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Bear Island, in Norwegian called and in Dutch ‘Bereneiland’, is situated in the Barents Sea at 74°25' N and 19°00' E. The island is rather isolated: about 450 km to the south the most nearby land is the Norwegian Nordkapp and to the north about 230 km of sea must be crossed before reaching the the most southern point of Spitsbergen. Bjørnøya belongs geographically to Svalbard (meaning “Cold Coast”), the group of islands in the Arctic Ocean under Norwegian sovereignity. The most important and best known island of this group is Spitsbergen. The name of the island was established in 1596 when two Dutch sailingvessels discovered the island during an attempt to find a passage east to China along the north. Gerrit de Veer was writer on board of one of these ships of which the captain was Jacob Heemskerck and the navigator Willem Barentsz. De Veer accurately described the killing of a “white bear” near the island and tells that they consequently named the island “Beyren Eylandt”.

11. Samenvatting In de “Vereenigde Harger en Pettemerpolder”, een brakwatergebied achter de Hondsbossche Zeewering in Noord-Holland, werd een macrofauna-inventarisatie op 20 punten verricht. Dit mede om de representativiteit van de 5 monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat Noord-Holland in dit gebied te kunnen toetsen. Door middel van cluster-analyse konden de monsterpunten worden opgesplitst in vier groepen, met specifieke macrofauna-combinaties. Belangrijke grenzen werden gevonden bij 0,25 g Cl/l gem., ergens tussen de 0,7 en de 1,0 g Cl-/l gem., en bij 2,5 g Cl-/l gem.. De specifieke hierbij behorende soortencombinaties zijn weergegeven in bijlage V De clustering bleek in hoge mate gecorreleerd te zijn aan het zoutgehalte. De saprobiegraad voor de zoetere punten, berekend volgens Pantle & Buck met indicatorwaarden van Sladecek, ligt voor de meeste punten in het bovenste gedeelte van het β – mesosaprobe gebied. Fysisch-chemisch gezien is het water polytroof, mede door de voedselrijke zoute kwel. Voor de meest voorkomende soorten werd de zoutgehalte-range bepaald, en de seizoensinvloeden bekeken. De monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat Noord-Holland geven bekeken vanuit de gestelde doelstelling een redelijk beeld van de variaties in dit gebied. Voor een gedetailleerd beeld van de macrofaunagemeenschappen is het aantal monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat ta klein, hiervoor zou dan ook in de herfst gemonsterd moeten worden. Over het algemeen werden minder soorten en kleinere aantallen gevonden.

As part of the Cooperative Investigations of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (Cicar-project) plankton sampling was executed from 1970 to 1973. The cruises 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18 and 19 explored the area around Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, where the samples 1-98 (collected from 7 april to 21 july) and 200-214 (collected from 13 November to 18 December) were taken. (Fig.1) The area off the Guyana’s was explored by the cruises 15, 16 and 17 where the stations 99-199 (collected from 23 August to 3 November) were taken. (Fig.2) The net samples taken during cruise 10-19 are from 0 to 6 meters; only during cruise 13 and 14 also samples at 10, 18 and 27 meters were collected. During the cruises 22 and 23, in 1971, some additional net samples were taken. The nets used were open plankton nets of the Plymouth type, with 0,056 mm. diameter meshes. For the exact position of the stations and further information, one is refered to Van der Spoel and Koperdraat (1974). All samples were sorted. The fish eggs were counted and preserved in 4% formaline. The fish larvae were stained, mounted in 3486 slides and counted. All material collected is preserved in the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology of the University of Amsterdam.

An evaluation of the existing SPIX/WAGLER type material in the museums in Munich and Leiden is given. It transpired that a considerable part of the type material, which was thought to have been destroyed during the second world war, is still extant. The material is described briefly, its presenttaxonomic status is discussed and, where necessary, lectotypes are selected. Arising from this survey a number of nomenclatural changes are necessary. Natrix cinnamomea Wagler is here considered a species incertae sedis, possibly a species of Pseutes, which contrasts with the current opinion that this is a species of Chironius. BotbropsMegaera Wagler and B. leucurusWagler are consideredconspecifie and should be known under the name B. leucurus Wagler. Both B. Furia Wagler and B. tessellatus Wagler are synonyms of B. atrox (L.).. B. taeniatus Wagler is identical with B. castelnaudiDumeril& Bibron, and the species subsequently has to be called B. taeniatus Wagler. Leptotyphlops tenella Klauber is synonymised with L. albifrons Wagler. Emys cayennensis Schweigger is considered a synonym of Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger). E. Tracaxa Spix and E. macrocephala Spix are conspecific and should be correctly called Peltocephalus tracaxa (Spix.). Podocnemis unifilis Troschel and E. dumeriliana Schweigger are identical; in orderto preserve stability suppression of E. dumeriliana and maintenance of P. unifilis as the valid name for the taxon is suggested (the opinion concerning the complex PodocnemislPeltocephalus has to be revised again according to a recent telephone and letter information of P. C. H. PRITCHARD; see footnote page342). Rana mystacea Spix contained two species, Leptodactylusmystaceus (recently incorrectly named L. amazonicus Heyer) and L. spixii Heyer, recently described. Rana binotataSpix and Hyla abbreviata Spix are considered conspecific. WAGLER (1830 b), acting as first revisor, used the name Enydrabius abbreviatus for this taxon which is currently known as Eleutherodactylus binotatus. The Commission will be requested to give R. binotata precedence over H. abbreviata. Hyla cinerascens Spix is identical with H. granosa Boulengerand would have priority. It is suggested th

