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Objective Study Setting and Design Data Sources and Analytic Sample Principal Findings Conclusion To examine the early effects of the financial incentive (FI) implemented in April 2022 in Japan for surgeries within 48 h after hip fracture (HF) in patients aged 75 and older on expedited HF surgery (EHFS), in‐hospital mortality, perioperative morbidity, length of stay (LOS) and inpatient medical expenses (IMEs).We conducted a quasi‐experimental study and constructed segmented regression models for controlled interrupted time‐series analyses, assuming a Poisson distribution, to evaluate the slope changes (SCs) in the outcomes of interest before and after the introduction of the FI.We used Diagnosis Procedure Combination data from the Quality Indicator/Improvement Project database between 1 April 2018 and 31 March 2023. Patients aged 50 years or older who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of HF and underwent surgery for HF were included.A total of 82,163 patients from 183 hospitals were included in the analyses. In the age group of 75 years and older, increasing trends in the number of EHFSs were observed even before the introduction of the FI, while before and after the introduction of the FI, none of the SCs in the monthly number of EHFSs within 2 days, within 1 day, and on the day of admission were statistically significant (incident rate ratio: 1.0043, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.9977–1.0111], 1.0068 [0.9987–1.0149], 1.0073 [0.9930–1.0219]). Nor were any of the SCs in in‐hospital deaths, perioperative complications, LOS, and IMEs statistically significant. Additionally, there were no statistical differences in the SCs for any of the outcomes between the two age groups.This study suggested that there was no significant, short‐term effect of the FI for surgeries within 48 h after HF on any of the outcomes of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation on environmental issues is often perceived as a zero-sum game, where individual gains must be sacrificed for collective benefits. This paper offers a theoretical solution that balances individual and collective benefits to foster joint environmental action. Drawing on game theory and insights from the inter-municipal cooperation (IMC) literature, the paper explores how to solve environmental problems that present a collective action dilemma. It aligns with proponents of gain framing for environmental action and introduces the concept of ‘exogenous personalised gains’ in driving environmental action. It demonstrates that if the right exogenous personalised gains are leveraged, joint environmental actions are more likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable compensation contract arrangements have long been an essential means of promoting the hard work of executives and enhancing corporate performance. While internal pay disparity and its incentive effects have garnered widespread attention, few studies have examined the impact of executive external pay disparity on enterprise innovation. Using panel data from Chinese mixed-ownership listed companies spanning from 2013 to 2020, this study explores how executive external pay disparity affects enterprise innovation. Our findings demonstrate that enterprise innovation is positively influenced by the disparity in executive external pay. This facilitating role is further strengthened in enterprises with a high level of board governance. Additionally, the benefits of executive external pay disparity for innovation are particularly evident in general commercial mixed-ownership enterprises. Mechanism tests reveal that executive external pay disparity plays a pivotal role in enhancing enterprise innovation by increasing corporate risk-taking, ultimately leading to improved enterprise value. This study not only enriches our understanding of the influencing factors behind enterprise innovation from a new perspective but also holds significant implications for deepening the reform of mixed ownership and promoting enterprise innovation through the optimization of compensation contract arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated learning, as a novel distributed machine learning mode, enables the training of machine learning models on multiple devices while ensuring data privacy. However, the existence of single-point-of-failure bottlenecks, malicious threats, scalability of federated learning implementation, and lack of incentive mechanisms have seriously hindered the development of federated learning technology. In recent years, as a distributed ledger, blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-proof, transparency, security, etc., which can solve the issues encountered in the above-mentioned federated learning. Particularly, the integration of federated learning and blockchain leads to a new paradigm, called blockchain-based federated learning (BFL), which has been successfully applied in many application scenarios. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent efforts on blockchain-based federated learning. More concretely, we propose and design a taxonomy of blockchain-based federated learning models, along with providing a comprehensive summary of the state of the art. Various applications of federated learning based on blockchain are introduced. Finally, we expand on current trends and provide new perspectives pertaining to this new and exciting development in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a parametric programming model was developed in order to deliver optimal management plans for various types of farms rearing endangered Greek sheep breeds under three distinct scenarios. The first scenario investigated the optimal internal organization of farms (i.e., management practices and resource allocation strategies that increase profitability of farms) under current market conditions (e.g., product prices) without, however, considering subsidies and compensations. The second assessed the impact of an agri-environmental support scheme on farm optimal structure and socioeconomic performance. The third investigated the effects of integrating farms into value chains and niche markets where premium prices prevail. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the wider region of Epirus and Thessaly, collecting management data from 16 farms rearing (i) Kalaritiko, (ii) Orino Epiru and (iii) Katsika rare sheep breeds. The main finding of this study was that the optimal internal organization of farms is essential for their self-reliance and viability. Therefore, it should be the basis in the designing of any initiative aimed at the preservation and valorization of local breeds. Furthermore, the analysis showed that a niche marketing strategy (i.e., a premium price strategy) can have a broader positive impact on farms structure and socioeconomic performance, particularly those engaged in cheese production, compared to an agri-environmental scheme. However, due to the fact that both initiatives possess limitations that may render them inefficient under specific external conditions, the development of an integrated incentive mechanism, which will combine both policy schemes and market-based initiatives, appeared to be a more effective strategy for the long-term viability of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous expansion of renewable energy capacity and the increasing demand for thermostatically controlled loads in China, new challenges have arisen for maintaining power supply stability. This paper establishes a control model for the aggregation of different types of air conditioning loads. To improve unsatisfactory demand response outcomes, a novel incentive mechanism based on tracking the target load curve is proposed. Additionally, a cost model for air conditioning load aggregators and the regional grid operator, along with an implementation scheme for trading mechanisms, is also developed. Case simulations validate the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed incentive mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly severe environmental challenges, the practice and dissemination of green behavior by the public is of great significance for promoting sustainable economic and social development in China. This study is based on the voluntary provision experiment of public goods, and uses non-parametric tests and multiple regression analysis methods to explore the impact of various factors and incentive measures on the