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Objective: In the present study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the oxidative metabolism with disease severity, sociodemographic, and clinical characteristics in the patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Seventy-one patients with schizophrenia and 76 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Plasma total antioxidant level (TAL) and total oxidant level (TOL) were analyzed, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in TOL and OSI and decrease in TAL in the patients with schizophrenia compared to the controls (p

Aile içi şiddet deneyimi, çocuğun doğrudan bir mağdur ya da tanık olmasına bakılmaksızın fiziksel, zihinsel ve psikolojik olarak kalıcı zararlara yol açabilir. Standart bir tanımı olmamakla birlikte, genel olarak çocuklukta cinsel istismar ve ensestin eksik bildirildiği kabul edilmektedir. Cinsel istismarın çoğunluğu çocukluk çağında görülür, bununla beraber ensest en yaygın görülen biçimidir. Ensest, aile üyeleri ya da yakın akrabalar arasında cinsel bir faaliyet ya da saldırıdır ve çocuğun cinsel istismarı olarak da tanımlanabilir. Diğer yandan, pedofilik bozukluk, ergenlik öncesi bir çocuğa, en az 6 aylık bir süre boyunca, tekrarlayan, şiddetli cinsel dürtüler veya davranışlar içeren cinsel aktivite olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu makalede, cinsel istismarın klinik, sosyal ve adli sonuçları araştırılmış ve sosyal politikayı bilgilendirme ve zihinsel sağlık uygulamalarına rehberlik etme konusunda oldukça yardımcı olması amaçlanmıştır., An experience of domestic violence can lead to permanent physical, mental, and psychological harms, whether the child is a direct victim or a witness. Although having no standard definition, it is generally agreed that childhood sexual abuse and incest are underreported. The majority of sexual abuse happens in childhood, with incest being the most common form. Incest is a sexual activity or assault between family members or close relatives and can be defined as the sexual abuse of the child, as well. On the other hand, pedophilic disorder is defined as having recurrent, intense sexual urges or behaviors involving sexual activity with a preadolescent child, over a period of at least 6 months. In this article, clinical, social, and legal effects from the sexual abuse of results are investigated. Results of our research will be hopefully helpful in informing social policy and guiding mental health practice.

Elli yaşındaki kadın olgu, sol pektoral bölgede 20 yıldır var olan ve giderek büyüyen asemptomatik kitle yakınması ile başvurdu. Yapılan muayenesinde; sol pektoral bölgede yaklaşık 6x5x6 cm boyutlarında multinodüler, ekzofitik, kırmızı-mor renkli, sert ve fikse tümöral lezyon görüldü (Resim 1). Olgunun eşlik eden sistemik ve dermatolojik bir hastalığı bulunmamakta idi. Lezyonun histopatolojik incelenmesinde, dermis yerleşimli subkütan yağ dokusu infiltrasyonu görülen tümöral doku saptandı (Resim 2). İmmünohistokimyasal incelemede, tümör hücrelerinde CD34 ile pozitif boyanma görüldü. Mevcut histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal bulgularla dermatofibrosarkom protuberans (DFSP) tanısı konuldu. Tam kan sayımı ve karaciğer fonksiyon testlerini de içeren rutin laboratuvar testleri normal idi. Yapılan akciğer grafisi, tüm vücut kemik sintigrafisi, baş ve akciğer tomografisinde metastazik bulguya rastlanmadı. Tümöral lezyon plastik cerrahi bölümü tarafından total olarak eksize edildi. Hastadan bilgilendirilmiş onam ve fotoğraflarının yayınlanması için izin alınmıştır.

Objective Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) prevents lipids from peroxidation and functions as an antioxidant mechanism. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) is the final product of lipid peroxidation and can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate PON1, MDA, and arylesterase (ARY) levels in schizophrenic patients who are taking typical, atypical, or combined (typical and atypical) antipsychotic drug treatment, with respect to those of healthy controls. Methods We evaluated 41 patients (11 taking typical antipsychotics, 19 taking atypical antipsychotics, 11 taking combined anti-psychotics) and 43 healthy controls. Results MDA levels were higher in schizophrenic patients taking typical antipsychotics compared with healthy controls (p=0.001). ARY levels were higher in patients taking atypical antipsychotics compared with healthy controls (p=0.005). PON1 activity was similar in all groups. Conclusion Our results indicate that treatment with typical antipsychotic drugs could be related to increased MDA levels; and antipsychotic medication may increase PON1 levels in schizophrenic patients.