In this report narcotisation, fixation and preservation experiments with marine zooplankton are described. Narcotisation turns out to be useless for mixed plankton samples. M.S. 222 works well as narcotisation medium for organisms to be photographed. Fixation with 4% formalin proved to be a necessary treatment. Afterwards the best preservation method is to use a propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol solution in distilled water or a 2% formalin solution in filtered seawater. Further study is necessary of the use of sea-water as a solution medium, of the pH changes, the osmotic value of the solutions, the longterm use and the subsequent processability of the organisms for histological purposes.

In the Autumn of 1979, bird observations were made in the Azores during a marine biological expedition within the scope of the CANCAP-Project of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Six out of the nine islands of the archipelago were visited

This is the third annual compilation of Microlepidoptera collected in The Netherlands. The following six species are here recorded for the first time from The Netherlands: Trifurcula eurema (Tutt) (Nepticulidae), reared from Lotus uliginosus in the Isle of Terschelling: Heliozela hammoniella Sorhagen (Heliozelidae), reared from mines and collected as adults flying over Betula saplings: Caloptilia populetorum Zeller (Gracillariidae); Teleiodes saltuum (Zeller) (Gelechiidae), associated with Larix; T. fugacella (Zeller), from Ulmus; Commophila aeneana (Hubner) (Cochylidae). Other records of rare species include many new records for the province of Friesland and the Frisian Wadden Islands in addition to the recent review of this province by Lempke (1986a).

Après l’énumération des Orthoptères de France par Finot (1890), c’est surtout au travail magistral de Chopard (1951) que nous devons notre connaissance de la diffusion des insectes orthoptéroides en France. Le plus souvent Chopard a du se borner à donner des informations très sonmaires sur les détails de la dispersion. Après l’époque de Chopard, les collections relatives à la faune française des Orthoptères ont augmenté considérablement. Par exemple, la collection du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle à Paris compte maintenant environ 50.000 spécimens d’Orthoptères, tandis que “l’Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie” à Amsterdam possède à peu près 40.000 exemplaires. Le but de cet ouvrage est de donner accès à chacun à cette somme d’informations. Mes projets ont été recus avec enthousiasme par tous les collègues des musées où je visitais les collections afin de noter les dates et les déterminations. Je leur suis très reconnaissant de tous ces encouragements et témoignages d’amitiés, particulièrement appréciés par ma femme et moi.

In the framework of the CANCAP-Project, a long-term oceanographic collecting program performed by the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, extensive shore collections were made from 1976 onwards on most of the Macaronesian Islands. During the collecting trips, a very ornamental crab, Platypodi ella picta (A.MILNE EDWARDS, 1869) was found on three occasions by the senior author. In addition the species was collected on the coast of Senegal. In all cases it was found associated with species of Zoantharia.

The Pompilids (Hymenoptera) of the Pharmacological Laboratory collected from 1965 to and including 1975 are listed.

In 1977 hebban we in het gebied rond Ambleteuse amfibieën bestudeerd. Bij inventarisatie troffen we Triturus vulgaris, T. helveticus, T.alpestris, T.cristatus. Rana temporaria, Hyla arborea, Bufo bufo, B. calamita, Alytes obstetricans, Pelodytes punctatus en Salamandra salamandra aan. Verschillend van voorgaande jaren was dat T.helveticus midden in de duinen bij Ambleteuse werd gevonden en dat P.punctatus frequenter en ook iets noordelijker voorkwam. R.arvalis en R.esculenta zijn in tegenstelling tot ’74 en ’75 niet aangetroffen. De vangstresultaten over de afgelopen vier jaar in de poelen die wij bezocht hebben, zijn gerangschikt in een tabel. Met behulp van gemerkte dieren konden we in een klein gebied, met dicht bijelkaar gelegen poelen aantonen dat watersalamanders zich tussen de voortplantingspoelen verplaatsen, waarbij T.alpestris het meest actief is. Tevens kwam naar voren dat het hoogtepunt van de voortplantingstijd voor T.cristatus iets later valt dan voor de andere watersalamanders. Onderzoek naar eiafzet leverde op dat voorkeur voor bepaalde planten samenhangt met de morfologie en beschikbaarheid op het moment van eiafzet en dat er van specifieke relaties waarschijnlijk geen sprake is. Op plastic planten worden ook eieren afgezet, bij voorkeur vlak onder het wateroppervlak. De eieren op dit kunstmatig substraat ontwikkelen zich tot levenskrachtige larven.