public's willingness to spread green behavior. The results indicate that: Spiritual benefits are an important factor affecting the public's willingness to spread green behavior. Secondly, the punitive measures have limitations on the public's willingness to spread green behavior, and their intervention leads to a downward trend in willingness. Thirdly, positive incentive measures have a positive impact on increasing the public's willingness to spread green behavior. The effect of double incentive measures is better than that of single material or spiritual incentives. And higher level of self-interest preference and environmental awareness can significantly enhance the public's willingness to spread green behavior. Finally, heterogeneity analysis shows that there are differences in significance and degree of influence between each group and the total sample, but the positive and negative relationship of variable coefficients is basically consistent with the results of the total sample. Finally, this study suggests strengthening public environmental awareness education, selecting appropriate incentive and guidance measures while considering spiritual benefits, and implementing diversified incentive plans to achieve the vision of the whole society practicing green behavior together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing production and circulation of fresh food, society's requirements for product quality have also increased. Currently, upstream and downstream enterprises in the fresh food supply chain tend to delegate the cold chain transportation of fresh food to third–party cold chain logistics (CCL) service providers who offer more professional integrated preservation services. This study adopts coordination theory to research the delegation, coordination, and incentive strategies between a Fresh Food Producer, Distributor, and CCL Service Provider. The aim is to promote the efforts of the CCL Service Provider in improving freshness and achieving the overall optimal interests of the fresh food supply chain. First, the basic models of the Fresh Food Producer and Distributor individually entrusting the CCL Service Provider are established under different information conditions. Second, a collaborative delegation agency model between the Fresh Food Producer and Distributor is established on top of the basic models. Finally, through the optimal decision solutions under different information conditions and numerical calculations of preservation benefit levels, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The more transparent and open the information environment, the more it can encourage the CCL Service Provider to improve the quality of their preservation services, allowing the Fresh Food Producer and Distributor to obtain more significant preservation benefits. However, when information is completely transparent, the incentive mechanisms formulated by the Fresh Food Producer and Distributor become ineffective. (2) Collaborative cooperation strategies can encourage the CCL Service Provider to enhance their preservation efforts while strengthening the effectiveness of relevant incentive strategies for the Fresh Food Producer and Distributor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of venture capital in promoting entrepreneurship and funding innovation cannot be underestimated. However, it is important to acknowledge noteworthy concerns associated with collusive behavior in the venture capital process. "Guanxi" is a relatively intimate and closed social relationship, which can impact venture capital through trust and social obligations. Drawing on the theories of unethical pro-relational behavior and social networks, using data from GEM-listed companies supported by venture capital from 2009 to 2021, this research investigates the phenomenon of collusion behavior between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs, with a particular focus on the influence of "guanxi". The research finds that the presence of "guanxi" between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs tends to facilitate collusive behavior. Specifically, "guanxi" tends to increase entrepreneurial self-interest behavior, and venture capitalists' returns, infringe upon minority shareholders' interests, and increase corporate operational risk. Moreover, the study further explores the moderator effect of equity incentives on such collusion behavior. This research not only enriches the theoretical framework of the relationship between "guanxi" and venture capital activities but also provides insight into the ethical implications associated with "guanxi", contributing to the broader literature on social relationships and unethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef cattle production systems in Mexico are socially and economically important because they contribute to economic development by generating employment and income. Profitability and competitiveness in this subsector have been negatively affected by structural changes in government support as part of the economic integration of Mexico with the United States and Canada. An evaluation was done of the competitiveness and comparative advantages of beef cattle production systems in the Sierra Norte region of the state of Puebla, Mexico. Technical and productive information from 116 beef cattle production units were used in the policy analysis matrix method to identify benefits, restrictions and opportunities. Three production systems were identified: cow-calf (79 %), grower (13 %) and mixed (8 %). The private cost ratios (0.22 for cow-calf systems, 0.45 for grower systems, and 0.23 for mixed systems) indicated high competitiveness. The internal resources cost ratios (0.11 for cow-calf systems, 0.08 for grower systems, and 0.14 for mixed systems) implied they all have a comparative advantage. The effective protection quotients (0.55 for breeding systems, 0.16 for grower systems, and 0.64 for mixed systems) indicated that beef cattle production in this region lacks protection. The studied beef cattle production systems are profitable for the producers and for Mexico, but could clearly benefit from policy modifications aimed at generating positive incentives for production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining global ecological balance is inextricably linked to the effective governance of public resources. Previous studies have proposed the introduction of incentive mechanisms to mitigate the defection behavior within the scope of public resource management to facilitate sustainable utilization. However, these incentive strategies often present a considerable financial burden. Here, we first propose a two-threshold incentive scheme based on group state objectives, where the reward mechanism is triggered when the number of cooperators is below the threshold M , and the punishment mechanism is triggered when the number of cooperators is above the threshold Q. We further introduce an incentive mechanism by considering both resource and group thresholds, where incentives are implemented separately when the number of cooperators and the current quantity of resources meet thresholds. Our theoretical results reveal that introducing these two new mechanisms can effectively maintain cooperative behavior and sustainable resources while reducing management costs. However, if the initial resource level is low, the tragedy of the commons will still occur. It is recommended that the number of developers be reduced, the allocation be lowered, or the development simply suspended and the natural regeneration of resources be waited for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated learning facilitates collaborative computation among multiple participants while safeguarding user privacy. However, current federated learning algorithms operate under the assumption that all participants are trustworthy and their systems are secure. Nonetheless, real-world scenarios present several challenges: (1) Malicious clients disrupt federated learning through model poisoning and data poisoning attacks. Although some research has proposed secure aggregation methods to address this issue, many methods have inherent limitations. (2) Clients may refuse or passively participate in the training process due to considerations of self-interest, and may even interfere with the training process due to competitive relationships. To overcome these obstacles, we have devised a reliable federated framework aimed at ensuring secure computing throughout the entirety