Objective: The histopathological findings are not always sufficient fordifferentiating parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. Thedifferentiation is important due to treatment modalities. In this study, weinvestigated the histopathological differentiation of parathyroid adenoma andparathyroid hiperplasia.Material and Methods: Sixty parathyroid adenoma, 35 parathyroid hiperplasiaand 20 normal parathyroid gland cases were included to the study. Eighteen mainhistological parameters with 27 sub-histological parameters were investigatedamong these groups.Results: In the histopathological examination, a statistically significant entity of normalparathyroid tissue was seen in 71.6%of parathyroid adenomas but was not presentin any of the parathyroid hiperplasia cases. A remarkable (+++)capsule thickening was observed in 28.3%of parathyroid adenomas, whereas none of parathyroid hiperplasia revealed suchthickening. The presences of (+), (++), (+++) fat cells were seen in 93.3%, 6.7%andnone of the paratiroid adenomas and were seen 51.4%, 42.8%and 8.6%ofparathyroid hiperplasia cases respectively. Nest formation was observed in 8.3%ofparathyroid adenomas, 22.8%of parathyroid hiperplasia cases. Lymphocyte infiltration was observed in 26.7%of parathyroid adenomasand 8.6%of parathyroid hiperplasias. No significant difference was observedbetween parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid hiperplasia in terms of fibrousband, cyst formation, cell line patterns except nest formation, necrosis,degeneration, bleeding, presence of colloid-like material, cell type,inflammation except lymhocyte infiltration, nuclear form, nuclear chromatinstructure, presence of intranuclear inclusion.Conclusion: It was determined that normal parathyroid tissue in therim, remarkable (+++) capsule thickening, small amount of fat cell (+),lymhocyte infiltration were seen much more frequently in parathyroid adenomathan in parathyroid hyperplasia and the difference was found statisticallysignificant. The presences of nest formation, (+) capsule thickening andremarkable fat cell (++ and +++) were found to be significantly higher inparathyroid hiperplasia than in parathyroid adenomas., Amaç: Paratiroidadenomu ve paratiroidhiperplazisinin ayrımında kullanılan histopatolojik bulgular, bu iki patolojiyiayırmada her zaman yeterli olamamaktadır. Paratiroid adenomu ve paratiroid hiperplazilerininbirbirinden ayrımı tedavi farklılıkları nedeni ile önemlidir. Bu çalışmada,paratiroid adenomu ve paratiroid hiperplazisininhistopatolojik ayrımı araştırıldı.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma grubu, 60 paratiroid adenomu, 35 paratiroidhiperplazisi ve 20 normal paratiroid bezi olgusundan meydana gelmekte olup bugruplar arasında 18 ana histolojik parametre ile 27 alt histolojik parametrearaştırıldı. Bulgular: Histopatolojikincelemede, kenarda normal paratiroid bezi varlığı, paratiroid adenomlarının %71.6’sındagörülürken, paratiroid hiperplazilerinin hiçbirinde gözlenmedi. Belirgin (+++)kapsül kalınlığı, paratiroid adenomlarının %28.3’ünde izlenirken, paratiroidhiperplazilerinin hiçbirinde yoktu. Paratiroid hiperplazilerinin %48.6’sında veparatiroid adenomlarının %10’unda (+) kapsül kalınlığı izlendi. Orta derece vebelirgin yağ hücresi varlığı (++ ve +++) paratiroid adenomu vakalarının toplam %6.6’sında,paratiroid hiperplazisi vakalarının %48.6’sında görüldü. Paratiroidadenomlarında (+) yağ hücresi varlığı %93.3 iken, paratiroid hiperplazilerinde %51.4oranında, (++) yağ hücresi varlığı paratiroid adenomlarında %6.7, paratiroidhiperplazilerinde %42.8 oranında, (+++) yağ hücresi varlığı paratiroidadenomlarında izlenmez iken paratiroid hiperplazilerinde %8.6 olgudaizlenmiştir. Dizilim paternlerinden nest formasyonu paratiroid adenomlarının %8.3’ünde,paratiroid hiperplazilerinin %22.8’inde mevcuttu. Lenfosit infiltrasyonuparatiroid adenomlarının %26.7’sinde mevcut iken paratiroid hiperplazilerinin %8.6’sındaizlendi. Fibröz bant varlığı, kist formasyonu, nest formasyonu hariç dizilimpaternleri, nekroz, dejenerasyon, kanama, kolloid benzeri materyal, hücre tipi,lenfosit infiltrasyonu hariç inflamasyon, nükleer pleomorfizm, nükleer şekil,nükleer kromatin, intranükleer inklüzyon, ve mitoz bakımından paratiroidadenomu ve paratiroid hiperplazisi arasında anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi.Sonuç: Paratiroid adenomu ile paratiroidhiperplazisinin ayrımında kenarda normal paratiroid bezi varlığı, belirginkapsül kalınlığı (+++), az miktarda yağ hücresi oranı (+) ve lenfositinfiltrasyonu paratiroid adenomu lehine anlamlı bulundu. Nest formasyonu,paratiroid hiperplazilerinde paratiroid adenomlarına göre anlamlı olarak dahayüksek izlendi.

The partial agonist aripiprazole is a novel atypical antipsychotic with a relatively safer side effect profile. Acute unilateral myopia is a very rare condition that is commonly associated with drug use. Here, we present a woman diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) who have been treated for two years in our clinic. She was on fluoxetine (Prozac) 80 mg/day when adding aripiprazole (Abilify) 10 mg/day as an augmentation agent has triggered unilateral myopia. After cessation of aripirazole her myopia has disappeared. Psychiatrists should keep in mind that unilateral myopia as a side effect may develop after combining aripiprazole with fluoxetine in patients with OCD and MDD.

Objective: Prolidase enzyme, which exists in plasma, brain and various organs, is a cytosolic exopeptidase, that divisor the imidodipeptides with carboxyl terminal position of proline and hydroxyproline. The aim of the present study was to investigate serum prolidase activity level in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: This study included 22 patients with MDD as the study group, and 26 healthy subjects without any psychiatric disorders as the control group. Each patient underwent a detailed diagnostic evaluation by experienced psychiatrists. The sociodemographic information form given to both patients and the control subjects, while Hamilton Depression Scale Scoring (HDS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale Scoring (HAS), Clinical Global Impression Scoring (CGI) applied to patients. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analyses. Results: The mean age of the patient group was 31.3±10.1 years old, whereas the mean age of the control group was 32.3±8.8 years old. The mean duration of the education for the patient group was 8.1±6.2 years, whereas for the control group was 10.2±3.8 years. There was no significant differences in terms of the mean age of participants and the mean duration of the education between two groups (p>0.05). The level of prolidase activity of patient group was 510.3±480.8 U/L, whereas the level of prolidase activity of control group was 457.8±386.0 U/L. No significant difference was observed in serum prolidase activity between patient and the control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: In our study similar level of prolidase activity was found in MDD and healthy subjects. We suggest that this finding may be an evidence indicating that MDD and bipolar depression may be different clinical entities. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (3): 296-300

