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Axe 6 : Diasporas; International audience; no abstract

National audience; no abstract

Axe 6 : Diasporas; National audience; no abstract

National audience; no abstract

International audience; This book treats all of Brookner’s twenty-two short novels as one monolithic fiction. The autobiographical element in this controversial author’s fiction is taken as a starting point to explore the complex interplay of art and life. Autobiography, as a form of emplotment of life, is the creative matrix governing the whole œuvre, which is realistically rooted in time and space. The study draws on narrative theory, contemporary theories of fiction and recent feminist and ethical criticism. It shows how Brookner’s work combines and opposes both realistic and modernist modes of writing and their philosophical underpinnings. The novels, too often misread as anti-feminist and resolutely pre-modern, appear to be more essentially postmodern than is usually acknowledged, through a heightened awareness of the role played by narrative in constructing our sense of reality and of self. The pervasive intertextuality, habitually ignored or taken to be simply a form of intellectual snobbery, is the key to understanding how the novels tackle questions of moral life as encoded in narrative discourse and fine art. In addressing the question of how life should have been lived, Brookner’s self-reflexive and ironical fiction subversively rewrites the traditional moral codes embodied in romance and which have determined the behaviour of women. Finally, this study examines the function of writing as a performative act and the role played by repetition.

International audience; Benthic community structure, metabolism and beach profiles are being investigated on a reefal ecosystemi n order to assessth e impact of damagedr eef flats on morphological evolution of associateds andy beaches.I n the northernp art of Hermitagep ass,t he control site displays a community excessp roductionc lose to 0 or higher than 0, and a high daily net calcification typical of a reef flat characterizedb y flourishing coral communities. On the contrary, in the southern part of the pass, the reef flat has mainly been damaged by polluted groundwaterd ischarge,a nd is characterizedb y high coral mortality and abundanceo f macroalgae. Daily net calcification is clearly lower at this site, and community excess production value, showing deficit all yeiu, presumably results from an input of exogenous organic matter. On each side of the pass, sedimentary dynamic of the beaches provides two different trends : sand bringing in the north (control site) and sand removing in the south. On a narrow and exposed reef, these results suggest the existence of a direct relation between reef flats state of health and coast sedimentary evolution.

International audience; Depuis une quinzaine d'années, les phénomènes de blanchissement de coraux ont été observés de manière étendue sur divers récifs, mais leurs causes sont encore mal lucidées. Au cours de la saison chaude 1997-1998, des blanchissements importants ont été observés, tant à la Réunion que dans toutes les zones récifales mondiales. Il est maintenant admis que des relations existent entre les paramètres environnementaux, en particulier la température de surface de la mer, et les phénomènes de blanchissement. Cependant ces phénomènes sont insuffisamment répertoriés. L'objectif général du programme était de fournir une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes à la Réunion, où ils n'avaient pas encore été étudiés, en approchant leurs causes et leurs conséquences, de manière à proposer des méthodologies simples de suivi. L'originalité du projet a été de travailler à trois échelles spatiales complémentaires. La petite échelle permet une approche des conditions de température de l'eau de mer de surface, à la fois par utilisation de températures relevées in situ et de données satellitales. La moyenne échelle, récifs et colonies coralliennes, permet de suivre les différentes étapes du blanchissement et la sensibilité des différentes espèces, à partir d'observations et d'enquêtes. A grande échelle, après la mort des coraux, les différentes étapes de la colonisation par le cortège d'algues épiphytes (macroscopique et microscopique) sont identifiées et le risque ciguatérique évalué. Ces approches complémentaires apportent des outils nécessaires pour une meilleure compréhension des causes, des étapes et des conséquences du phénomène. Elles permettront aussi la prévision de blanchissements futurs dont la probabilité risque de fortement augmenter dans le contexte global du réchauffement.