Eleven species of Nepticulidae are recorded from the Netherlands for the first time. Eight of these have been collected as larvae during recent field work: Ecroedernia hannoverella (Glitz), E. nlediofasciella (Haworth), E. spirzosella (Joannis). E. arcz~arella (Herrich- Schaffer). Trifurcula cryptella (Stainton), Stigmella aeneofusciella (Herrich-Schaffer). S. poterii (Stainton), and S. crataegella Klimesch. On the basis of old collection material E. longicaudella Klimesch, E. bradfordi Emmet and S. svenssoni (Johansson) can be added to the list. A single specimen of E. bradfordi appears to be only the second one known. Some notes on rare species are given. S. regiella (Frey) is recorded for the first time from Belgium.

Apart from being mysteriously attracted to the arctic environment we had several good reasons for ornithological research on Jan Mayen. The bird-life of this isolated arctic island was poorly known. Reports of ornithologists visiting Jan Mayen almost 50 years ago give some information on the species living there but are rather incomplete. Almost no data are available on the number of birds or on their distribution, and details on e.g. morphology of several species are unknown. Such data are of basic interest for all biological studies. Information on number and distribution of birds is, apart from its scientific interest, indispensable in decisions concerning management of the area. A special reason to go to Jan Mayen was the Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis (Norwegian: Havhest ; Dutch:Noordse Stormvogel). In a long-term study it is tried to reveal patterns in the Fulmar’s distribution and morphology. Such patterns may be the basis for a reconstruction of the evolutionary history of this species. In morphology the Atlantic Fulmar shows a wide variation in colour of the plumage and in size. General trends are that Atlantic Fulmars become darker and smaller towards colder breeding-areas. Data on colour and size of Jan Mayen Fulmars were very incomplete and confusing, and formed one of the last important gaps in the knowledge on Atlantic Fulmars. Field studies on Jan Mayen could solve this problem.

Durante el período agosto 1983 – septiembre 1984 se ha realizado una investigación de la fauna de varios tipos de aguas subterráneas en algunas regiones de Espana. Se ha hecho este trabajo para conocer, principalmente, la repartición geográfica de los crustáceos subterráneos, con acento en los malacostráceos. En todas las zonas visitadas se ha intentado recoger fauna en distintos biotopos acuáticos subterráneos. El trabajo fué limitado en las zones de Espana con rocas mesozoicas o cenozoicas. Dentro de esta Espana geológicamente más reciente se eligieron dos regiones en donde se acentuó la investigación. Una región Atlantica: la Cordillera Cantábrica, y la parte occidental de los Pirineos; y una región Mediteránea: aproximádamente Levante (Valencia, Alicante, Castellón), Cuenca, Teruel. También algunas partes de Andalucía fueron investigados, pero menos sistemáticamente que las regiones anteriormente mencionadas. Esta publicación trata de los métodos usados, las estaciones visitadas, los análisis físico-químicos y los grupos de fauna encontrada en cada estación. La repartición geográfica de las estaciones y algunos crustáceos están reproducidos en unos mapas.

The publications are numbered as was done by Alexander before he sent reprints to his colleagues. These numbers are used throughout the index.

Ascension Island (08° S 14°25’ W) occupies a very peculiar place in our current research project on the biological properties of ground waters of the the Mid-Atlantic islands: -- The island lies closer to the equator than any of the other Mid-Atlantic islands. -- The island lies almost on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and far remote from any other insular or continental region. -- The island’s subaerial part consists of very young volcanic outcrops (dated radiometrically at 1-2 My). Through these properties, the comparison of Ascension with the intensively studied Canary Islands (see the series of publications of our team under the collective title “Stygofauna of the Canary Islands”, parts 1 to 19) is of great importance for a better understanding of dispersal and/or vicariant processes in the evolution of insular groundwater organisms (or stygobionts as these are called scientifically).

Het doel van dit onderzoek was het verzamelen van faunistische en oekologische gegevens van Trichoptera-soorten, die voorkomen in bronnen, bronbeken, sprengen en sprengkoppen op de Veluwezoom. Hoewel we pogen met dit verslag volledigheid zoveel mogelijk na te streven, moet het niet als zodanig worden opgevat.