Kanabinoidlerin bir alt grubu olan sentetik kanabinoidlerin uyuşturucu madde olarak kullanımları tüm dünyada oldukça yaygındır. Esrar ve sentetik kanabinoidlerin her ikisinin de aynı reseptörleri (CB1 reseptörleri ve CB2 reseptörleri) uyarmalarına rağmen, yapılan çalışmalar sentetik kanabinoidlerin esrara göre çok daha potent olduğunu göstermiştir. Sentetik kanabinoidlerin uzun süre kullanımı, bilinen birçok yasa dışı madde kullanımına benzer şekilde ölüm ile bile sonuçlanabilen, şiddetli fiziksel ve psikolojik belirtilere neden olabilir. Ana tedavi çoğunlukla belirtilerin yönetilmesi ve destekleyici bakımı içermektedir. Bu makalenin amacı kullanımı giderek artan sentetik kanabinoidlerin klinik ve farmakolojik özelliklerinin tartışılmasıdır., Synthetic cannabinoids which is a subgroup of cannabinoids are commonly used for recreational drug use throughout the whole world. Although both marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids stimulate the same receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), studies have shown that synthetic cannabinoids are much more potent than marijuana. The longer use of synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe physical and psychological symptoms that might even result in death, similar to many known illicit drugs. Main treatment options mostly involve symptom management and supportive care. The aim of this article is to discuss clinical and pharmacological properties of the increasingly used synthetic cannabinoids.

The relationship between acrokeratosis verruciformis (AVH; also known as Hopf disease) and Darier disease (DD) has been debated for several decades. There is still substantial controversy over the characterization and association of AVH with DD. Certain histopathological features overlapping with those of DD have been demonstrated in patients with AVH. Although cytological findings have been described in DD, no study has identified the cytological changes in AVH. We report a case of AVH exhibiting a DD-like cytological manifestation. The samples from the most prominent lesions were examined by split-skin smear test. Cytological examination showed acantholytic keratinocytes, dyskeratotic acantholytic cells, corps ronds and grains. Histopathological examination showed compact hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, slight acanthosis, circumscribed epidermal elevations resembling church spires, and a cleft in the granular layer with several acantholytic cells. Our case indicates that the cytological findings of AVH are similar to those of DD.

Skin picking (excoriation) disorder is the recurrent excoriation of one’s own skin, resulting in noticeable skin damage. People pick their skin for different reasons. For the majority of patients, first skin picking is associated with a history of childhood abuse and personal problems. Subjects who moderately to severely cause injurious self-harm are more likely to have a history of exposure to domestic violence and childhood abuse than those who do not self-harm. At the same time, these conditions could be related to the etiology for majority of other psychiatric disorders. We report herein, a case of a patient with skin picking disorder who had a history of childhood physical and emotional abuse with borderline personality disorder.

Objective: It was aimed to find out whether there is a relation between nicotine addiction level to be found with Fagerström Nicotine Addiction Test (FNAT) and age-gender among the smokers chosen from the patients who have applied to Dicle University Medicine Faculty Clinic of Family Medicine. Methods: Our study was made prospectively by using FNAT to measure nicotine addiction level and socio-demographic data forms, which were filled face to face among the smokers above 20 years old who applied to the clinic of Family Medicine between 15.08.2014 and 15.10.2014 for any other reasons. Results: 9 out of 151 patients who smokers were excluded because of missing data form filled. 108 (76.1%) of the remaining 142 participants were male and 34 (23.9%) were females. While the general age average was 41.54 ± 9.80, the age average was 41.50 ± 10.04 for males and 41.67 ± 9.30 for females. There was no meaningful difference between ages considering the gender (p>0.05). Average cigarette consumption for males was 32.18 ± 21.64 packet/year and 22.55 ± 16.29 packet/year for females, which shows a meaningful difference (p0.05). Conclusion: In our nicotine addiction level, study made with FNAT, there was no meaningful difference addiction level and age-gender. Smoking among males was three times as high as smoking among females. The amount of cigarette consumption was found higher in elder ages since smoking had been started at early ages., Amaç: Aile Hekimliği Polikliniğine başvuran hastalardan sigara kullananlara Fagerström nikotin bağımlılık testi (FNBT) uygulanarak elde ettiğimiz nikotin bağımlılık düzeyi ile yaş ve cinsiyet arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemeyi amaçladık. Yöntemler: Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Aile Hekimliği Polikliniğine 15.08.2014 ile 15.10.2014 tarihleri arasında herhangi bir nedenle başvuran 20 yaş üstü kişiler içinden sigara kullananlar dâhil edildi. Hastalarla yüz yüze görüşme yapılarak doldurulan sosyodemografik veri formları ve nikotin bağımlılık düzeyini ölçmeye yönelik FNBT verileri prospektif olarak incelendi. Bulgular: Sigara içen 151 hastadan 9\'u eksik doldurulmuş veri formu nedeniyle çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Geriye kalan 142 kişiden 108\'i (%76,1) erkek, 34\'ü (%23,9) kadın idi. Genel yaş ortalaması 41,54 ± 9,8 yıl iken, yaş ortalaması erkeklerde 41,50 ± 10,04 yıl, kadınlarda 41,67±9,30 yıl idi. Cinsiyetler arası yaşlarda anlamlı bir fark yoktu (p>0,05). Sigara tüketim miktarları erkeklerde ortalama 32,18 ± 21,64, kadınlarda 22,55 ± 16,29 paket/yıl olup cinsiyete göre anlamlı fark vardı (p0,05). Sonuç: FNBT kullanarak yaptığımız nikotin bağımlılık düzeyi araştırmamızda bağımlılık düzeyi ile yaş ve cinsiyet arasında anlamlı fark yoktu. Erkeklerde sigara içme kadınlara göre 3 kat daha fazlaydı. Sigara tüketim miktarı sigaraya erken yaşta başlandığından dolayı ileri yaşlarda daha yüksek bulundu.

