke effect on pregnancy outcome good nutrition is needed. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa leaf extract on serum cotinine levels in pregnant women exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Method: This is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design the study population was pregnant women which were divided by 2 groups, first group received IFA supplements only (n = 30) and the second group receive IFA and Moringa leaf extract supplements (n = 26). The tobacco smoke exposure data collected with questionnaire, and cotinine serum by blood sample. The tobacco smoke exposure and cotinine serum levels were compered between the two groups. Results: The tobacco smoke exposures at home were higher in MO+IFA group pregnant women then the IFA group pregnant women (p<0,05). The cotinine serum levels in both groups were found not significantly different (p=0,535). These results indicate that pregnant woman with high exposure of tobacco smoke who MO receive have similar cotinine serum levels with the pregnant woman with lower exposure of tobacco smoke. Conclusion: Moringa leaf extract supplementation to pregnant women with high tobacco smoke exposure has serum cotinine levels similar to pregnant women with lower exposure to tobacco smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of oxidants and anti-oxidants and is often associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, additional supplementation is needed since the preconception period to prevent oxidative stress and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf extract on the prevention of oxidative stress in pregnant women and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design. The research subjects were third trimester pregnant women consisting of 2 groups, namely the control group who only received Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements (n = 30) and the group that received moringa leaf extract and IFA supplements (n = 26). Then an examination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress was carried out using the ELISA (enzyme-link immune sorbent) method, followed by pregnancy outcomes including birth weight and birth length. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of MDA, birth weight and birth length in the two groups with a p value > 0.05. Nevertheless, MDA level in IFA group was 49.25 nmol/ml higher than Moringa + IFA group which was 47.58 nmol/ml. Likewise, the average of birth weight and birth length in Moringa group were 3042.3 grams and 48.62 cm higher than IFA group which were 2993.7 grams and 48.23 cm. Malondialdehyde levels were also higher in women who had babies with birth weight < 2500 grams was 49.48 nmol/ml and birth length < 48 cm was 49.13 nmol/l compared to birth weight ≥ 2500 grams was 48.50 nmol/ml and birth length ≥ 48 cm was 48.62 nmol/ml but there was no significant difference in the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative stress in pregnant women tends to be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Moringa leaf extract supplementation since preconception can prevent increased oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination policy can be influenced by several factors, including communication, available resources, task disposition, and organizational structure. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the implementation of these policies. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, with data collection techniques including observation and interviews. The research was conducted in Southwest Maluku Regency in October-November 2022, with a total of 5 informants consisting of key informants, such as the Regent of Southwest Maluku as the chairman and spokesperson of the Task Force, ordinary informants, such as the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the head of Surveillance and Immunization at the District Health Office of Southwest Maluku, and the Coordinator of the COVID-19 Task Force Expert Team, as well as ordinary informants, such as community leaders. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency has been well executed. The government has actively conducted health promotion and socialization, and has adequate resources equipped with specific competencies and expertise. However, there were several challenges during the implementation, such as the spread of misinformation, the difficult geographical terrain, and limited communication access to all areas. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an evaluation material for the government in the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated how Patient Centered Care (PCC) was implemented and how it related to patient satisfaction and service quality outcomes. Methods: Observational analytic research was conducted with a cross-sectional design. 