Volgens gangbare inzichten zijn vrijwel alle oceanische eilanden uit zee opgerezen, wat impliceert dat ze oorspronkelijk kaal en zonder enig leven waren. Biologen zijn daarom bijzonder geïnteresseerd in het karakter en de herkomst van de huidige flora en fauna van die eilanden en in de kolonisatieprocessen. In het algemeen kan men stellen dat de kans op kolonisatie kleiner is naarmate een eiland verder van het vasteland (of van een ander eiland) verwijderd ligt. In feite is de zaak natuurlijk wel iets gecompliceerder, en spelen allerlei factoren een rol. Voor landorganismen zijn dit onder meer de klimatologische en meteorologische omstandigheden in het te overbruggen gebied, en de vestigingsmogelijkheden in de nieuwe omgeving. Kolonisatie door mariene organismen wordt, afgezien van de factor afstand, vooral beïnvloed door de richting, snelheid en temperatuur van zeestromen. Een zeer belangrijke rol spelen natuurlijk ook de (sterk verschillende) specifieke verspreidingsmogelijkheden van de diverse planten en diergroepen. Voorts geldt: Hoe geringer de kans om een eiland te koloniseren, hoe groter de kans dat een organisme dat daar toch in slaagt in de loop van de tijd afwijkende eigenschappen en kenmerken zal ontwikkelen. Dit, omdat er weinig of geen vermenging meer kan optreden tussen deze pioniers en de oorspronkelijke populatie. Veel eilanden kenmerken zich dan ook door het voorkomen van een zeker (soms zeer hoog) percentage karakteristieke levensvormen (soorten, geslachten, families, enzovoort) die nergens anders worden aangetroffen; zogenaamde endemische vormen.

In this review an attempt is made to find correlations between the occurence of (groups of) waterbeetles and their ecological demands, based on data from literature. To do so, several similarity-indices were calculated by means of a computer. The assumption was made, that species with comparable demands will often be found together in sampling-sites. By means of a clustering-program dendrograms are made, in which groups and sampling-sites with a high mutual similarity are grouped. Ideally, these groups shall contain species with similar ecolocical demands or ecologically comparable sites. In this study, the qualitative similarity-index of Jaccard resulted in better interpretable dendrograms than the Euclidian distance, a quantitative index, did. In the dendrogram based on the Jaccard-index, eight, groups of species came forward, linked with definite parametres of the sampling-sites (see “bijlage II”). The first group consists of six species, all limited to waters which desiccate every year. Several references give comparable habitats for species in this group. The second group contains species that occur in far more sampling-sites; however, brackish waters are almost devoid of these species. The third group consists of three species, that only occur in semi-permanent, waters like those of the first group. However, these species also occur in waters that dry out at irregular intervals, not yearly. Apparently these species have a wider ecological amplitude than the species of the first group. The fourth group is the counterpart of the first and third. The species of this group are limited to permanent waters, which is confirmed in literature. The species of this group hardly occur in brackish waters. On the contrary, the species in group five mainly occur in brackish waters; they fail completely in the freshwater sites of the “Veluwe”. The sixth group contains very common species, that are limited to the permanent water-bodies. The seventh group is also found in permanent waters only. The group can be subdivided into four smaller groups. The first, consists of species characteristic for wide, slowly moving canals. Group VIIb contains many Haliplus -species, probably also showing a connection with wider water-bodies. The species in group VIIc are mainly limited to brackish waters; subgroup VIId is very heterogenous and hardly interpretable. Finally the last group of species has its main distribution in brackish water; some species occur in highly organically or chemically polluted waters. Based on these results a system

In the frame work of the CANCAP-Project of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands, the Salvage Islands were visited twice: in 1978 (October 21-23) and 1980 (May 26-June 7), respectively. Bird observations were made on both occassions.

A revised checklist of Dutch Nepticulidae is provided, together with some nomenclatorial and systematic notes.

This catalogue resulted from our attempts (since 1963) to accommodate and modernize the labelling of type-material of Recent fishes in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), now named Institute of Taxonomie Zoology, University of Amsterdam. We traced 6625 type-specimens of 714 nominal species or subspecies, 228 of which are primary type-specimens (holotype, lectotype, or neotype); moreover, the collection contains one or more syntypes of 222 nominal (sub-) species. A few syntypes are presently indicated as future lectotype in the collection, awaiting publication by various specialists. Such specimens are not distinguished in this catalogue. It is possible that lectotype designations for some species have been validly published, which have escaped our attention. Certain records in the literature of single syntypes as “the holotype” cannot be considered designation of the lectotype. For example, Menon’s (1977: 88-89) “holotype” of Cynoglossus heterolepis is still one of the syntypes (now in the British Museum (Natural History), London).