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an efficient and reliable somatic treatment used to treat severe mental disorders. ECT procedure is generally performed by hospitalizing the patient in our country (Turkey). However, there is no obligation to perform ECT by hospitalization, as ECT may be performed without hospitalizing the patient. Outpatient ECT gradually increases during acute and maintenance treatment. Outpatient ECT provides some advantages, such as reduced disruption in social and professional functionality and decrease in treatment costs. Studies that compare acute outpatient ECT and ECT applied after hospitalization are limited. In the present study, we aimed to review clinical characteristics of acute ambulatory ECT and ECT applied by hospitalization comprehensively and retrospectively. Methods: Inpatients and outpatients that received ECT in the Psychiatry Clinic of Dicle University between 2011 and 2014 were enrolled in the present study. Patients’ files between aforementioned years were reviewed retrospectively and data including patient age, gender, diagnosis according to DSM system, hospitalization period, whether ECT was applied, number of ECT sessions, and whether ECT was performed as an inpatient or outpatient procedure were recorded. For the patients who were hospitalized multiple times, each hospitalization was regarded as a different patient and data were assessed independently. For the outpatients who received ECT, all separate ECT sessions were added and ECT count was determined. Those who received maintenance ECT sessions were not included in the outpatient ECT group. Patients who received ECT by acute referral as outpatients were included in this group. Results: Between 2011 and 2014, 904 patients were admitted to the Psychiatry Clinic of Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine , of which 138 received ECT treatment. We also included in the study an additional 38 outpatients who received acute ECT. Inpatients of our clinic in application to ECT were rates of 15.3%. There was no statistically significant difference detected between age, number of ECT sessions applied, diagnosis, and gender of admitted inpatients and outpatients (p>0.05). Conclusions: In our study clinical characteristics of inpatients and outpatients subjects who admitted in order to practiced the ECT were determined to be similar. We believe that an efficient treatment method may be presented to the patients by including acute outpatient ECT more frequently in the treatment plan from physicians.

Öz:Amaç: Çocuk evliliği yapan kadınların işlevselliklerini bozan birçok problemlerle karşılaştıkları bildirilmiştir. Çocuk evliliği yapan kadınların çocukluk çağında daha fazla ruhsal travmaya maruz kalmış olabileceğini ve çift uyumlarının daha fazla bozulmuş olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada çocuk evliliği yapan kadınlarda çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmasını ve çift uyumunu araştırmayı amaçladık.Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemi 2013 yılı Temmuz-Ağustos ayları arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Kadın Doğum ve Hastalıkları Polikliniğine rutin gebelik kontrolü için başvuran gebe kadınlardan seçildi. Çalışma grubu rutin gebelik kontrolü için başvuran 83 gebe arasından çalışma kriterlerini sağlayan 50 çocuk evliliği (18 yaşından önce evlenmiş) yapmış olan gebe kadın seçilerek oluşturuldu. Kontrol grubu ise 18 yaşından sonra evlenmiş 87 gebe kadın arasından çalışma kriterlerini sağlayan sağlıklı 50 gebe kadın seçilerek oluşturuldu. Tüm katılımcılar psikiyatrist tarafından standardize edilmiş görüşme aracı olan SCID kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan sosyodemografik veri formu, Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği (ÇÇRTÖ), Çift Uyum Ölçeği (ÇUÖ) ve Arizona Cinsel Yaşantılar Ölçeği (ACYÖ) uygulandı.Bulgular: Çift uyumu eşler arası birliktelik boyutu (EABB) ve duygulanım ifade boyutu (DİB) alt ölçek puanları çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha düşük bulunmuştur (sırasıyla p=0.015, p=0.003). Çift uyumunu en sık çocukluk çağı ruhsal travması, evlenme yaşı, ilk gebelik yaşı, cinsel istismar ve cinsel şiddete maruz kalma gibi faktörlerin etkilediği bulundu. ÇÇRTÖ'de emosyonel istismar (p=0.04) ve fiziksel ihmal (p=0.035) puanları çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna kıyasla evliliğin ilk yıllarında fiziksel (p=0.001) ve cinsel şiddete (p=0.007) maruz kalma oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Cinsel istek, cinsel uyarılma ve ACYÖ toplam puanı çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede farklı bulunmuştur (sırasıyla p=0.012, p=0.034, p=0.048).Sonuç: Çalışmamız çocuk evliliği yapanlarda çift uyumu ile çocukluk çağı travması ve cinsel işlevlerin birlikte değerlendirildiği ilk çalışmadır. Çalışmamızda çocuk evliliği yapanların çift uyumunun bozulmuş olduğu ve buna en fazla çocukluk çağı ruhsal travması, erken yaşta evlenme, çocuk yaşta gebe kalma, cinsel istismar ve cinsel şiddete maruz kalmanın neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda çocuk evliliği yapanların çocukluk çağında daha fazla emosyonel istismar, fiziksel ihmale / şiddet ve cinsel şiddete maruz kaldıkları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çocuk evliliği yapan kadınların cinsel işlevlerinin önemli oranda bozulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Abstract:Objective: As it known, the problem of child marriage is increasing in last years and primarily affect girls. Worldwide, child marriage is most often occurs in poor, rural communities, as in some regions of Turkey. Unfortunately, the child marriage may have been affected the negative way of functionality which emerging the many problem. For instance, child marriages are twice as likely to be victims of domestic violence with impaired marital harmony than their peers who marry later. A further stronger effect of child marriage that is higher rates of witnessing to domestic violence for thier children. The aim of this study was to investigation of childhood psychological traumas with marital harmony in women who had married as child. Method: The study population was consisted the two women groups. First group was including the 50 women who had married before the ages of 18, whereas the second (namely, control) group was including the 50 of 87 women who had meets the inclusion criteria of our study and married after the ages of 18. Our participants were admitted to outpatient unit of Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine University of Dicle for the examination of routine pregnancy, between the months July 2013 and august 2013, in Turkey. All participants were examined by a trained psychiatrist (with SCID assessment). After then, the sociodemographic data form which prepared by the study authors based on the sociodemographic features of region, Arizona sexual experience scale (ASES), dyadic adjustment scale (DAS), and childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) were applied. Results: Dyadic cohesion (degree to which respondent and partner participate in activities together) and affection expression (degree to respondent agrees with partner regarding emotional affection) subscale scores were found significantly lower in the study group (respectively, p=0.015, p=0.003). Also, marital harmony was mostly affected by the childhood traumas, age of marriage, age of first pregnancy, sexual abuse and violence. We found that the scores of emotional (p=0.04) and physical abuse (p=0.035) subscales in CTQ were significantly higher in study group than the control group. Also, we found that the sexual and physical violence were significantly higher in study group than the control group, particularly during the early years of marriage (respectively, p=0.007, p=0.001). The sexual desire, sexual arousal and ASES total scores were significantly different among the three groups (respectively, p=0.012, p=0.034, p=0.048). Conclusions: As far as we know that, our study is the first study for evaluating in a combination of the childhood trauma, sexual functionality, and marital harmony in the child marriage. We found here; marital harmony was significantly impaired in child marriage. Particularly, it was determined that the childhood traumas, married in early ages, sexual abuse and violence with become pregnant as a child. Consequently, we demonstrated that childhood marriage was significantly associated with higher rate of emotional abuse, physical and sexual violence. Also, sexual functions were mostly impaired in women who had married in childhood.

