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The article discusses the utilization of zeolites in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. It states that with the ability to finitely tune zeolite catalysts by synthesis in a wide range of Si/Al ratios, dealumination, and ion exchange, it is possible to obtain various properties of multiple catalytic sites. The mechanisms of the ethylbenzene disproportionation is explored. The three general mechanisms that are described for the shape selective catalysis of zeolites are also discussed.

A field trial was conducted consecutively for two years at ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi to develop Insect Growth Regulators based (IGRs) approaches for managing the litchi fruit and shoot borer (Conopomorpha sinensis; Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) a major pests of litchi causing economical loss. Studies revealed that T4 - novaluron 10 EC 0.015% recorded least infestation (9.62% and 4.70%) during early and mid stage which is closely followed by T2- diflubenzuron 25 WP 0.03% (9.87% and 5.73%). However, at harvest stage, T2 recorded the lowest borer infestation (12.39%) followed by T4 (13.67%) against highest borer infestation (59.35%) in control. Further, highest reduction of borer infestation over control was noticed in T4 (53.25% and 73.56%) followed by T2 (52.04% and 73.99%) during early stage and mid stage, respectively. At harvest stage, most of the treatments showed more than 75% efficacy on reduction in borer infestation over control. The highest reduction in borer infestation was found in T2 (80.65%) followed by T4 (77.50%). The least infested fruit (2.11 kg/tree) and highest healthy fruit (16.38 kg/tree) was recorded with T2 followed by T1 (14.99 kg/tree), T5 (14.46 kg/tree) and T4 (13.99 kg/tree) against lowest (4.14 kg/tree) in control. Similarly, reduction in fruit infestation over control calculated on weight basis was also highest in T2 (78.77%) followed by T1 (75.79%), T5 (73.85%) and T4 (73.33%).

The composition and content of sugar play a pivotal role in goji berry ( Lycium barbarum L.) fruits, determining fruit quality. Long-term exposure of goji berry to elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) was frequently demonstrated to reduce sugar content and secondary metabolites. In order to understand the regulatory mechanisms and improve the quality of fruit in the changing climate, it is essential to characterize sugar metabolism genes that respond to eCO 2 . The objectives of this study were to clone full-length cDNA of three sugar metabolism genes- LBGAE ( Lycium barbarum UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase), LBGALA ( Lycium barbarum alpha-galactosidase), and LBMS ( Lycium barbarum malate synthase)-that were previously identified responding to eCO 2 , and to analyze sequence characteristics and expression regulation patterns. Sugar metabolism enzymes regulated by these genes were also estimated along with various carbohydrates from goji berry fruits grown under ambient (400 μmol mol -1 ) and elevated (700 μmol mol -1 ) CO 2 for 90 and 120 days. Homology-based sequence analysis revealed that the protein-contained functional domains are similar to sugar transport regulation and had a high sequence homology with other Solanaceae species. The sucrose metabolism-related enzyme's activity varied significantly from ambient to eCO 2 in 90-day and 120-day samples along with sugars. This study provides fundamental information on sugar metabolism genes to eCO 2 in goji berry to enhance fruit quality to climate change.