Bij milieu-inventarisaties zoals die door verschillende Provinciale Waterstaten worden uitgevoerd, worden verschillende methodieken toegepast. Eén aspect is het onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de makrofauna. Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland monstert hiervoor twee keer per jaar, één keer in het voor jaar (maart) en één keer in juli-augustus. Het tijdstip van de tweede monstername is voornamelijk bepaald door het tijdstip waarop de sloten geschoond worden. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna-gemeenschap ernstig verstoord wordt. Bewijs voor deze veronderstelling is er echter niet. Incidenteel (dus niet hierop gericht) onderzoek door studenten en medewerkers van het ITZ heeft enige twijfel aan de juistheid van deze veronderstelling en het hierop gebaseerde tijdstip van monstername doen ontstaan. Enerzijds lijkt de verstoring tengevolge van het schonen nogal mee te vallen en anderzijds blijkt uit de thans bekende gegevens dat in de nazomer en in het begin van de herfst enkele groepen van organismen tot ontwikkeling komen, die in de zomer niet aanwezig zijn. Dit onderzoek wil nagaan of de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna ernstig verstoord wordt, wel juist is. Wanner dit niet het geval blijkt, dan zou, om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld van de makrofaunasamenstelling te krijgen, de tweede monstername niet in de zomer (vóór de schoning) maar in het vroege na jaar plaats moeten vinden.

All localities in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu can be found on the 1:250.000 maps, which are published by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys and are sold by Edward Stanford Ltd., 12-14 Long Acre, London WC2E 9LP. Maps 1:50.00 of the Fiji Islands, contoured, are also sold by Edward Stanford Ltd. (a number of sheets in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu are not available). Based on these maps the Land Resources Division published 1:50.000 forest maps of the forested areas of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu with the Land Resource Study entitled Fiji Forest Inventory by M.J. Berry and W.J. Howard.

Parafomoria halimivora n. sp. is described from southern Spain. It feeds on Halimium spp., and is assumed to be the sister-species of P. helianthemella (Herrich-Schaffer). The mine and larva of P. ladaniphila (Mendes) are described and new distribution and hostplant data for the genus are given.

1. Samples of benthic invertebrate fauna were collected in – a ditch, situated in a protected area in the peaty area near the Maarsseveense plassen (prov. Utrecht), – four ditches in the neighbourhood of Castricum (N-Holland), not far from the dune district, – two ditches with water of a high chloride-content on Texel (N- Holland). 2. The faunistic results, with the additional information of some physical and chemical data on the different sampling points, made it possible to draw some conclusions concerning – the importance of the factor salinity for a faunistically oriented typology of ditches, – the importance of the group Hydracarina for a classification of ditch-biocenoses, – the influence of artificial current, caused by the inlet of water, on the invertebrate fauna of ditches and on the faunistical evaluation of the pollution-level in ditches.

This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

In the spring of 1980, from the end of March till in July, I visited the eastern part of the Spanish province of Oviedo and the adjacent part of the province of Leon. The main subject of investigation during this period was the species Rana temporaria (Veenstra 1981). I tried to find out where this species could be found and while doing so I determined the occurrence of more species of amphibians. Totally twelve species of amphibians could be observed. Characteristics of their reproduction sites are listed and worked out below.

Although sponges are by no means unimportant organisms, in biomass and diversity, of the Curaçao coral reefs, very few scientific studies have been undertaken in this area involving sponges. To date, apart from taxonomie studies by Arndt (1927) and myself (Van Soest, 1978, 1980), only the boring sponges received attention (e.g. studies of De Groot, in progress). The main reason for this, no doubt, is the confused taxonomy of West Indian sponges. While taxonomie studies are in full progress (but are necessarily slow), it is now already possible to present sufficient data to allow certain identification of the more common reef forms by non-taxonomists for ecological or other purposes. It is one of the objects of the present paper to provide these data; they take the form of a pictorial key of 30 species (following the idea of H. Reiswig for Jamaican sponges), some accompanying descriptions of the habit, and references to published photographs.

The Royal Dutch Navy participated in the cruises of the Cooperative Investigations in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (Cicar) from 1970 up to 1973 with H.Nl.M.S. “Luymes” and made 39 cruises. For general information on these cruises and preliminary results one is referred to the titles in the list of literature marked with a asterisk. Plankton collecting was executed by the ornithologists Drs. S. van Halewijn and Drs. D.M.C. Poppe and when ornithologists were not aboard the crew of the researchship did valuable work by continuing sampling. As plankton samples could in many cases not be correlated with the official Cicar Stations new numbers are added when possible. Confusion of the numbers is impossible as the new numbers are single numbers, the original ones are double numbers separated by a hyphen. The stationlist is divided into two parts, one dealing with the net samples and one with the pump samples. To correlate the net samples with the pump samples, the list of pump samples (numbers starting with a “P”) should be consulted wich gives the correlating net samples also.