Objective: Prolidase enzyme, which exists in plasma, brain and various organs, is a cytosolic exopeptidase, that divisor the imidodipeptides with carboxyl terminal position of proline and hydroxyproline. The aim of the present study was to investigate serum prolidase activity level in major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods: This study included 22 patients with MDD as the study group, and 26 healthy subjects without any psychiatric disorders as the control group. Each patient underwent a detailed diagnostic evaluation by experienced psychiatrists. The sociodemographic information form given to both patients and the control subjects, while Hamilton Depression Scale Scoring (HDS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale Scoring (HAS), Clinical Global Impression Scoring (CGI) applied to patients. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analyses.Results: The mean age of the patient group was 31.3±10.1 years old, whereas the mean age of the control group was 32.3±8.8 years old. The mean duration of the education for the patient group was 8.1±6.2 years, whereas for the control group was 10.2±3.8 years. There was no significant differences in terms of the mean age of participants and the mean duration of the education between two groups (p>0.05). The level of prolidase activity of patient group was 510.3±480.8 U/L, whereas the level of prolidase activity of control group was 457.8±386.0 U/L. No significant difference was observed in serum prolidase activity between patient and the control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: In our study similar level of prolidase activity was found in MDD and healthy subjects. We suggest that this finding may be an evidence indicating that MDD and bipolar depression may be different clinical entities. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (3): 296-300, Amaç: Prolidaz enzimi dipeptitlerin karboksil terminal pozisyondaki prolin veya hidroksiprolini ayıran plazma, beyin ve çeşitli organlarda bulunan bir egzopeptidazdır. Biz bu çalışmada major depresif bozukluk (MDB)’da prolidaz aktivitesini araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntemler: Çalışmamızda hasta grubu major depresif bozukluk 22 kişiden oluşurken kontrol grubu ise herhangi bir psikiyatrik rahatsızlığı olmayan sağlıklı 26 kişiden oluşmaktaydı. Her hasta deneyimli psikiyatristler tarafından ayrıntılı tanısal değerlendirmeye alındı. Hasta ve kontrol grubuna sosyodemografik bilgi formu verilirken, hasta grubuna Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HDDÖ), Hamilton Anksiyete Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HADÖ), Klinik Global İzlem Ölçeği (KGİ) uygulandı. Biyokimyasal analizler için kan alındı. Bulgular: Hasta grubunun yaş ortalaması 31,3±10,1 yıl, kontrol grubunun yaş ortalaması ise 32,3±8,8 yıl idi. Eğitim süresi hasta grubunun 8,1±6,2 yıl, kontrol grubunda 10,2±3,8 yıl idi. Gruplar arasında yaş ve eğitim süresi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık belirlenmedi (p > 0,05). Prolidaz aktivitesinin hasta grubunda 510.3±480.8 U/L iken kontrol grubunda 457,8±386,0 U/L olduğu görüldü. Prolidaz aktivitesi bakımında hasta ve kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi (p > 0,05). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda prolidaz aktivitesi MDB’ta sağlıklı kişilerle benzer bulunmuştur. Bu verinin MDB ve bipolar depresyonun farklı klinik antiteler olduğunu biyokimyasal düzeyde gösteren bir bulgu olabileceğini önermekteyiz

Akathisia is an extrapyramidal movement disorder that is characterized objectively by an inability to sit or stand still and a subjective feeling of inner restlessness. Metoclopramide (MP) is a dop...

Paliperidon şizofreni tedavisi için kullanılan atipik antipsikotik bir ilaçtır. Paliperidon tedavisi sırasında bazı nadir yan etkiler görülebilmektedir. Literatürde antipsikotiklerin indüklediği hipomanik ve manik belirtiler ile ilgili çok sayıda olgu sunumu olmasına rağmen paliperidonun indüklediği mani olguları kısıtlı sayıda yayınlanmıştır. Bu olguda 9 mg/gün paliperidon tedavisi başlandıktan sonra mani belirtileri görülen, paliperidon kesilip aripiprazol başlanması ile mani belirtilerinin hızla düzeldiği bir şizofreni hastası sunulmaktadır. Klinisyenler şizofreni hastalarında, paliperidon tedavisinin mani belirtilerini tetikleyebileceğini göz önünde tutmalıdır. Paliperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia. Paliperidone can cause some rare side effects during treatment. Despite many publications of mania and hypomania induced by antipsychotics, mania cases induced by paliperidone are few in the literature. In this case a schizophrenia patient showing symptoms of mania during usage of paliperidone with a dose of 9 mg/day in which the symptoms rapidly disappeared after discontinuation of paliperidone and initiation of aripiprazole was reported. Clinicians should be aware of that Paliperidone treatment may trigger mania symptoms.