of federated task processes. Initially, we propose a method for detecting malicious models to safeguard the integrity of model aggregation. Furthermore, we have proposed a fair contribution assessment method and awarded the right to write blocks to the creator of the optimal model, ensuring the active participation of participants in both local training and model aggregation. Finally, we establish a computational framework grounded in blockchain and smart contracts to uphold the integrity and fairness of federated tasks. To assess the efficacy of our framework, we conduct simulations involving various types of client attacks and contribution assessment scenarios using multiple open-source datasets. Results from these experiments demonstrate that our framework effectively ensures the credibility of federated tasks while achieving impartial evaluation of client contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal systems create complex institutional settings that foster and encourage cooperation while also enabling self-serving and even opportunistic political behavior. Focusing on parliamentary discourses, we argue that political parties can navigate these conflicting incentives skillfully, employing a set of five distinct discursive strategies that integrate both the need for cooperation and the possibility of self-interest. Leveraging a qualitative content analysis of 212 German parliamentary debates and 4,524 manually coded statements, we demonstrate that the use of these discursive strategies is shaped by parties' level of integration into federal institutions. The data reveal that parties which are more strongly involved in intergovernmental bodies uphold a more cooperative discourse, while refraining from confrontational strategies toward federal institutions and actors. We also find that the linkage between the vertically integrated party system, which incentivizes co-partisans to stick together across levels and constituent units, and multiparty coalition governments, counteracts federal blame games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into the coupled power distribution network (PDN) and transportation network (TN) presents substantial challenges. This paper explores three key areas in EV integration: charging/discharging scheduling, charging navigation, and charging station planning. First, the paper discusses the features and importance of EV integrated traffic–power networks. Then, it examines key factors influencing EV strategy, such as user behavior, charging preferences, and battery performance. Next, the study establishes an EV charging and discharging model, with particular emphasis on the complexities introduced by factors such as pricing mechanisms and integration approaches. Furthermore, the charging navigation model and the role of real-time traffic information are discussed. Additionally, the paper highlights the importance of multi-type charging stations and the impact of uncertainty on charging station planning. The paper concludes by identifying significant challenges and potential opportunities for EV integration. Future research should focus on enhancing coupled network modeling, refining user behavior models, developing incentive pricing mechanisms, and advancing autonomous driving and automated charging technologies. Such efforts will be essential for achieving a sustainable and efficient EV ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative inability to produce effortful movements is the most specific motor sign of Parkinson's disease, which is primarily characterized by loss of dopaminergic terminals in the putamen. The motor motivation hypothesis suggests that this motor deficit may not reflect a deficiency in motor control per se , but a deficiency in cost-benefit considerations for motor effort. For the first time, we investigated the quantitative effect of dopamine depletion on the motivation of motor effort in Parkinson's disease. A total of 21 early-stage, unmedicated patients with Parkinson's disease and 26 healthy controls were included. An incentivized force task was used to capture the amount of effort participants were willing to invest for different monetary incentive levels and dopamine transporter depletion in the bilateral putamen was assessed. Our results demonstrate that patients with Parkinson's disease applied significantly less grip force than healthy controls, especially for low incentive levels. Congruously, decrease of motor effort with greater loss of putaminal dopaminergic terminals was most pronounced for low incentive levels. This signifies that putaminal dopamine is most critical to motor effort when the trade-off with the benefit is poor. Taken together, we provide direct evidence that the reduction of effortful movements in Parkinson's disease depends on motivation and that this effect is associated with putaminal dopaminergic degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and policymakers have increasingly recognized foreign fighter mobilization as a national security threat to foreign states and domestic populations. Yet, scholars remain divided on the motivations of foreign combatants, arguing that fighters may be motivated by grievances, opportunity, or material incentives. The motivations of foreign fighters may be especially complex, as they are engaging in a conflict outside of their state. I analyze how historical and present-day group exclusionary policies and opportunity shape mobilization. To do so, I leverage novel data consisting of individual fighter data of Islamic State volunteers fighting in Iraq and Syria. Consistent with my theoretical framework, I find that a higher rate of Islamic State fighters come from areas where Sunni Muslims were denied access to political power and have greater state capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport plays an indispensable role in the whole public transport system. This paper makes an in-depth study on how public transport can provide passengers with higher service quality while meeting the needs of passengers. In order to achieve this research goal, this paper organically incorporates the three key subjects of government supervision, public transport and passengers into the research framework. Evolutionary game theory is used to construct the corresponding research model. It has been found that the decision-making behaviours of government regulators, public transport and passengers are intricately intertwined to influence each other in the evolutionary process. It is particularly noteworthy that the incentive or punishment measures adopted by the government have a great impact on the quality of public transport services. In addition, timely supervision and inspection of government regulatory authorities by higher authorities proved to be crucial for buses to provide stable and high-quality services. This study reveals the mechanisms of interaction between different subjects in the public transport system, particularly the government-guided incentive measures and supervision mechanism to promote the overall service level. To further support the research conclusions, this paper carries on the simulation analysis, and puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the bus to provide high-quality service according to the simulation results. These recommendations will help guide the government, public transport and passengers to make better decisions in the synergistic development process, thereby improving the overall level of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leasing is an important mode of service-oriented manufacturing where a manufacturer may lease machines from multiple suppliers to form a manufacturing system. While the suppliers provide machine maintenance, their individual interests may not be necessarily optimal to the system. Therefore, we propose a maintenance modeling and lease pricing (MMLP) framework to find the optimal maintenance policy for the system, and make a lease pricing scheme as an incentive mechanism to promote the realization of the cooperative maintenance among the suppliers. An optimization model is established to obtain a long-term maintenance policy by minimizing a cost rate function. And then, the grey lease pricing scheme based on the fair allocation of the benefits from the cooperation is suggested, with the marginal contribution of each supplier in the cooperation measured by the grey Shapley value method. Finally, a case study is used to show the application of the MMLP framework, presenting that the joining of the suppliers can make maintenance cost reduced and that the lease prices determined by using the grey Shapley value demonstrate the emergence and risk of the cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly relied upon by clinicians for making diagnostic and treatment decisions, playing an important role in imaging, diagnosis, risk analysis, lifestyle monitoring, and health information management. While research has identified biases in healthcare AI systems and proposed technical solutions to address these, we argue that effective solutions require human engagement. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on how to motivate the adoption of these solutions and promote investment in designing AI systems that align with values such as transparency and fairness from the outset. Drawing on insights from psychological theories, we assert the need to understand the values that underlie decisions made by individuals involved in creating and deploying AI systems. We describe how this understanding can be leveraged to increase engagement with de-biasing and fairness-enhancing practices within the AI healthcare industry, ultimately leading to sustained behavioral change via autonomy-supportive communication strategies rooted in motivational and social psychology theories. In developing these pathways to engagement, we consider the norms and needs that govern the AI healthcare domain, and we evaluate incentives for maintaining the status quo against economic, legal, and social incentives for behavior change in line with transparency and fairness values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a novel cost-sensitive approach for uplift modeling in the context of cross-selling and workforce analytics. We leverage referrals from sales agents across business units to estimate the individual treatment effects of incentives on the cross-selling outcomes within a company. Uplift modeling is employed to predict relationships between salespeople that should be encouraged based on the probability of successful cross-selling - defined when a customer accepts the product suggested by sales agents. We conducted experiments on data from a Chilean financial group, evaluating both statistical and profit metrics. Exploring various machine learning classifiers for predictive purposes, we observed a significant improvement over the current approach, which exhibits an uplift below 0.01. Finally, we show that selecting the best classifier with profit metrics results in a 31.6% improvement in terms of average customer profit. This emphasizes the importance of defining an adequate compensation scheme and integrating it into the modeling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological innovation is an important determinant of economic growth, and the Chinese government is trying to create a favourable environment for corporations at both the regulatory and policy levels to improve the innovation level of firms. We use a difference-in-differences model to explore the impact of going public on innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises. A total of 5522 companies listed on the NEEQ from 2013 to 2017 are selected as samples in this study. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Listing on NEEQ has a significant innovation incentive effect, and compared to unlisted enterprises, the incentive effect has the dynamic characteristics of continuous increase; (2) Further research finds that in the eastern region, where marketisation is higher, as well as the emerging industrial areas, the incentive effect of listing reached 0.4558 and 0.2691 million yuan, respectively, from the perspective of enterprise scale, and listing mainly stimulated the innovation of medium-sized enterprises; (3) Financing constraints and signal transmission partly mediate the relationship between listing and corporate innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, the complexity of society continues to escalate, and the design of multi-agent system rules becomes increasingly crucial, optimize participant engagement and addressing the issue of fairness and equilibrium win rates. The card game Legends of the Three Kingdoms (LTK), as a complex multi-agent system, represents an important abstraction of real-world scenarios, requiring the implementation of proper incentive mechanisms. Based on the mechanism and Stackelberg, this paper optimizes player strategies and system fairness. Firstly, we constructed a multi-agent Stackelberg game model for team battles. Then, we analyzed the impact of decision-making factors on players. Subsequently, we defined three kinds of fairness and improved the incentive mechanism. The results indicate that our mechanism optimizes participants' game behaviors, enhancing fairness among team players. Win rates were improved from 56.2% VS 43.8% to 51.4% VS 48.6%. With three different fairness measures, the win percentage fairness increased by 72 %, and the first elimination fairness increased by about 79 %. Our research provides a reference for understanding and analyzing complex computational models and facilitates the resolution of various resource allocation and system design issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect and mechanism of platform incentives on users' knowledge collaboration performance (KCP) and the configuration leading to high KCP in online knowledge communities (OKCs) in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era from a cross-culture perspective. Design/methodology/approach: A survey method and a standard questionnaire were applied. The data was analyzed using multiple regression and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. Findings: The results indicate that, for both kinds of users, self-enhancement and communication positively affect the KCP. User engagement significantly mediates the relationship between communication and KCP and knowledge absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between user engagement and KCP. In contrast, material incentive positively affects the KCP of Chinese users, while hurting the cross-cultural sample. And the promotion of KCP for cross-cultural samples does not require a higher engagement and knowledge absorptive capacity, while paying more attention to short-term interests, such as communication and self-enhancement. Research limitations/implications: The study only divides users into Chinese and cross-cultural foreign users, without a distinction between foreign users in different countries. In addition, the research is based on cross-sectional data and failed to try to explore the long-term effects of these incentives from the time dimension. Originality/value: This study explores the incentive mechanism and configuration of OKC platforms to achieve high KCP for different users from a cross-cultural perspective. It provides new ideas and solutions for precise incentives for users of OKC platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research demonstrates a method to introduce blockchain technology in the classroom based on the Proof of Attendance Protocol (POAP). A blockchain is a digital distributed ledger with the potential to improve transparency and trust between parties. Businesses are testing, piloting, and deploying blockchain technology across their organizations, and students show growing interest in the technology. This teaching brief proposes an exercise that uses POAPs, nonfungible tokens (NFTs) associated with an event, to help students understand blockchain technology within supply chain management contexts. Instructors can use the exercise for various purposes: as incentives for behavior the instructor wishes to encourage (such as attending class) or as prizes for games. The exercise also includes a glossary of blockchain‐related terms to introduce the language of this industry to students. Student surveys showed a significant change in their knowledge of blockchain technology, specifically, a 41% increase in understanding of how blockchain technology may benefit supply chain management and a 35% improvement in the ability to explain blockchain technology to others. This brief concludes with resources to create and distribute POAPs for courses and other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adopting the battery-swapping approach for new energy taxis may help to reduce energy consumption, cut emissions, and improve the functionality of urban taxis. However, the interplay between corresponding subsidy policies and the