150 patients in the samples are chosen proportionally and based on inclusion criteria. A Patient Centered Care (PCC) questionnaire, a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, and a Quality of Service Questionnaire were the measuring instruments used to gather the data. SPSS Version 22 was used to analyze the data. The PCC application's dimensions were described using univariate analysis. The effect of implementing Patient-Centered Care (PCC) on patient satisfaction and quality of service was examined using multivariate analysis.. Results: There is a relationship between the implementation of Patient Centered Care (PCC) and patient satisfaction (p=0.014) and there is no relationship between the implementation of Patient Centered Care (PCC) and quality of service (p=0.073) Conclusion: This study shows that there is a relationship between implementation PCC on patient satisfaction but there is no relationship with quality of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this study aimed to identify a stroke prevention model with a family approach. Methods: this systematic review is based on the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Articles were obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Each article was assessed using eight criteria from the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): sample size, sampling technique, response rate, outcome measures, statistical analysis, use of confounding, study limitations, and ethical considerations. 8 out of 2065 articles were used to develop this study. Results: family support plays an important role in shaping stroke prevention behavior, both primary and secondary, through risk factor management and knowledge provision. Conclusions: family support is one of the approaches to stroke prevention in reducing the burden of stroke. Stroke prevention by the family can be achieved by educating patients about stroke and providing support and encouragement for risk factor management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The habit of smoking is common among Indonesian adults, teenagers, and even children. This research, therefore, aims to develop a non-smoking regional policy to protect children in Palu City, Indonesia. Methods: Data were systematically obtained from variousonline literature reviews, including reports, journals, and books from the last ten years. The journals were mostly from scholars, while the article was screened according to the research objectives. Research that is included in the systematic discussion not completely abstracted for inclusion in this paper is issued for the inclusion of selected study details in tabular format. Results: The result showed that the use of a non-smoking regional policy is effective in preventing children smoking habits. The bureaucratic structure has been adequately implemented, however, there are lots of errors associated with the communication, disposition, and resources used due to differences of opinion among policymakers, lack of human resources, and the poor commitment of stakeholders. All literature was selected and screened from scholars. Conclusion: In conclusion, a non-smoking regional policy is effective in preventing children smoking habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze hygiene sanitation factors related to stunting in the Central Sulawesi Region. This type of analytic research was a cross sectional approach. The sample was 289 people in 4 (four) districts of Banggai, Donggala, Sigi and Palu in Central Sulawesi Province. Data analysis using Logistic Regression. Respondents who have implemented the Stop BABS 191 program were (66.1%), CTPS 176 were (60.9%), have managed clean water and food were 270 (93.4%), have managed household waste 148 (51.2%), have treated household liquid waste 159 (55.0%). The prevalence of baduta stunting was 46.0% in 133 children under two years. The results of statistical tests showed that households that did not manage waste can cause stunting by 0.180 (0.086-0.376) times compared to households that manage waste. Households that did not secure their liquid waste can cause stunting by 0.295 (0.146-0.598) times compared to households that secured liquid waste. Households that did not process drinking water and food can cause stunting by 4,768 (1,806-12,591) times than the households that managed it. Following up on the research findings, it is recommended for education and interventions related to the processing of clean water and food sanitation in Central Sulawesi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background; Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) is one of the local food commodities which has the potential to substitute wheat flour in the form of Modified Cassava Flour (Mocaf) into instant noodles because it has high productivity, easy cultivation, and low price. Aim; to evaluate the physicochemical properties of instant noodles using the substitution of mocaf (Modified CassavaFlour) and a wide variety of alkaline salt composition. Method; this is experimental research, the color of the raw and cooked noodles was analyzed using Konica Minolta Chromameter, the extensibility of the noodle including tensile strength value (MPa) and F Maximum (%) strain were analyzed using Universal Texture Machine (UTM). The determination of the instant noodle's cooking yield was following AACC standard method No. 55.50.01 (AACC, 2000) and noodle evaluation sheet. This research was conducted in the Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Incubation Laboratory, and Engineering Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In this research, The results showed that the best proportion as the ratio of what flour: mocaf 60:40 with addition ratio of Na2CO3: K2CO3 0.3: 0.5. The highest tensile strength value and the highest cooking yield value was 177% at the ratio of wheat flour: mocaf 50:50 with the addition ratio of Na2CO3: K2CO3 0.4: 0.4. The water content obtained has met the requirements of SNI 01-2974-1996 ranging from <8% (db) with