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Western life style, and high calorie diet in particular is causing major health problems such as insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and heart disease in the modern age. High fat diet (HFD) induces similar changes in mice, such as increased body weight, hypercholesterolemia and accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. These changes can be ameliorated by the administration of some Lactobacillus species. The focus of this study was to analyze the fatty acid content of liver, heart and brain tissues of mice fed HFD and administered with either Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68, and to analyze the fatty acid content of these organs after a two months washout period. The fatty acid composition of mouse liver tissue changed significantly due to probiotic administration during a 12 weeks HFD regime and active Lactobacillus administration had a slightly reversing effect toward the standard mouse diet group, but after the washout period these changes disappeared. The fatty acid composition of the heart and brain tissues was significantly changed in the HFD regime but probiotic administration had no significant influence on the fatty acid profile of these two organs. Upon the 8 weeks washout period the only remaining beneficial effect was the significantly lower mouse weight in the supplemented groups compared to the HFD group.

The leaves of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) plant have been used for centuries in Montenegro and other Mediterranean countries as a vegetable in salads, sauces and other types of appetizers and meals. The wild and cultivated chicory leaves from different locations in Montenegro were analysed regarding several nutrients, major and trace element as well as vitamin composition, using standard methods of analysis. The results of the study indicated that chicory leaves were rich in total dietary fiber and mineral content and had low energy value. Also, they were potential sources of useful nutrients such as potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and vitamin A, with the average content of 391.9, 164.7, 0.55, 2.33 and 0.47 mg/100 g in fresh leaves, respectively. Wild plants were superior to the cultivated ones regarding carbohydrate, calcium and manganese content. Origin of the chicory leaves significantly influenced most of the analyzed parameters.

Starting from the evidence-based health benefits that resistant starch (RS) shows when added to the diet, our aim in this study was to evaluate the effects of increased fibre intake with two different levels of RS coming from regular daily consumed foods on normalization of glycaemia within lifestyle intervention in the population with risk factors for developing diabetes. Study included 47 overweight and obese men and women with disordered glucoregulation and dyslipidaemia, aged between 45-74, divided into RS and Fibre group. Participants were subjected to the lifestyle and dietary intervention with low-fat and high-fibre (> 25 g/day) diet for 12 months and were offered two different dietary advices aimed at increasing total fibre intake in Fibre group and at increasing RS intake in RS group. The intake of macronutrients and total fibre was similar between groups at the end of the study, but achieved RS intake was two times higher in the RS group. Decrease in total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol was more pronounced in RS group in comparison with Fibre group (p = 0.010, p = 0.031, respectively), whereas in Fibre group, a more pronounced effect on glucoregulation was observed: significant fall in glycaemia after 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (7.93 vs 6.96 mmol/L, p = 0.034). At the end of the study, RS-rich diet failed to affect glycaemic control in prediabetic obese individuals in contrast to the regular fibre-rich diet, which indicated that fibre profile could be an important determinant of the effect of dietary intervention.