diffusion of battery-swapping stations (BSSs) and battery-swapping taxis has yet to be thoroughly researched. This study establishes a coupled evolutionary game model based on complex networks, and conducts simulation experiments using real data to analyze the impact of policy incentives on the diffusion. Results indicate that: (1) The promotion effect of dynamic construction subsidies is similar to that of static subsidies under the same subsidy amount, but dynamic subsidies can improve the economic feasibility of diffusion, while easing the financial pressure on the government. The government can consider implementing dynamic construction subsidies and use the saved fiscal budget to increase the amount of operating subsidies; (2) Increasing operating subsidies and sales electricity prices can promote the growth. The government needs to control the cost electricity price and sales electricity price in the market to ensure the healthy development of the battery swap market. At the same time, it should give BSSs appropriate independent pricing rights and gradually seek to electricity exchange prices suitable for various cities. (3) There is a threshold for the network scale N. The impact on the diffusion is completely different before and after the threshold. During the diffusion process, it is necessary to strengthen the information exchange of energy station nodes to avoid the occurrence of information islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has caused several significant risks to agro-economy in developing regions. Adaptations to climate change can improve farmers' resilience in agricultural production. Several studies revealed that farmers' adaptations are not based purely on farmers' individual competencies. This study attempts to contribute to the existing literature by exploring the relationship between social capital and farmers' climate change adaptations (CCA). We specified social capital into two components including social networks and training participation. Based on the primary data collected from 422 banana farmers in Southern China, poisson endogenous treatment effect model (PET) was used to estimate the effect of social capital on farmers' adoption intensity of CCA and examine the determinants of farmers' participation in social capital. The results reveal that social capital through both components significantly increased farmers' adoption intensity of CCA, highlighting the importance of social capital to boost farmers' intensity adoption of CCA in rural areas. Furthermore, education, political participation, land fertility, membership in farmer-based organizations, and income were significant incentives influencing farmers' participation in social capital. Policymakers are suggested to better understand farmers' adaptation decisions under weather variability and consider social capital in promoting adaptation strategies to enhance farmers' resilience in farming activities under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The integration of photovoltaic, energy storage, direct current, and flexible load (PEDF) technologies in building power systems is an important means to address the energy crisis and promote the development of green buildings. The friendly interaction between the PEDF systems and the power grid can promote the utilization of renewable energy and enhance the stability of the power grid. For this purpose, this work introduces a framework of multiple incentive mechanisms for a PEDF park, a building energy system that implements PEDF technologies. The incentive mechanisms proposed in this paper include both economic and noneconomic aspects, which is the most significant innovation of this paper. By modeling the relationship between a PEDF park and the power grid into a Stackelberg game, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these incentive measures in promoting the friendly interaction between the two entities. In this game model, the power grid determines on the prices of electricity trading and incentive subsidy, aiming to maximize its revenue while reducing the peak load of the PEDF park. On the other hand, the PEDF park make its dispatch plan according to the prices established by the grid, in order to reduce electricity consumption expense, improve electricity utility, and enhance the penetration rate of renewable energy. The results show that the proposed incentive mechanisms for the PEDF park can help to optimize energy consumption and promote sustainable energy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green and low carbon transition and development of the electricity industry is the most crucial task in realizing the "dual-carbon target", and it is urgent to explore the incentive and subsidy mechanism to promote green electricity consumption and the cost-sharing strategy of carbon reduction, to alleviate the pressure of carbon abatement cost of each subject of the electricity supply chain. Against this background, this paper takes into account the low-carbon subsidies provided by the government and the incentive subsidies for users, and studies the optimal decision-making of each subject in the electricity supply chain, so that each of them can obtain the optimal profit and achieve carbon emission reduction at the same time. Firstly, taking into account the direct power purchase mode of large users and the electricity-selling companies emerging after the reform of the power sales side, we have established a cooperative mechanism for sharing the cost of carbon emission reduction in the electricity supply chain and clarified the relationship between the supply and demand of electricity among the main parties. Subsequently, considering government low-carbon subsidies and user incentive subsidies, the optimal decision-making model is established under two scenarios of decentralized and centralized cooperative games in the supply chain, respectively, with the objective of maximizing profits and carbon reduction rates. Solving for the optimal proportion of carbon abatement costs shared by each participant in the electricity supply chain in achieving game equilibrium. Finally, we analyze the role of the government's low-carbon subsidies, users' incentive subsidies, and other factors on the profit and carbon reduction effect of the electricity industry through the example analysis and further analyze the impact of carbon abatement cost-sharing measures to provide recommendations for the electricity industry to realize low-carbon abatement and make decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Videos of magic tricks offer lots of opportunities to study the human mind. They violate the expectations of the viewer, causing prediction errors, misdirect attention, and elicit epistemic emotions. Herein we describe and share the Magic, Memory, and Curiosity (MMC) Dataset where 50 participants watched 36 magic tricks filmed and edited specifically for functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) experiments. The MMC Dataset includes a contextual incentive manipulation, curiosity ratings for the magic tricks, and incidental memory performance tested a week later. We additionally measured individual differences in working memory and constructs relevant to motivated learning. fMRI data were acquired before, during, and after learning. We show that both behavioural and fMRI data are of high quality, as indicated by basic validation analysis, i.e., variance decomposition as well as intersubject correlation and seed-based functional connectivity, respectively. The richness and complexity of the MMC Dataset will allow researchers to explore dynamic cognitive and motivational processes from various angles during task and rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Multi-campus operation is common in Chinese higher education, where most universities run several campuses within the same or across different provinces. Although this model offers educational advantages, it presents challenges in constructing and sharing resources between diverse campuses, talent cultivation models, and university management systems. A considerable challenge is the development and collaboration of research infrastructure. Effective management of large instruments and their operations is crucial for supporting discipline construction and scientific research in universities. Under multi-campus operation, factors such as management mechanisms, technological advancements and exchange, and technical management personnel directly impact the efficacy