Sefer Varol, Hasan Hüseyin Özdemir, Mehmet Uğur Çevik, Yaşar Altun, Ibrahim Ibiloğlu, Aysun Ekinci, Aslıhan Okan Ibiloğlu, Metin Balduz, Demet Arslan, Recep Tekin, Fesih Aktar, Mehmet Ufuk Aluçlu Department of Neurology, FacultyofMedicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey Background: Deltamethrin (DLM) is a broad-spectrum synthetic dibromo-pyrethroid pesticide that is widely used for agricultural and veterinary purposes. However, human exposure to the pesticide leads to neurotoxicity. Glutamine is one of the principal, free intracellular amino acids and may also be an antioxidant. This study was undertaken in order to examine the neuroprotective and antioxidant potential of L-glutamine against DLM toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. Materials and methods: The rats were divided into the following groups (n=10): Group I: control (distilled water; 10mL/kg, po one dose), Group II: L-glutamine (1.5g/kg, po one dose), Group III: DLM (35mg/kg, po one dose), and Group IV: DLM (35mg/kg, po one dose) and L-glutamine (1.5g/kg, po one dose after 4hours). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels and apoptosis were evaluated in brain tissue. Results: DLM-treated animals had a significant increase in brain biochemical parameters, as well as TOS and TAS. Furthermore, the histopathological examination showed neuronal cell degeneration in the cerebral tissue. L-Glutamine treatment decreased the elevated brain levels of TOS and neuronal cell degeneration. There was no difference in tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels between the groups. Conclusion: L-Glutamine may reduce the toxic effects of DLM in the cerebral tissue through antioxidant properties. Keywords: deltamethrin, L-glutamine, rat

Amaç: Psikiyatri hastalarındaki fiziksel hastalıklar ihmal edilebilmektedir. Psikiyatri hastalarının ortalama yaşam süresi genel nüfusa göre yaklaşık 25 yıl daha kısadır. Bu somatik semptomlar psikiyatrik hastaların yaşam kalitesini düşürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı psikiyatri hastalarındaki somatik hastalık sıklığını belirlemek ve psikiyatrik tanılar ve klinik özellikler ile somatik tanılar arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 2015 Ocak-Ekim ayları arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Kliniği’nde yatan (n=142) hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Bu hastaların dosyaları geriye dönük olarak taranarak değerlendirilmiştir. Hastaların somatik ve psikiyatrik tanıları hastane kayıt sisteminden ve hasta dosyalarından incelenerek belirlenmiştir.Bulgular: Kliniğimize yatan hastaların %51.4’ünün somatik hastalığının olduğu görüldü. Somatik hatalıkların yaş ile arttığı saptandı (p0.05).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda psikiyatrik hastalıklara yüksek oranda somatik hastalıkların eşlik ettiği ve bu somatik hastalıkların daha çok endokrinolojik ve nörolojik hastalıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Psikiyatri hastaları toplum tarafından etiketlenmekte, sağlık hizmetlerinden faydalanma olanağı daha düşük olmaktadır. Bu hasta grubunda, somatik hastalık belirtileri açısından daha duyarlı olunmasının morbidite ve mortaliteyi azaltabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.Anahtar kelimeler: Psikiyatrik hastalık, yatan hasta, komorbidite, somatik hastalık.

Aim: Child marriage still persists for various reasons in numerous countries and cultures including primarily the underdeveloped or developing countries in South Asia and North Africa. In this study, our aim is to focus on the frequency of child marriage as well as the family characteristics and socio-cultural factors pertaining to marriage, frequency of domestic violence, and somatic symptoms such as pain of unknown origin among the women. Methods: Our study was conducted using a questionnaire presented to 454 women aged 17-65 living in the provincial centre of Diyarbakir. Results: The families of 17.3% of the participants had a history of migration before the marriage. Close-kin marriage was present between the parents of 31.1% of the women. Among the participants, 17.3% were subjected to physical abuse and 1.8% were subjected to sexual abuse before the marriage. Among the women, 33.3% replied that they had chronic pain of unknown origin which the physicians could not diagnose. Conclusions: We have observed that chronic pains of unknown origin pointing to somatisation are more frequent among women who get married before the age of 18. The results of our study point out that underage marriage has an impact not only on sexual and reproductive health, but also on general health. Key Words : Early age marriage, health consequences, pain of unknown origin

The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of ADHD and other psychiatric disorders among parents with at least one child with ADHD relative to parents with children who do not have ADHD.Eighty five parents of children with ADHD with 68 control parents who had healthy children without ADHD were interviewed for participation in present study. Each parent was evaluated for co-existing psychiatric disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I).We found that ADHD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms were increased in the parents of children with ADHD in comparison with the healthy control group.Psychiatric co-morbidity was more common among the parents of patients with inattentive and combined presentations. Adult ADHD is associated with psychiatric co-morbidities including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and somatoform disorders as well as substantial role impairment.