In Europe food supplements are defined as foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, alone or in combination, marketed in dose form, designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities. There is an increasing number of these products and their popularity is growing steadily. Products that are used to supplement regular diet patterns improve so-called 'nutritive density' of diet. The use of supplements for medical reasons is based on the increasing evidence that there is a link between the ingestion of certain nutrients or dietary supplements and the prevention of chronic diseases. Rational use of dietary supplements needs good cooperation between user/patient and health worker. Previous to starting supplemental regimen the advice for healthy and adequate dietary pattern should be given, as well as to make an evaluation of individual's dietary and life habits, physiological and health status. ., Suplementi se u Evropi definišu kao namirnice čija je svrha da dopunjuju normalnu ishranu, a predstavljaju koncentrisane izvore nutrimenata ili drugih supstanci sa nutritivnim ili fiziološkim efektima, proizvedene u doziranim oblicima i namenjene da se koriste u merljivim malim količinama. U većini razvijenih zemalja suplementi predstavljaju veoma popularnu grupu proizvoda, čija prodaja i promet beleže porast iz godine u godinu. Suplementi koji se koriste kao dopuna svakodnevnoj ishrani imaju za cilj da povećaju nutritivnu gustinu ishrane. Korišćenje suplemenata (ili obogaćenih/fortifikovanih namirnica) omogućuje pojedincima da zadovolje svoje individualne nutritivne potrebe ukoliko one nisu zadovoljene uobičajenom ishranom. Korišćenje suplemenata u medicinske svrhe povezano je sa različitim fiziološkim stanjima i bolestima, a zasnovano je na brojnim rezultatima naučnih ispitivanja, prema kojima pojedini sastojci hrane i druge fiziološki aktivne supstance, unete u organizam u adekvatnim količinama, pokazuju povoljne zdravstvene efekte. Pre uvođenja suplemenata u ishranu racionalno je proceniti da li je suplementacija opravdana. Za ovakvu procenu neophodna je saradnja pacijenta/korisnika sa zdravstvenim radnikom, koji u svim situacijama mora posebnu pažnju da posveti, pre svega, savetima o kvalitetnom i pravilnom načinu ishrane, nakon čega je moguće doneti odluku o eventualnom započinjanju suplementacije, a u cilju da postizanja maksimuma pozitivnih efekata i smanjenja eventualnih negativnih efekata do kojih može doći nekontrolisanom i neracionalnom upotrebom ovih proizvoda. .

Milk product consumption has been associated with overall diet quality and adequacy of intake of many nutrients. The intake of milk products is especially important during childhood and adolescence. The effects of milk on population’s health have been questioned in the second half of the 20th century. The main concerned points were cholesterol and saturated fatty acid presence in milk products, and their negative influence on blood pressure and risk of coronary disease. In last fifty years a large pool of controversial results has been collected and milk health effects were heavily debated. There is evidence that milk consumption has fallen over the last 20 years. Recent studies, however, have suggested that milk consumption may have a great role in prevention of metabolic syndrome risk, bone health, some vascular diseases, and no results were obtained in support of the hypothesis that milk consumption increases the risk of some cancers. Several effects of milk consumption, especially on body weight and weight loss, require further research. American Dietary Guidelines for healthy eating, recognizing the need for reversing current trend of decreased milk consumption, increased in 2005. recommendation for milk consumption from 2 to 3 cups per day of fat-free or low-fat milk or equivalent milk products, recognizing the nutritional benefits of milk and milk products., Mleko je od davnina bilo cenjeno kao namirnica velikog nutritivnog značaja posebno zbog visokog sadržaja punovrednih proteina i kalcijuma. Međutim pedesetih godina prošlog veka, nakon otkrivanja veze ishrane i nekih hroničnih degenerativnih oboljenja, posebno unosa holesterola i zasićenih masti sa rizikom od kardiovaskularnih oboljenja, mleko i mlečni proizvodi su na sebe skrenuli negativnu pažnju javnosti. Osamdesetih godina prošlog veka pojavili su se i prvi radovi koji su konzumiraje mleka i mlečnih proizvoda povezali sa povećanim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih oboljenja, a devedesetih sa povećanim rizikom od nekih vrsta kancera. Pregled rezultata deset najvećih kohort studija pokazuju da konzumiranje mleka čak smanjuje rizik od nekih srčanih oboljenja, a slični su rezultati dobijeni pri nedavnom ispitivanju povezanosti mleka sa rizikom od metaboličkog sindroma. Evaluacija najvećih istraživanja povezanosti konzumiranja mleka i raznih tipova kancera ne podržava hipotezu o mleku kao faktoru rizika.

The discovery of specific physiological effects that certain lipids exert on human organism led to increased interest both of researchers and public for their consumption in order to preserve and improvement of health. Favorable health effects have been ascribed to a number of lipid substances and most of the scientific papers and researches are concerned with essential lipid acids, particularly those belonging to omega-3 series, conjugated linolic acid, lecithin and fit sterols., Otkriće specifičnih fizioloških efekata koje pojedini lipidi imaju na organizam čoveka doprinelo je interesovanju stručnjaka i najšire javnosti za njihovu primenu u održavanju i unapređenju dobrog zdravstvenog stanja. Danas se većem broju lipidnih supstancija pripisuju povoljni zdravstveni efekti, a najveći broj radova i istraživanja se odnosi na esencijalne masne kiseline, posebno one iz omega-3 serije, konjugovanu linolnu kiselinu, lecitin i biljne sterole.