of the open sharing of large-scale instrument platforms in universities. Exploring rational configuration, collaborative management, and open sharing of these large-scale instruments among multiple campuses--especially those in different locations--is crucial for research. [Methods] This study first summarizes the challenges in the open sharing of large-scale instruments across campuses, including issues related to management mechanisms, technological exchange and development, and technical management personnel. From the literature, this study summarizes practices and experiences from well-known international universities regarding cross-regional instrument sharing. Key practices include proactive attitudes among technical personnel, incentivizing management models, and sound laws and regulations. Considering the actual management practices of Beijing Normal University's campuses in Beijing and Zhuhai, several measures were summarized to improve instrument sharing efficiency, which includes standardizing procedures for large-scale instrument verification and acceptance, establishing an instrument information website, promoting instruments, strengthening technological exchange and integrated management, implementing instrument classification and grading management, and implementing incentive measures. For example, in mass spectrometry instruments, measures such as establishing information interconnection between the instruments on both campuses, determining unified management standards, and conducting proficiency testing using the same standard samples at both campuses were implemented. Additionally, a collaborative management method for mass spectrometry instruments between the two campuses was proposed. [Results] Concerning prevalent multi-campus universities where large-scale instruments are scarce yet important, exploring collaborative management methods and establishing a shared operational mechanism are vital. By implementing unified management practices and incentive mechanisms, considering the shared needs of researchers and the workload of instrument managers, effective communication and assistance between campus instrument platforms can prevent duplicate purchases of large-scale instruments, improve utilization efficiency, and maximize research funding effectiveness. [Conclusions] This study summarizes the practices and experiences of Beijing Normal University's Beijing and Zhuhai campuses in collaborative management and open sharing of instruments. These insights and suggestions provide guidance for managing and sharing scientific research instrument platforms under the cross-campus operation and remote education models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the strategic relations between emission taxes and firms' managerial delegation contracts, which include incentives based on relative profit performance (RPP) and environmental performance (EP). We demonstrate that under quantity (price) competition, the government imposes higher (lower) emission taxes, while the firm owner sets lower (higher) EP incentives and negative (positive) RPP incentives, which leads to lower (higher) welfare. We also explore an endogenous competition mode game and find that quantity (price) competition emerges when both consumers' green willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) and product differentiation are low (high). Our findings suggest that public education on greenness is crucial for enhancing EP incentives in the design of managerial delegation contracts, while intense product market competition may be detrimental to consumers and society, especially when consumers' green WTP is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the conflict between the traditional public sector values of egalitarianism and new public management, talent management (TM) in the public sector is more difficult to implement under resource constraints. Equity and efficiency in China's public sector are squeezed out of each other under egalitarianism, resulting in the " talent dilemma" in which talent works more but does not get more. The "talent dilemma" leads to the fact that it is very attractive for talents to hide their abilities and reduce their efforts in the public sector. In this paper, from the perspective of the "talent dilemma", we study the contract design problem of the coexistence of heterogeneous talent's adverse selection and moral hazard in the public sector. Specifically, an incentive model combining exclusive and inclusive TM factors under information asymmetry is constructed. The optimal incentive contract is designed to motivate heterogeneous talents to display true information about their abilities and to maintain a maximized level of effort. The results of the study show that the optimal incentive contract can realize the role of information screening and break the "talent dilemma". These findings provide a theoretical basis for the reform of incentive mechanisms in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prior research has recently begun to examine the effects of independent director reputation incentives and the benefits of having a lead independent director, no study has considered the combined impact: the reputation incentives of lead independent directors. This study integrates these emerging streams of research to investigate whether the reputation incentives of lead independent directors affect audit fees. We find that firms with a lead independent director who has relatively low reputation incentives are associated with audit fees that are 4.39% higher than firms with a lead independent director who has neutral reputation incentives, consistent with auditors viewing these firms as riskier. We also find that this association is driven by auditors who are not industry specialists. Our results continue to hold when using an entropy balancing approach and when conducting other robustness tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incentives have been extensively studied in the management and policy literature, with most attention focusing on their type, magnitude, alignment, and effects. More recently, scholars paid attention to discounting issues and how these issues impact the effectiveness of incentives. Building on the nascent literature related to incentive timing, we argue that timing can offer an additional dimension to better characterize incentives and leverage their power by exploiting windows of opportunity. Using conceptual reasoning, we identify several mechanisms by which the timing of incentives can be used to increase their behavioral power. Specifically, well-timed (green) incentives can harness temporal landmarks, intermittence, immediacy and surprise effects, and intrinsic motivation reinforcement to reach environmental goals without significantly increasing the overall costs. We also indicate new avenues for further research such as designing a timing menu or considering time itself as an incentive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how microfinance lenders design their loan contracts to motivate borrower repayments under competition. We develop a model of an individual lending scheme in which a dynamic incentive mechanism is employed to mitigate borrower strategic defaults. We find that competition affects loan terms and borrower welfare in different ways depending on whether lenders are non‐profit or for‐profit. Non‐profits always charge the lowest feasible interest rate and show some degree of leniency toward defaulters by renewing their contracts. An increase in competition leads non‐profits to curtail leniency to a level that induces repayment, without affecting borrower welfare. In contrast, for‐profits charge the highest feasible interest rate and show no leniency to defaulters. They respond to competition by lowering the interest rate, leading to welfare gains for borrowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incentive compatibility is core to mechanism design. The success of auctions, matching algorithms, and voting systems all hinge on the ability to select incentives that make it in the individual's interest to reveal their type. But how do we test whether a mechanism that is designed to be incentive compatible is actually so in practice, particularly when faced with boundedly rational agents with nonstandard preferences? We review the many experimental tests that have been designed to assess behavioral incentive compatibility, separating them into two categories: indirect tests that evaluate behavior