The subgenera Zimmermannia Hering and Ectoedemia s.str., together forming the genus Ectoedemia Busck sensu Wilkinson & Newton (1981) are described and redefined, and the Western Palaearctic species are revised. In total 50 species are recognised, including the new species hispanica, monemvasiae, nuristanica in Zimmermannia and andalusiae, algeriensis, leucothorax, alnifoliae, contorta and two unnamed species in Ectoedemia s.str. Fifteen new synonymies and ten new combinations are established and 42 lectotypes are designated. Primary types have been examined in many cases. Data on larvae and biology are included and keys to all species are provided. The monophyly and the sister group relationships of both subgenera are demonstrated. The subgenus Ectoedemia can be divided into the populella group, suberis group, subbimaculella group and occultella group, being monophyletic entities, and the possibly paraphyletic angulifasciella group. Two alternative hypotheses of the phylogeny within Ectoedemia s.str. are presented. Decisions on species discrimination have in many cases been corroborated by study of allozymes.

New and interesting Microlepidoptera from the Netherlands, mainly in 1982 and 1983 (Lepidoptera). The following species are here recorded for the first time from the Netherlands: Stigmella magdalenae (Klimesch), Bucculatrix demaryella (Duponchel), Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch, C. zelleriella Heinemann, C. lassella Staudinger, C. tanaceti Mühlig, Gnorimoschema herbichii (Nowicki), Mompha lacteella Stephens and Crocidosema plebejana Zeller. Stigmella spinosissimae (Waters) is removed from the Dutch list. Selective collection on salt marshes produced many interesting species. Surprisingly large numbers of rare Tortricidae were collected with sex-pheromone traps, in particular Cydia and Pammene species.

The study of snaks from the Guianan region got an early start in 1705 when several species were pictured by Merian. As relatively large proportion of the snakes described by Linnaeus originated from Surinam. Interest for and knowledge of this group of animals steadily increased in the 18th and 19th century (80 species known at the turn of the century), but only in the second part of the 20 th century detailed studies of snake faunas from (part of) the Guianan region appeared. No such study for the entire area has been published till now. At present a total of 134 species of snakes, belonging to 159 taxa, is known. Only 19.4% is endemic, the majority (43.4%) belong to species with an Amazonian distribution. Seventeen species (12.7%) are venemous, ten belonging to the Elapidae, seven to the Crotalidae. Several taxonomic problems are discussed, Cercophie auratus (Schlegel) is restored as a valid taxon and redescribed. Analysis of available distribution data shows that forest snakes are fairly evenly distributed throughout Amazonia and Guiana. Snakes restricted to open formations are spread evenly throughout Guiana, but most of them are absent in western Amazonia. When taking together ubiquists and snakes restricted to open formations there is a fair resemblance between the faunas of Guiana and .Iquitos, but only a moderate one between Santa Cecilia and Guiana,possibly reflecting the influence of species belonging to the Andes foothill fauna (Napo refuge). Within Guiana apparently there are no unsurmountable barriers to snakes, the differences that are observed between the western and eastern/Brazilian part can be explained. by the presence of species barely raching these areas. Probably these species are still in the process of expanding their range.

This project was originally planned to take place in the summer of 1985. Due to unforeseen circumstances it could not in fact be carried out until the autumn of 1986. This meant that some aspects of the project had to be changed because of seasonal influences. One major drawback was the absence of any flooded rice fields, because the fieldwork was done after the growing and harvesting of the rice. It was therefore impossible to collect any ostracods from ricefields in south west Honshu. Since the rice fields are one of the major ostracod habitats in Japan, this meant a dramatic decrease of the number of possible collecting sites.

St.-Helena, waar Napoleon zijn einde vond, is maar een klein eiland. Toch ontwikkelde zich er in de loop van de evolutie een aantal merkwaardige eilandvormen, zowel bij de planten als de dieren. Helaas zijn er daarvan verloren gegaan door ernstige fauna- en floravervalsing.

During this project about 150 groundwater habitats were sampled on a number of islands in the South Pacific. The main habitats sampled were: wells, springs, caves, beaches and streams. Groundwater fauna was only found on two islands. On Easter Island we found a new species belonging to the Isopoda (Crustacea), living in marine groundwater interstitia. On Tongatapu a new species of groundwater Amphipoda (Crustacea) was found in Anahulu Cave. Fragments which possibly belong to the same species were found in some wells on the island. Many samples have not yet been sorted out. Therefore it is possible that more groundwater species will be found, particularly in the beach samples from the Cook Islands, and in the spring, cave, well, and beach samples of the Samoa’s. The absence of groundwater fauna on most volcanic islands was expected, but the lack of groundwater fauna on the uplifted coral islands, such as the outer Cooks, was surprising. Tongatapu and the other Tongan islands seem to be more promising as far as groundwater fauna is concerned. As a side-study many freshwater shrimps have been collected on the Cook Islands and the Samoa’s. On Robinson Crusoe Island, Henderson, Pitcairn, Atiu, and ’Eua, terrestrial Amphipoda belonging to the family Talitridae (sandhoppers or beach fleas) have been found.