Bir kablosuz algılayıcı ağın (KAA) yapısı; ağdaki düğümlerin donanım ve yazılım özelliklerine, iletişim mesafelerine ve konuşlandırıldıkları bölgenin ortam koşullarına bağlı olarak değişir. Böyle bir ağ ortamında, düğümlerin güç tüketimlerini azaltırken ağın bağlantısını sürekli kılmak ve enerji tasarruflu çalışmasını sağlamak büyük önem taşır. Bu çalışmada; açık alan uygulamalarına yönelik bir kablosuz algılayıcı ağın uzun süreli ve enerji verimli çalışabilmesi için, bu ağda kullanılabilecek bir güç tasarruflu ağ geçidi tasarlanmıştır. Ağ geçidinde güç tasarrufu bir dinamik güç yönetim sistemi geliştirilerek yapılmıştır. Geliştirilen sistem, ağ geçidinde bulunan iletişim birimlerinin çalışma gerilimlerini dinamik bir biçimde düzenleyerek, ağ geçidinin mümkün olduğunca az enerji harcamasını sağlamaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kablosuz algılayıcı ağlar, ağ geçidi, enerji tasarrufu

Paliperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia. Paliperidone can cause some rare side effects during treatment. Despite many publications of mania and hypomania induced by antipsychotics, mania cases induced by paliperidone are few in the literature. In this case a schizophrenia patient showing symptoms of mania during usage of paliperidone with a dose of 9 mg/day in which the symptoms rapidly disappeared after discontinuation of paliperidone and initiation of aripiprazole was reported. Clinicians should be aware of that Paliperidone treatment may trigger mania symptoms. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (3): 321-323

WOS: 000360191500002, PubMed ID: 26347335, Studies attempting to clarify the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and the immune system have been increasing in recent years. It was reported that increased production of the main proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and that of acute phase reactants may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of depression. Stress and depression were reported to increase leukocyte and neutrophil counts and to decrease lymphocyte count. Biological determinants affecting the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of depression are quite limited. Therefore, new etiological models are needed to explain the pathophysiology of depression. In recent years, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was determined to be a good indicator of inflammatory status. There is no study in the literature investigating NLR in MDD. This study aims to examine the role of inflammation in the etiology of depression based on the NLR in MDD patients who are undergoing no pharmacological therapy. A total of 41 patients diagnosed with MDD, who received no antidepressant therapy within the past 1 month, were included in the study, which took place between January and March 2015. The control group consisted of 47 healthy subjects with no psychiatric disorders. A sociodemographic information form and a Beck Depression Scale were administered, and the blood was taken for biochemical analysis. Significant differences were identified in the NLR, neutrophil count, lymphocyte percentage, and leukocyte values of the patient group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Our study is the first in which NLR was investigated in MDD. The findings of the study reveal that NLR tends to be higher in patients with MDD, and a high NLR value supports the view that inflammation is a critical factor in the etiology of MDD.

We investigated whether prolidase activity has a diagnostic test value in schizophrenia and assessed the relation between prolidase activity and sociodemographic-clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia. Fifty patients with schizophrenia (diagnosed as schizophrenia according to DSM-V criteria) and 50 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Case and control groups had a similar distribution in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. Serum prolidase activity was measured in both groups and was determined to be significantly higher in the patient group (509.706±41.918) compared to the control group (335.4±13.6; t=6.231; p=0.0001). A cut-off point of 392.65U/L prolidase was determined for diagnostic measures from the plotted ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve was 1.000, which was significant (p0.0001). Higher values were assigned as the disease state. Both positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 100% at the cut-off point of 392.650U/L. The prolidase levels of the control group were all below the cut-off point. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, gender, or BMI (p0.05), and no correlation was found between mean prolidase activity and age of onset of the disease, family history, disease duration, number of hospitalizations, subtypes of schizophrenia, PANSS scores or sub-scores, CGI-S scores, S-A scale scores, and the antipsychotic treatment (p0.05). The results of this study indicate that serum prolidase activity may be a useful diagnostic test for schizophrenia; however, further studies are needed to verify this.

Objective: The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacrol (CVR) and pomegranate (PMG) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal damage using histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. Methods: Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 195-250 g, were divided into four groups: control, MTX treatment alone, MTX plus CVR and MTX plus PMG. A single dose of CVR (73 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to group III on the first day of the experiment, PMG (225 mg/kg/day) was administered orogastrically (with a gavage needle) once daily for 7 days and a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on the second day of the experiment. Intestinal tissues were obtained on 8th day, and examined for villus damage, crypt damage, and inflammation. Ki-67 and Caspase 3 staining was used for immunohistochemical evaluation. Results: MTX treatment induced villus shortening and fusion, epithelial atrophy, crypt loss, inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria, and goblet cell depletion. The CVR and PMG decreased the severity of intestinal damage caused by MTX treatment. In the MTX-received group, significant inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the lamina propria. Compared to the MTX-received group, the PMG and CVR groups showed less villus and crypt damage and less inflammation in the lamina propria. Fewer Ki-67 positive cells were observed in the crypts of the MTX-received groups compared to the control group. There were more Ki-67 positive cells in the CVR and PMG groups compared to MTX group. The MTX-received group exhibited more caspase-3 positive cells than the control group, and the number of caspase-3 positive cells were decreased in the CVR and PMG treated groups. Conclusion: This study is the first to show that PMG and CVR decrease MTX-related damage and apoptotic activity in intestinal tissue.