within the mechanism, and direct tests that assess how participants respond to the mechanism's incentives. Using belief elicitation as a running example, we show that the most popular elicitations are not behaviorally incentive compatible. In fact, the incentives used under these elicitations discourage rather than encourage truthful revelation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the association between variable rate premiums (VRPs) charged by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) and defined benefit pension funding in the United States. The PBGC requires VRPs from firms that fail to adequately fund their pension plans. Because millions rely on pension income, it is important to understand how government incentives impact pension funding decisions. In the aggregate, VRPs are positively associated with increases in pension funding. However, these premiums are not associated with excess pension contributions (EPCs) for financially distressed firms. These results suggest that financially distressed US firms engage in risk shifting. The lack of association persists even for financially distressed firms with tax benefits associated with pension funding. Finally, the association between VRPs and EPCs holds only for firms with combined lower borrowing costs and higher premiums. This finding suggests that higher premiums are not an effective incentive when firms also face higher borrowing costs and that lower premiums are not an effective incentive for EPCs, regardless of a firm's borrowing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power consumption of urban power systems is increasing rapidly with two typical trends: the first one is that the daily peak-valley difference of loads is more significant, and the power supply is tight during peak hours, which threatens the system's safe and stable operation; the second one is that the load energy efficiency in urban power systems is not high, which is the primary source of carbon emission in the power industry. Therefore, reducing the peak power and improving the system's energy efficiency are urgent tasks for enhancing the system's security and achieving the carbon emission goals. The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoTs) ushers new opportunities for regulating demand-side loads. By analyzing the technical characteristics of load control based on IoTs, this paper investigates the modeling methods of load resources. On this basis, different control and optimization methods of load resources are analyzed and compared thoroughly. Besides, considering that load control is not only related to technical methods but also impacted by incentive strategies, the load control mechanisms under the mature and immature market environments are analyzed. Finally, the research gap and prospect of load regulation are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do healthcare professionals respond to financial incentive within mission-driven public hospitals in a faith-based society? This paper challenges previous research findings that healthcare professionals in mission-driven hospitals are prosocially motivated to serve the poor patients, and that performance-based financial incentives tend to crowd out such motivation. We used data from fifty-six interviews with healthcare professionals from three tertiary public teaching hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan, to investigate the effect of a performance-related pay scheme. We found that the high professional standards and strong religious beliefs of the physicians were key to maintaining their prosocial motivation to serve the poor patients in their communities. We conclude that financial incentive does not always erode prosocial motivation in public-sector organizations, and that prosocial motivation itself may be determined by professional and social context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-natural grasslands (SNGLs) in Estonia are threatened by abandonment. This threat is leading to concerns about the degradation of biodiversity within grassland communities. Despite the high relevance of economic incentives in this context, how such incentives influence land managers' decision-making regarding the agricultural use of SNGLs has not been investigated. To obtain its socio-ecological implications for policy-making, we developed regionally specific agricultural scenarios (compensation payments, livestock capacity, hey export, and bioenergy production) and an interdisciplinary modelling approach that made it possible to simulate agricultural land use changes through land managers' responses to varied economic conditions. Through this approach, we found that some economic factors hampered the use of SNGLs: the moderate profitability of beef production, labour shortages, and the relatively high profitability of mulching. We observed a positive relationship between SNGLs and habitat suitability for breeding and feeding birds. However, due to the high maintenance costs of SNGLs, the modelling results indicated that increasing the use of SNGLs through public budgets caused crowding-out effects, i.e., the deteriorating market integration of regional agriculture. This study emphasises the need for policy measures aimed at cost-effective, labour-efficient management practices for SNGLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, collaboration has become a common policy instrument in public administration, both internationally and in Sweden. Inspired by scholarly literature on collaborative governance, the aim of this study is to analyze the crucial role of public administration in the design and implementation of collaborative governance. Drawing on several years of research on Swedish forest policy and governance, our work is based on extensive empirical material, including 88 semi‐structured interviews, observations, written comments from open public consultations and actors, enacted policy documents, open public hearings and a survey. Our results confirm that factors related to process design strongly affect the outputs and outcomes of collaboration in public administration. We assert that public officials should meticulously design and adapt the collaborative process during its initiation and progress, according to the policy problem and actors' incentives and motivations to participate. However, despite good intentions by public officials, the overarching priorities and contextual factors governing the policy area must be set by elected decision makers at an early stage to establish democratic accountability and high levels of policy legitimacy and acceptance. A major implication for public administration is that the increasing use of collaborative governance may be highly inefficient if it is difficult for participants to draft shared objectives and provide intended outputs because of low levels of trust, and different interpretations of knowledge and norms. Finally, in contentious policy areas, such as forest policy, political priorities must sometimes be set by elected decision makers rather than through collaborative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in machine learning, enabling decentralized model training across multiple devices while preserving data privacy. However, the decentralized nature of FL introduces significant security challenges, making it vulnerable to various attacks targeting models, data, and privacy. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the defense strategies against these attacks, categorizing them into data and model defenses and privacy attacks. We explore pre-aggregation, in-aggregation, and post-aggregation defenses, highlighting their methodologies and effectiveness. Additionally, the survey delves into advanced techniques such as homomorphic encryption and differential privacy to safeguard sensitive information. The integration of blockchain technology for enhancing security in FL environments is also discussed, along with incentive mechanisms to promote active participation among clients. Through this detailed examination, the survey aims to inform and guide future research in developing robust defense frameworks for FL systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers frequently search for information before making decisions. Because their search and purchase decisions depend on the information environment, firms have a strong incentive to influence it. This paper endogenizes the consumer's information environment from the firm's perspective and endogenizes the search decision from the consumer's perspective. We consider a dynamic model where a firm sequentially persuades a consumer to purchase the product. The consumer only wishes to buy the product if it is a good match. The firm designs the information structure. Given the endogenous information environment, the consumer trades off the benefit and cost of information acquisition and decides whether to search for more information. Given the information acquisition strategy of the consumer, the firm trades off the benefit and cost of information provision and determines how much information to provide. This paper characterizes the optimal information structure under a general signal space. We find that the firm only smooths information provision over multiple periods if the consumer is optimistic about the product fit before searching for information. Moreover, if the search cost for the consumer is high, the firm designs the information such that the consumer will be certain that the product is a good match and will purchase it after observing a positive signal. If the search cost is low, the firm provides noisy information such that the consumer will be uncertain about the product fit but will still buy it after observing a positive signal. This paper was accepted by Dmitri Kuksov, marketing. Funding: This work was supported by University of California, Berkeley, the Institute for Business Innovation [Research Grant], and the Center for Equity, Gender, and Leadership [Research Grants]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.00994. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is an ongoing public health crisis fueled by overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The goal of this article is to examine the impact of action-based incentive payments on reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in primary care, where 30%–50% of antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate. Various financial incentive programs to reduce the rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions have been implemented and studied empirically. However, there have not been analytical studies to evaluate payment model contract design features and the potential for payment models to impact diagnosis decision making. We develop a stylized physician compensation model to study the interaction between a payer and a provider. The payer offers a payment contract, with a bonus tied to the prescription, to maximize social welfare, considering total costs of providing care and social harm from antibiotic resistance. Given the contract offered and their own opportunity cost associated with factors such as fear of misdiagnosis and time spent explaining to patients why antibiotics are not indicated, the provider chooses whether or not to prescribe antibiotics to patients for whom antibiotics are not clinically indicated. We consider four cases: when diagnostic accuracy relies on symptom presentation versus additional diagnostic testing and when the opportunity cost of not prescribing antibiotics is public versus private information of the provider. When there is no information asymmetry, an action-based incentive payment can co-ordinate care and achieve the first-best policy, decreasing the rate of inappropriate prescribing, even when incentive payments can affect the diagnosis behavior. However, when the diagnosis depends on additional testing, the first-best policy results in fewer inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions, when the test has high specificity. Therefore, when an accurate technical diagnostic is available, a simple to implement action-based incentive payment can be effective in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. In the realistic setting where the provider's opportunity cost is private information, an action-based incentive payment cannot eliminate inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. In these settings, the introduction of point of care diagnostics to aid in objective diagnostic criteria will reduce the unintended consequences of the contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the connectivity of physical devices, leading to an exponential increase in multimedia wireless traffic and creating substantial demand for radio spectrum. Given the inherent scarcity of available spectrum, Cognitive Radio (CR)-assisted IoT emerges as a promising solution to optimize spectrum utilization through cooperation between cognitive and IoT nodes. Unlicensed IoT nodes can opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands without causing interference to licensed users. However, energy constraints may lead to reduced cooperation from IoT nodes during the search for vacant channels, as they aim to conserve battery life. To address this issue, we propose a Punishment-reward-based Cooperative Sensing and Data Forwarding (PR-CSDF) approach for IoT data transmission. Our method involves two key steps: (1) distributing sensing tasks among IoT nodes and (2) enhancing cooperation through a reward and punishment strategy. Evaluation results demonstrate that both secondary users (SUs) and IoT nodes achieve significant utility gains with the proposed mechanism, providing strong incentives for cooperative behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the protection boundary of intellectual property rights and the implementation boundary of environmental regulation affect technological innovation from the perspective of boundary effects. We find that intellectual property rights, environmental regulation and technological innovation have an inverted U-shaped relationship, and there is a single optimal boundary value for each variable, forming a strong protection boundary and a weak protection boundary. We also find that choosing the appropriate boundary of intellectual property rights and environmental regulation can enhance technological innovation; intellectual property rights within the optimal boundary can extend its positive incentive effect on technological innovation. Environmental regulation uses intellectual property rights as the internal driving force, and with the help of intellectual property rights, continues to promote technological innovation. And the shielding effect of boundaries is greater than the intermediary effect. Our analysis of regional heterogeneity in intellectual property protection reveals that the integration of dual policy types is more effective in the eastern and central regions. Furthermore, the boundary of intellectual property protection in the eastern region surpasses that in the central region. It has important policy implications for promoting innovation system reform and coordinating high-quality economic development and high-level ecological environment protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molten Li2CO3 transformation of CO2 to oxygen and graphene nanocarbons (GNCs), such as carbon nanotubes, is a large scale process of CO2 removal to mitigate climate change. Sustainability benefits include the stability and storage of the products, and the GNC product value is an incentive for carbon removal. However, high Li2CO3 cost and its competitive use as the primary raw material for EV batteries are obstacles. Common alternative alkali or alkali earth carbonates are ineffective substitutes due to impure GNC products or high energy limitations. A new decarbonization chemistry utilizing a majority of SrCO3 is investigated. SrCO3 is much more abundant, and an order of magnitude less expensive, than Li2CO3. The equivalent affinities of SrCO3 and Li2CO3 for absorbing and releasing CO2 are demonstrated to be comparable, and are unlike all the other alkali and alkali earth carbonates. The temperature domain in which the CO2 transformation to GNCs can be effective is <800 °C. Although the solidus temperature of SrCO3 is 1494 °C, it is remarkably soluble in Li2CO3 at temperatures less than 800 °C, and the electrolysis energy is low. High purity CNTs are synthesized from CO2 respectively in SrCO3 based electrolytes containing 30% or less Li2CO3. The transformation of CO2 to oxygen and graphene nanocarbons using lithium carbonate as an electrolyte is a promising, large-scale process for CO2 removal and valorization, but lithium carbonate is already in high demand as an important battery material. Here, the authors report the use of strontium carbonate as an alternative electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to carbon nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]