quality standards. The physicochemical quality of instant noodle products made from mocaf flour can match those made from wheat flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to summarize, evaluate, and systematically describe AITCS instruments as well as find the most appropriate collaborative practice assessment instruments for measuring IPC. A systematic literature review was conducted on 4 databases namely PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, and Ebsco. The last 8 years of articles written in English related to the use of AITCS in evaluating/measuring IPE were gathered. Based on 8 articles analyzed, AITCS had undergone several development processes. AITCS (37 items) had been shortened to 23 items (AITCS II). AITCS had been adapted and developed in Swedish and Japanese versions. Various articles showed the overall Cronbach alpha value ranged from 0.89 to 0.98. Each item rated has a Cronbach alpha > 0.70 (acceptable). Thus, this study indicates that AITCS will continue to be developed in the future for it is an appropriate instrument that can be used to evaluate IPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt is one of the products of milk processing which has high nutritional value. Yogurt is a probiotic drink that is very beneficial for the health of the digestive tract because it improves the balance of microflora in the intestines. Yogurt products can be varied by adding basic ingredients, one of which is sago flour. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional value and acceptability of yogurt drinks with the addition of sago flour. This type of research is experimental. The sample used as the research object was yogurt drink with the addition of sago flour with 4 variations. The resulting yogurt drink products were tested for preference level using slightly trained panelists as many as 25 people. The types of variables in this study consisted of independent variables, namely yogurt drink products with the addition of sago flour and the dependent variable, namely nutritional value (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates) and acceptance (taste, color, aroma, and texture). The instrument used in the study was the hedonic test form. Data processing will be processed using a computer program and TKPI tables to analyze the nutrients from the yogurt drink products and to analyze the acceptance using SPSS version 21. The results showed that the nutritional content of yogurt drinks with the highest addition of sago flour was the P3 sample with 60.85 kcal energy, protein 90.36 grams, fat 30.22 grams and carbohydrates 14.52 grams. While the lowest nutritional value is sample P0 with 4.25 kcal energy, 0.08-gram protein, 0.06-gram fat, 0.78-gram carbohydrate. The results showed that there was an effect of adding sago starch on color, aroma, taste, and texture (P <0.005). The results of this study can be tested in the community so that people know that sago flour can be used in the manufacture of yogurt drinks and people can also consume healthy yogurt drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biscuits are generally made from wheat flour, but in some cases, the gluten protein found in flour may cause allergies. Therefore, the use of flour, especially in complementary feeding biscuits, must be limited or replaced with other foods that are low or without allergens, one of which is purple sweet potato flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of substitute purple sweet potato flour and tempeh on the organoleptic quality of complementary feeding biscuits. This type of research is a pure experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 repetitions. Samples were complementary feeding biscuits with 6 variations in composition, namely samples X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6. The independent variable is the variation in the composition of purple sweet potato flour and tempeh, while the dependent variable is the organoleptic quality (color, aroma, texture, and taste). Data collection used the hedonic test form which was given to 20 panelists. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that variations in the composition of purple sweet potato flour and tempeh had an effect on color (p = 0.046) and aroma (p = 0.043), but had no effect on texture (p = 0.172) and taste (p = 0.164). It is suggested to the next researchers to study the nutritional content and physicochemical properties of the Complementary feeding biscuits made from purple sweet potato flour and tempeh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diseases that are related to diving activities among the divers require a special attention. Incorrect diving attitude does not only cause a short-term risk but also a long-term risk. The aim of this study is to descriptively analyze the knowledge of fishermen due to work-related diseases, to analyze the factors of work-related diseases and provide training of standard diving techniques in Lumu-Lumu Island, Makassar. The type of research is observational analytic with the cross-sectional study. The population of this study is all fishermen in Lumu-Lumu Island. The sample was taken using simple random sampling techniques. This study was conducted in MarchAugust 2019 in Lumu-Lumu Island, Makassar. Primary data were collected from the interview using a questionnaire with the fishermen. Secondary data were collected from Puskesmas and Polindes. The result