Disbalans lipida krvi u pravcu povećanja koncentracije LDL i VLDL holesterola, triacilglicerola i lipoproteina (a) i smanjenje koncentracije HDL holesterola, predstavlja važan faktor rizika za razvoj ateroskleroze i kardiovaskularih oboljenja. Masti hrane spadaju u faktore čijom je modifikacijom moguće značajno uticati na status lipida krvi, te je dijetarna modifikacija uključena u prevenciju i dijetoterapiju kardiovaskularnih oboljenja. Dijetarni lipidi mogu imati protektivno delovanje i tu spadaju polinezasićene masne kiseline i mononezasićene masne kiseline i biljni steroli. U lipide čiji je unos povezan sa povećanim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih oboljenja spadaju zasićene masne kiseline, trans izomeri masnih kiselina i holesterol.

Fatty acids essential for humans are the only fatty adds from ω-6 (linoleic and arachidonic adds) and ω-3 dasses (a-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic adds). Essential fatty adds are precursor of eicosanoids in the body. Eicosanoids are biologically active compounds that are mediators of many biochemical processes and have an important role in coordinating physiological interactions between cells. Eicosanoids derived from ω-3 fatty acids have different biological properties than those derived from ω-6 fatty adds, usually weaker and more beneficial for the human body. Essential fatty acids are also components of the phospholipids in the cell membrane bilayer affecting the cell's integrity and membrane's fluidity. The major polyunsaturated fatty adds in the brain and retina are arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. Docosahexaenoic add is essential for the normal function of rhodopsin, for the developing brain during intrauterine life and for the early development of the nervous system. An abundance of evidence suggests that increased intake of fish or long-chain ω-3 fatty adds have potentially beneficial effects on reducing the risk of heart disease but also have antiinflammatory and hypolipidemic propeties. The hypolipidemic effect of ω-3 fatty acids could be used in type 2 diabetes patients, but these findings are still under investigation. The best dietary sources of ω-3 fatty acids are soya and flexseed (a-linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic adds). In Yugoslavia per capita consumption of fish is 52 g per week, significantly less than recommended two fish meals per week. In whole day meals forpre-school and school children in whole-day facilities in Belgrade the content of ω-3 fatty acids was 220-230 mg in comparison to recommended 1-1.2 g per day., Masne kiseline ω-3 i ω-6 serija u organizmu su prekurzori biološki aktivnih susptancija poznatih pod imenom eikozanoidi. Eikozanoidi su snažni medijatori mnogih biohemijskih procesa i imaju važnu ulogu u koordinisanju fizioloških interakcija među ćelijama, ali se međusobno eikozanoidi nastali iz masnih kiselina ω-3 i ω-6 serija razlikuju po intenzitetu, a ponekad i tipu efekata. Eikozanoidi nastali iz masnih kiselina ω-3 serije imaju blaže i po organizam povoljnije delovanje. EMK su u organizmu takođe deo strukturnih lipida, prvenstveno fosfolipida ćelijskih i supćelijskih membrana, gde utiču svojim fizičkim karakteristikama na osobine fluidnosti i propustljivosti membrana. Lipidi retine i centralnog nervnog sistema sisara od svih masnih kiselina sadrže najviše arahidonsku i dokozaheksaensku kiselinu. Dokozaheksaenska kiselina je važna ne samo za funkcionisanje i održavanje nervog sistema, već je potencijalno presudna iza prenatalni razvoj mozga. Danas postoji mnogo dokaza koji potrvđuju da povećan unos ω-3 masnih kiselina može da utiče na smanjenje rizika od srčanih oboljenja i vaskularnih poremećaja, ali i na ublažavanje simptoma i poboljšanje kliničke slike nekih autoimunih iinflamatomih poremećaja. Još se proučavaju efekti ω-3 masnih kiselina na smanjenje nivoa triglicerida kod pacijenata sa insulin-nezavisnim dijabetom. Masne kiseline ω-3 serije su posebno rasprostranjene u soji, lanenom semenu i lipidima riba sevemih mora. Eikozapentaenska i dokozaheksaenska kiselina se skoro isključivo nalaze u lipidima riba, mada se danas na tržištu mogu naći i brojni suplementi na bazi ribljeg ulja. U ishrani jugoslovenske populacije riba je zastupljena u prošeku sa 52 g nedeljno, što je prilično ispod preporučene vrednosti. U celodnevnim obrocima namenjenim deci predškoslog i školskog uzrasta u Beogradu ω-3 masne kiseline su bile zastupljene sa svega 220 do 230 mg dnevno (preporuka za taj uzrast iznosi 1 do 1.2 g).