In de Volgermeerpolder is sinds het eind van de jaren twintig vuil gestort. Aanvankelijk betrof het alleen huisvuil, voornamelijk van de gemeente Amsterdam. De reden dat de polder in het nieuws kwam, tevens de aanleiding voor ons onderzoek aldaar, was de ontdekking van gevaarlijk chemisch afval op de vuilnisbelt. Dit afval is daar in de jaren zestig gestort, afkomstig van de chemische fabriek Philips-Duphar (nu Duphar), waar het ontstond als residu bij de bereiding van chemische bestrijdingsmiddelen. Officieel is in die tijd niet bijgehouden om welke hoeveelheden het ging, welke stoffen het betrof en op welke plaatsen er precies gestort is. Bovendien is het betreffende gedeelte afgedekt met een laag baggerslib. Hoe het afval op de belt verspreid ligt is dus onbekend. Het is vrijwel onmogelijk om alle vaten op te sporen en op te ruimen, gezien de grootte van de stort (± 60 ha, 3 à 5 m diep = 2 tot 3 miljoen m³ ). Het grootste gedeelte van het afval bevindt zich bovendien onder de grondwaterspiegel. Op grond van herinneringen is geschat dat het om ongeveer 10.000 vaten van 200 1 elk gaat.

In 1980 members of the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum) of the University of Amsterdam, have sampled the stygofauna fauna of a number of West Indian islands. The present report records the stations in which stygobionts (= groundwater organisms) were collected. The main purpose of the program was to test the value of various biogeographic models for explaining the insular fauna.

A survey is presented of the Dutch sciomyzid flies. From data of diverse collections it can be concluded that at least fifty species occur in the Netherlands. Six of them are new for the Dutch sciomyzid fauna: Pelidnoptera fumipennis, Pherbellia czernyi, Pherbina intermedia, Psacadina zernyi, Dichetophora finlandica and Limnia paludicola. The main biological features, especially of the larvae, are summarized. Most common in Holland are the air-breathing, free-living overt predators of non-operculate snails, but also parasitoids of terrestrial snails can be found. Some remarks are made on further research, among others in relation to the possible value of the sciomyzid larvae as biological control agents of those snails, which transmit diseases. Met dank aan Pjotr Oosterbroek en Ben Brugge voor hun hulp bij dit onderzoek.

The foraging activity of Common Tern Sterna hirundo and Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea was studied on the low sandy island of Engelsmanplaat in the Dutch Waddensea area (53°28’N – 06°30’E). The foraging activity was measured by counting birds carrying food to the colony and birds flying towards the colony but not carrying food. Separate counts lasted 5 minutes and were made from various points around a mixed colony in low dunes (these points are called sectors, see fig. 4). The influence of several variables on the foraging activity of both species was tested: progress of the breeding season (period), sector, time of day, tidal rhythm, water level, temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, wind direction, and wind speed. Of these only progress of season, sector, time of day, tidal rhythm, and water level had a demonstrable influence on foraging activity. Common and Arctic Tern were very similar in their reactions on the studied variables: During the incubation period the number of birds carrying food is lower than during the subsequent feeding period, although the maximum activity is about the same. This is caused by a higher activity during less suitable stages of the tidal cycle by terns looking after chicks. The number of terns flying without food is equal in both periods. The Arctic Tern is less strictly limited to certain sectors than the Common Tern. The Common Tern forages almost exclusively in the sectors “West” and “Rif” (see fig. 4, and table 3). Activity is maximal in the early morning and just prior to sunset. These peaks of activity are mainly due to an increase in birds carrying food. In the early afternoon there is also a slight increase in activity (see fig. 7). Common and Arctic Tern are most actively fishing from 130 minutes after high water to low water (Common Tern) or to 1 hour before low water (Arctic Tern). The activity is minimal just before high water. Bird without prey show much less fluctuations with the tidal cycle (see fig. 8). In the Discussions our results are compared with literature references from other study areas.

A list of the species and subspecies, including synonyms, of the tipulid subfamily Ctenophorinae is provided. References to the literature are nearly complete. The distribution of the species is indicated by abbreviations and figures referring to the geographic regions and subregions. A survey of the distribution of the 5 genera is given separately.