shows that the knowledge, attitude, and actions of the divers increased after the socialization that was conducted in Lumu-Lumu Island with Z value 3,361a, 5,465a, 4,221a. This provides the result of a statistical test that shows Asympsignificance (2- tailed) from knowledge, attitude and the action of divers of 0,001<0,05 for each variable which mean there are an increase of knowledge, attitude and the action after the socialization and training for divers in Lumu-Lumu Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-sectio caesarea patient often experience pain due to surgical incision. Finger held relaxation is a non-pharmacological technique that can reduce of pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of finger held relaxation on the decrease in intensity of pain in patient of post-sectio caesarea. This study design uses a pre-experimental approach to the one group pre and post-test design. The population in this research was postsectio caesarea mothers who was treated for a month. The research using purposive sampling with a sample size of 30 respondents. There are 2 variables, independent variable with finger held relaxation and dependent variable with decrease in intensity of pain. Data collection uses Numerik Raitting Scale (NRS). Statistical analysis using Wilcoxon with significance level 0,05. The results of the study indicate that prior to finger held relaxation the experienced moderate pain of 26 respondents (86,7%). After giving finger held relaxation most of them experience mil pain of 28 respondents (93,3%). Obtained p value = 0,000 ≤ α = 0,05. Of the finger held relaxation effective against decreasing the intensity of pain in patient of postsectio caesarea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is the first rank in Asia and the third rank as a cause of death (mortality) in the world after heart disease and cancer. Intracerebral bleeding stroke occurs in almost 52% of deaths from all stroke incidents, resulting in a broader, more fatal and disabling disorders. This study aimed to find out the correlation of the body temperature and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the incidence of mortality of the stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. This research was a correlational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size was 51 samples, selected by the simple random sampling method. Stroke of intracerebral hemorrhage was determined based on clinical and CT scan examination, and the mortality was measured based on the complete medical record data. The data analysis used the Spearman Rank Correlation Test (Rho) with a significance of α = 0.05. The results of the study showed that 44 respondents (86.3%) had body temperatures in the category of hyperthermia. 44 respondents (86.3%) experienced a poor Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and 45 respondents (88.2%) experienced mortality. Statistical test results obtained a p value of 0,000 with α of 0.05. Thus, there is a correlation between the body temperature and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the incidence of mortality of the stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The coefficient correlation of the body temperature and the mortality of stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage was r = .739, and that of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and that of the mortality was r = .911. The study showed a correlation between the body temperature and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the incidence of mortality of the stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. This study recommended that the respective health workers appropriately make intervention to the body temperature and recognize the awareness status of the stroke patients to reduce intracerebral hemorrhage so as to reduce the patient mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early pregnancy ultrasound provides a more accurate estimate of the estimated delivery date (EDD) than the last menstrual period (LMP). However, LMP-based EDD calculation remains common in resource-limited settings. Inaccurate EDDs can contribute to adverse birth outcomes. However, research examining the accuracy of LMP-based EDDs and their association with delivery-related adverse events is limited., Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of self-reported LMP in predicting EDD and its association with adverse events during delivery., Methods: Data were analyzed from 171 pregnant women participating in the Indonesian Birth Cohort Study based in Makassar, Indonesia. This study utilized a prospective cohort design, employing descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis in Stata. Adverse events were defined as any unexpected negative occurrence during delivery, including issues related to healthcare access, birth attendance, and the medical condition of the mother and newborn., Results: Mode of delivery and categorized differences between actual delivery date and estimated delivery date (ADD-EDD) were significantly associated with adverse events during delivery. Cesarean delivery was associated with a higher risk of adverse events compared to vaginal birth (Adjusted Risk Ratio [ARR] 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.22, p <0.001). Additionally, ADD-EDD differences of ≤-15 days (ARR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.35-1.65), -14 to -8 days (ARR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19-1.49), and ≥15 days (ARR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.20-1.58) showed an increased risk (all p <0.001). An ADD-EDD difference of 8 to 14 days was marginally significant (ARR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.00-1.44, p = 0.046). The ADD-EDD distribution showed notable gaps, with ADD deviations occurring as early as 109 days before and as late as 45 days after the EDD. On average, the ADD occurred approximately one week earlier (-7.15 days) than the EDD., Conclusion: Lower accuracy of LMP-based EDDs and delivery mode is associated with increased adverse events during delivery. Transitioning from LMP-based EDDs to more accurate methods is necessary to improve maternal and neonatal care outcomes. Integrating routine early ultrasound for EDD calculation can better equip healthcare providers and nurses to plan deliveries, reduce risks, and improve patient outcomes in resource-limited settings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Background: Cement plants generate particulate matter (PM) across processes from raw material preparation to packaging. The presence of total suspended particulates (TSP) coming out of the stack causes a high accumulation of dust in residential areas. Human exposure to TSP could affect human health and wellbeing., Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate concentrations of TSP and to estimate the health risks of TSP exposure through the inhalation pathway in communities surrounding a private cement industry in Maros regency, Indonesia., Methods: Total suspended particulates were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) at five locations. Samples were taken by grab sampling for 24 hours. The SCREEN3 program was used to view the maximum range and distribution of pollutants based on the geographical, stack profiles and meteorological factors in the study area. Hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate non-carcinogenic risks of TSP in surrounding communities., Results: Total suspended particulate concentrations were measured with a maximum value of 133.24 μg/m 3 and a minimum value of 18.48 μg/m 3 . This maximum value exceeds the minimum acceptable level from Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (C-NAAQOs). The non-carcinogenic risks from the inhalation pathway were low except for location 3 (HQ>1) across all locations., Conclusions: The cement plant may significantly contribute to total TSP concentrations in air and may potentially have adverse effects on human health. Communities near the cement plant are vulnerable to TSP exposure and measures are needed to reduce TSP in Maros regency, Indonesia., Participant Consent: Obtained., Ethics Approval: This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Hasanuddin University with protocol number 28920093022., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (© Pure Earth 2021.)

Objectives This research aims to analyse the relationship between urine mercury levels and neurological problems. Methods This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. There are 44 goldsmiths in the gold jewellery small scale industry involved in this study. Urine mercury levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Neurological problems were assessed by a medician. Data collected includes age, time of exposure, work duration, smoking behaviour and nutrition status of the goldsmiths which were obtained by interview. Results The results showed that the concentration of mercury in the goldsmith's urine was around 0.93-64.59 μg/L. The analysis showed that there were 63% of goldsmiths experiencing neurological problems, such as tremors (9.1%) and knee pass reflex (6.8%). The bivariate analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between the concentration of mercury (p=0.133), age (p=0.155), time of exposure (p=0.702), time of working (p=0.354), smoking behaviour (p=0.169) and nutrition status (p=0.541) with neurological problems. Conclusions The goldsmiths who had high levels of mercury in urine samples were diagnosed with at least one of the neurological symptoms. It is recommended that the goldsmith use personal protective equipment during work such as mask, glasses and gloves.

Water pollution by heavy metals due to discharge from gold mining activity has threatened the aquatic environment and human health of the community around Kao Bay. This report review explores the level of mercury and arsenic in the fish and the health risk of fish consumption within the community around Kao Bay. Fish from 10 spots in the bay were analyzed for mercury and arsenic using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Community members around Kao Bay were interviewed for details of their fish consumption. Daily intake of metals and health risk level were also calculated. All of the fish caught contained mercury (mean of 0.2110 ug/g) and arsenic (mean of 0.422 ug/g). This heavy metal concentration exceeds the allowable level for food standard. The human health risk assessment showed that the fish caught from Kao Bay were not safe for human consumption (RQ>1). The hazard risk quotient based on cancer and non-cancer was more than one. As many as 49 of 52 people living around Kao Bay have a risk from mercury and arsenic exposure via fish consumption. The magnitude of HQ and ECR values for most fish indicates that it is not safe for consumption.