International audience; The Comoros archipelago lies in the Indian Ocean east of Mozambique, and is composed of four volcanic islands and the off-shore bank of Geyser and Zelee. Its coastal and marine habitats range from rocky shores to pure white sandy beaches, coral reefs and mangroves. Three islands belong to the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros, and one is a French Collectivité. Grande Comore and Anjouan are steep-sided, while Moheli has a significant expanse of shallow water. These three are ringed by fringing reefs. Mayotte is a marine paradise with an immense and complicated barrier reef, fringing reefs and many patch reefs, and also has a very uncommon but well studied' double-barrier' reef. More than 80% of the Comorian population live in coastal areas and rely on agriculture and marine resources for their livelihood. Poverty and demographic trends (519,000 in Comoros, 133,000 in Mayotte), include a rate of population increase which is one of the highest in the world. This, and a shift of the economy from primary to secondary activities in Mayotte, create identified threats to the coastal environment. Human pressure on the marine and coastal resources is close to the limits of sustainability . Available data show that anthropogenic threats include both over-harvesting of natural resources and habitat destruction. Marine ecosystems have suffered massively during the last decade from siltation due to poor land use practices and sewage pollution. Mayotte lagoonal communities, with their limited water exchange, are being affected by sediment and pollutant accumulation. Organic and toxic chemicals discharged into the lagoon from various sources over two decades will increase and become more serious over the next decade as well. This may affect, in the medium or long-term, neighbouring marine habitats as well as people living nearby. Coastal and marine resources from the Comoros archipelago are of great importance in the maintenance of biodiversity in this part of the Indian Ocean, but loss of critical habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves and beaches will also be of general significant economic and social concern in the coming decade. Global phenomena such as the El Niño-related massive mortality in 1998 affected this region also. In addition, because of its location beside tanker routes, the Comoros islands remain at risk from oil pollution which, given a tidal range of 4 m, would affect all the coastal ecosystems.

International audience

International audience; Sea cucumber harvesting is a traditional activity in Madagascar (Conand et al., 1997) and is very actively pursued in the south-west (Toliara). Several sources (e.g. Provincial Trade Department, Provincial Marine Fisheries Service) indicate that, between 1979 and 1986, exports fluctuated between 10 and 56 t. Data on recent exports show a very large increase, with volumes of more than 500 t. However, available data are insufficient to diagnose and analyse current over-exploitation, as the fishing sector is quite complex, and analysis at several different levels is needed (Conand, 1997a and 1997b). For these reasons, a study was undertaken by the Fisheries and Marine Science Institute (IH-SM) to monitor fishing, fishery organisation, catches and marketing in two separate villages. The original results were reported in a post-Master's-level thesis (Rasolofonirina, 1997).

International audience; no abstract

International audience; Indonesia is probably the first producercountry worldwide for teripang or bechede- mer (Conand, 1989, 1990; Tuwo and Conand, 1992; Conand and Byrne, 1993). Little is known about its artisanal fisheries, but overexploitation is occuring in South Sulawesi (Erdmann, 1995). Concern for a rational management of these coastal resources is presently increasing (Hanafi and Suryati, 1994), as for other marine organisms.

International audience; Seasonal changes in benthic community composition were investigated on a degraded fringing reef subject to nutrient-enriched submarine groundwater discharge. From December to February (hot season), algae dominate the benthic commuruty, overgrowing scleractinians: 19 % of hard corals died in the studied area, of which 16 % were overgrown by algae (turfs mostly composed of Ceramiales, Dictyosphaeria setchellii and encrusting coralline algae) and 3 % were bleached and subsequently died. In a qualitative assessment, the rhodophyte Gracilaria crassa appeared to be a major factor in the overgrowth and mortality of corals on the reef flat. Algal components displayed strong seasonal variation in abundance and dominance. Changes in the algal community are highly correlated with 2 environmental factors : (1) early onset of intermittent trade winds in March, correlated with replacement of large fleshy algal facies by lithophytic algal facies and (2) calm conditions in November, associated with warming of the waters, correlated with an increase in large fleshy algae capable of overgrowing many substrata. Thus, during the hot season, hydrological conditions cause eutrophic conditions and enhance algal growth while reducing coral vitality. Therefore, this is the most critical period for a coral community growing in eutrophic conditions.

National audience; no abstract

National audience; no abstract

National audience; J’expose ici les choix esthétiques de deux romancières afro-américaines contemporaines, leurs stratégies narratives et discursives afin de mettre en mots une Histoire sensible refoulée et de reconstruire, par le biais de la fiction, une mémoire du corps liée à l’expérience coloniale de la diaspora africaine. (Publication faisant suite à la journée d'études du CRLHOI "Langages, écritures et frontières du corps", Fév. 2010, U. de La Réunion).

International audience; Analyse critique de l'essai "Criteria of negro Art" de W.E.B. Du Bois