Objective: In this study, we investigate the distribution of malign lesions in all tonsillar lesions and the compatibility with the literature. Methods: The pathology reports and preparations of 1118 patients whose tonsillectomy and tonsil biopsy materials were assessed in Department of Pathology in Dicle University Medical Faculty between January 2006 and September 2013 are examined retrospectively and included to the study. Results: Of 1118 patients, the diagnoses were chronic inflammation in 452 (40.43%), lymphoid hyperplasia in 226 (20.21%), chronic inflammation and lymphoid hyperplasia in 411 (36.76%), cyst in 2 (0.18%), squamous papilloma in 2 (0.18%) and malignancy was observed in 25 (2.24%). Of 25 malign cases, the diagnoses were B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 19 (76%), epidermoid carcinoma in 4 (16%), plasmacytoma in 1 (4%) and malign melanoma in 1 (4%). Conclusion: Primary tonsillar malignancies constitute 2% of all human malignancies. Epidermoid carcinomas (75%) and lymphomas take the first and second places in frequency respectively. In our study conversely lymphomas account for 76% of all tonsillar malignancies that makes an important portion, while epidermoid carcinomas account for 16% of those. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas constitute the vast majority of lymphomas showing tonsillar involvement. It is reported that the most frequently seen lymphoma type in tonsillar location is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Consistent with this information in our study, it is determined that 15 of 19 tonsillar lymphoma cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Exp Invest 2014; 5 (4): 577-579, Amaç: Bu çalışmamızda tüm tonsil lezyonları içinde malign lezyonların dağılımını ve bunun literatür ile uyumluluğunu araştırdık. Yöntemler: Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalında Ocak 2006-Eylül 2013 tarihleri arasında tonsillektomi ve tonsil biyopsi materyali değerlendirilen 1118 hastaya ait patoloji raporları ve preparatları geriye dönük olarak incelenmiş ve çalışmaya alınmıştır. Bulgular: 1118 hastanın 452\'sinde (%40,43) kronik iltihap, 226\'sında (%20,21) lenfoid hiperplazi, 411\'inde (%36,76) kronik iltihap + lenfoid hiperplazi, 2\'şer (%0,18) tanesinde kist ve skuamöz papilloma ve 25\'inde (%2,24) malignite izlendi. Malignite görülen 25 vakanın 19\'u (%76) B hücreli non-Hodgkin lenfoma, 4\'ü (%16) yassı hücreli karsinoma, 1\'er (%4) tanesi de plazmasitoma ve malign melanoma\'ydı. Sonuç: Primer tonsil maligniteleri tüm insan malignitelerinin %2\'sini oluşturur. İlk sırada yassı hücreli karsinomlar (%75), ikinci sırada lenfomalar yer alır. Çalışmamızda bunun aksine lenfomalar malignitelerin %76 gibi önemli bir kısmını oluştururken yassı hücreli karsinomlar tüm tonsil malignitelerinin ancak %16\'lık kısmını meydana getirmiştir. Tonsiller tutulum gösteren lenfomaların büyük çoğunluğunu B hücreli non-Hodgkin lenfomalar, oluşturmaktadır. Tonsil lojunda en sık görülen lenfoma tipinin diffüz büyük B hücreli lenfomalar olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bizim çalışmamızda da buna uyumlu olarak, toplam 19 lenfoma vakamızdan 15\'inin diffüz büyük B hücreli lenfoma olduğunu görülmektedir.

Amaç: Akut apandisit en sık acil operasyon gerektiren akut batın nedenidir. Akut apandisit nedeni ile yapılanapendektomilerde nadirde olsa tümörlere rastlanır. Bu çalışmada amacımız akut apandisit ön tanısı ileyapılan apendektomilerde saptanan patolojileri geriye dönük olarak incelemektir.Gereç-yöntem: Ocak 2008- Kasım 2014 tarihleri arasında akut apandisit ön tanısı ile ameliyat edilen veapendektomi materyalleri incelenen 1829 olgunun patoloji raporu geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Olgularınyaş, cinsiyet ve patolojik tanıları kaydedildi.Bulgular: Çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen olguların erkek/kadın oranı 1,28 olarak saptandı. Yaşdağılımları 2 ay ile 91 yaş arasında değişmekte idi. Akut apandisitin en sık izlendiği yaş aralığı 20-29 yılolarak bulundu.Olgular histopatolojik olarak incelendiğinde, olguların % 71,3'ü akut apandisit tanısı alırken % 1,2'iapendiks neoplazisi tanısı almıştı. Negatif tanı alan olguların sayısı 497 idi. Yetişkin olgularda bu oran %25,9iken çocuk olgularda %30,5 olarak gözlendi.Apendektomi materyallerinin %1,6'sında insidental olarak nadir görülen patolojiler izlendi. Nadir görülenpatolojiler içerisinde 22 olguda (%1,2) neoplastik lezyon saptandı. Kadın ve erkek olgular hastalıklarıaçısından karşılaştırıldığında apendiks neoplazisi gelişimi açısından farklılık izlenmedi (p=0,288).Sonuç: Akut apandisit ön tanısı ile apendektomi uygulanan olguların apendiks materyallerininhistopatolojik olarak incelenmesi insidental olarak benign veya malign tümörleri tespit edilebileceğindendolayı oldukça önemlidir., Purpose: Acute appedicitis is the most common cause of surgery due to acute abdomen. Rarely diagnoses ofmalignancy are given after acute appendectomy. We aimed to investigate pathology reports of the patientswith a prediagnosis of acute appendicitis underwent appendectomy retrospectively.Methods: The pathology reports and the appendectomy materials of 1829 patients with a prediagnosis ofacute appendicitis underwent appendectomy between 2008 January and 2014 November were evaluatedretrospectivelyResults: The male/female ratio of the patients was 1,28 in the study. The mean age of the patients was27,9±16,7 years (range 2 months-91 years). The age range in which acute appendicitis is mostly observed20-29 years of age.The histopathological examination revealed that 71,3% of the cases were given the diagnosis of acuteappendicitis while 1,2% of them appendiceal neoplasia. The negative diagnosis was given in 497 cases. Thenegativity ratio was 25,9% in adult cases while it was 30,5% in pediatric cases. There was no statisticallysignificant difference between gender with respect to presence of appendiceal neoplasia (p=0,288).Incidentally rare pathologies were observed in 1,6% of appendectomy materials and ın 22 cases (1,2%)neoplastic lesions detected.Conclusions: Histopathological examination of the appendix specimens of the patients who underwentappendectomy with a prediagnosis of acute appendicitis is very important because of incidentally diagnosisof benign or malignant tumors.