Some fifty years after the Snellius I expedition (1929-1930) a Dutch-Indonesian joint expedition is carried out (1984-1985) in the Eastern Indonesian archpelago. Based on two months (September -October 1984) of research at nine different reef localities, a first report will be presented on the general morphology, composition and condition of recent and fossil reefs of these areas. The research areas that will be discussed are the following: Ambon: In the bay of Ambon fringing and patch reefs heavily damaged by silting up, caused by soi1. erosion on the island. North East Ambon an elevated reef from the old Pleistocene. Lucipara islands: Exposed very isolated atoll with some sand cays. Tukang Besi islands: Atoll reefs of Kaledupa. Binongko reef terraces; fossil cliffs modelled from massive Pleistocene reef limestone by coastal abrasion during tectonic uplift of the island; extensive reef terrace dating from the last interglacial; living reef not at the moment constructive. Sumba: East Sumba fringing reefs with influence of land and population. Young Pleistocene reef near Melolo, older terraces higher up. Komodo: Various fringing and patch reefs bordering the east side of the National Park of Komodo. Current swept reefs in the strait of Linta. Gililawa Laut and Tinandja lo~r Miocene reefs. Sumbawa: Fringing reefs in Telok Moti Toi and Sanggar bay near Tambora volcano (erupted in 1815). Coral growth in Bima bay. Pleistocene reef north east of Bima. Taka Bone Rate: Large pseudo atoll with small sand cay reefs (e.g. Tinandja) exposed reefs, coral banks and lagoons. Salayer: fringing reefs at west coast around islands Guang and Sahuluan. Pliocene reefs on both islands; Bahuluan with volcanic core. Sulawesi: Coral reef complex on the shallow shelf off South West Sulawesi, with three rows of reefs, most emerging as sand cay reefs. Because of young Holocene reg~ession in front of Ujung Pandang. Influence of sedimentation and population. Apart from these investigations during the Snellius II expedition, a long term project has been carried out since 1979 in the last area mentioned. A continuation of reef research is planned there, in close cooperation with UnHas (University of Ujung Pandang). The presentation of results will be accompanied by maps and photographs.

The Hymenoptera collected in the Forêt domaniale de Campet (Department Lot-et-Garonne, France) from 1965 through 1975 are listed. Large numbers of females of Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius) were collected on behalf of a study of the mechanism of action and chemical composition of the paralysing venom produced by this species.

In the past the spoonbill Platalea leucorodia used to breed in the Netherlands in far larger numbers than it does today. Recently the cause of the drastic fall in numbers was pollution of the environment with chlorinated hydrocarbons (Rooth and Jonkers,1972) during the years 1963 to 1970 (Fig. 1) Since 1970 the population has been recovering and numbers are increasing. Especially on the Waddensea-islands the increase in numbers of breeding pairs is striking. At several places new colonies have been established. At the moment the spoonbill are breeding in seven colonies all situated in the north-western part of the Netherlands (Fig. 2). Nevertheless, the total number is still much lower than at the turn of the century, or even shortly after the second world war. During the last thirty years the mainland of North-Holland, which forms the the most important foraging area during the breeding season, changed drastically. About 25% of the suitable foraging-areas with shallow waters and small ditches have vanished, owing to changes in agricultural management and urbanization. One of the changes is the artificial manipulation of the water-level. Due to this, many shallow ditches with flat beds and edges sloping gradually, have been replaced by straight deep ditches with steep slopes. In these ditches a strict schedule of a low winter-level (10 to 15 cm) and a steep increase to a high summer-level (20 to 40 cm.) is maintained. Other measures are the reduction of the number of sluices used for water-management and the special measures taken to prevent salt water from penetrating into the mainland. This (for instance) makes it impossible for the migrating three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus to enter the fresh water in early spring and causes changes in the stickleback population (Wooton, 1976; Baggerman, 1957; Mullem and van der Vlugt ,1964). Fortunately the foraging-areas on the tidal flats of North-Holland and Texel remained intact and there are no indications at hand of big changes in the prey population (c.q. Crangon crangon).

Uit het artikel "Over de rugschildjes van Sepolia atlantica en andere kleine inktvisjes" (Buizer & Doeksen, 1977) blijkt dat resten van vinstralen van in zee levende beenvissen, behalve in die vissen zelf, ook in schelpengruis op het strand aangetroffen kunnen worden. In het laatste geval is echter het verband verloren gegaan, dat er bestaat tussen de plaats en de bouw van de vinstraal enerzijds en de funktie daarvan anderzijds. In het kort volgt hieronder het resultaat van een onderzoekje naar de bouw en de funktie van met name de staartvinstralen, uitmondend in een vergelijking met de bevindingen van Buizer & Doeksen.