Beyond meeting nutritional needs, diet may modulate numerous body functions and have significant role in decreasing the risk of some diseases. Functional foods (or Foods foe Special Dietary Use or Foods for Specified Health Use) are foods that are satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects in a way which is relevant to either the state of well-being and health or the reduction of the risk of a disease. A functional component in such a food can be micro- or macronutrient non-essential nutrient, and even a substance of no nutritive value (microorganisms, phytochemicals)., Funkcionalna hrana ne predstavlja samo novu seriju prehrambenih proizvoda ili novi trend u prehrambenoj industriji već je to koncept koji obuhvata marketing proizvoda, uspostavljanje novih veza između ishrane i zdravlja mogućnost korišćenja hrane u prevenciji bolesti i smanjenju rizika od pojave pojedinih oboljenja, pa čak i u terapiji nekih bolesti. Funkcionalnom se smatra namirnica ukoliko sadrži sastojke koji povoljno deluju na ciljne funkcije organizma i to izvan okvira uobičajenih nutritivnih efekata ili namirnica iz koje je uklonjen neki potencijalno štetni sastojak.

In last 15 years concepts in nutrition have been moved from survival, and satisfaction of essential caloric and nutritive needs to the use of foods in order to improve the state of well-being and to reduce the risk of certain diseases, even to nutritional therapy of some diseases. Functional foods because of their specific and changed nutritional composition in comparison to the similar classic food items, have beneficial effects on health status and are most often targeted in improving the gastrointestinal functions and activity of antioxidant systems, as well as in decreasing risk factors involved in ethiology of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Such effects of functional foods are often due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Rigorous scientific investigation has to confirm the positive physiologic effects of such compounds on human health. This new area of food science presents challenge to the scientists, food legislation, pharmaceutical and food industry, and consumers., U poslednjih petnaest godina koncept ishrane je usmeren na korišćenje hrane u funkciji poboljšanja opšteg zdravstvenog stanja, kao i smanjenje rizika od razvoja pojedinih bolesti, pa i tečenje tih bolesti. Funkcionalne namirnice usled svog specifičnog i izmenjenog sastava u odnosu na klasične namirnice iste vrste, pozitivno utiču na zdravlje ljudi i najčešće se koriste u očuvanju optimalnih gastrointestinalnih funkcija, podizanju nivoa aktivnosti antioksidativne odbrane organizma, smanjenju faktora rizika uključenih u etiologiju kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i kancera. Navedene efekte funkcionalne namirnice često pokazuju usled prisustva jedne ili više bioaktivnih komponenata u svom sastavu, za koje je naučnim istraživanjima utvrđeno da, u količinama u kojima su prisutne u namirnici, povoljno utiču na pojedine fiziološke ili biohemijske procese u organizmu. Ova nova oblast u nauci o hrani i ishrani predstavlja izazov za naučnu javnost, zakonodavnu praksu, prehrambenu i farmaceutsku industriju.

Recent reports suggest that the metabolic activity of the enteric microbiota may influence the fatty acid composition of the host tissue. There are many studies dealing with the influence of lactobacilli on various pathological conditions, and some of the effects are strain-specific. This study was designed to test the effects of a particular Lactobacillus strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 on fatty acid composition of the liver and the brain of C57BL/6 mice in the absence of an underlying pathological condition. Female mice were supplemented with live L. rhamnosus LA68 bacteria for the duration of 1 month. Serum biochemistry was analyzed and liver and brain fatty acid composition was assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Significant changes in liver and brain fatty acid composition were detected. In the liver tissue we detected an increase in palmitoleic acid (p = 0.038), while in the brain compartment we found an increase in palmitic (p = 0.042), stearic (p = 0.017), arachidonic acid (p = 0.009) and docosahexaenoic acid (p = 0.004) for control versus experimental group. These results show discrete changes caused by LA68 strain consumption. Even short duration of administration of LA68 influences the fatty acid composition of the host which adds to the existing knowledge about Lactobacillus host interaction, and adds to the growing knowledge of metabolic intervention possibilities.

Different kinds of chocolates produced in Serbia were analyzed regarding total polyphenol, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content using spectrophotometric methods. Flavan-3ols and methylxanthines in all samples were determined with RP-HPLC. DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and ORAC assays were applied for measuring antioxidant capacity. The average of all four antioxidant tests for each cocoa product was used for calculating antioxidant potency composite index (ACI). Obtained results for all four assays have shown that antioxidant capacity of analyzed chocolate/cocoa extracts followed cocoa, polyphenol, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents. Although the addition of raspberries to dark chocolates had no significant influence on their total polyphenol, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents, statistical analysis showed that there was significant increase in the antioxidant capacity of dark chocolates with raspberry compared to plain dark chocolates (p = 0.007). Overall range for theobromine content varied from 5.5 to 22.3 mg/g depending on the product type, while the content of caffeine was 13-30 times lower in all analyzed cocoa products. In addition, correlation between antioxidant potency composite index and declared percentage of cocoa was high (R-2 = 0.798,p lt 0.05) and indicated that declared cocoa content was a reliable indication for antioxidant capacity of chocolates produced in Serbia.

Fruits and vegetables are known as good sources of numerous bioactive compounds among which polyphenols and dietary fibre are considered essential because of their protective health effects. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality of selected plant foods of Serbia regarding the amount of total phenols, fibres and ratio of certain fractions of fibre. Fifteen samples of plant foods (green leafy vegetables, fruits and nuts) were evaluated for their total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total, soluble and insoluble fibre and fractions of fibre: beta-glucans, arabinoxylan, cellulose and resistant starch. Generally, nuts were the richest sources of fibre and total phenols. However, when serving size was taken into consideration, it appeared that raspberry and blackberry were the richest in total, soluble fibre and cellulose. Furthermore, almonds and hazelnuts were particularly rich in insoluble fibre, while walnuts had the highest polyphenol content. The analyzed plant foods were poor sources of arabinoxylan and beta-glucan. Data on the presence of resistant starch in cashew nut was the first confirmation that resistant starch could be found in significant amount in some nuts. The results give rare insight into the quality of selected plant foods regarding dietary fibre and polyphenols from the nutritive point of view.

Introduction. Disintegration of the solid dosage form of dietary supplements and folic acid dissolution rate are of particular importance for its bioavailability. However, current legislation in the Republic of Serbia does not set criteria for the pharmaceutical technical quality of dietary supplements. The United States Pharmacopoeia, on the other hand, gives testing standards for disintegration, dissolution and weight variation of dietary supplements. Aim. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare pharmaceutical technical quality of solid dosage forms of dietary supplements marketed in Serbia, with regard to the United States Pharmacopoeia standards for dietary supplements and European Pharmacopoeia standards for solid dosage forms of pharmaceutical preparations. Methods. Seven monocomponent folic acid dietary supplements commercially available in Serbia, from which three uncoated tablets, three coated tablets and one hard capsules, were subjected, depending on the dosage form, to the weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration and dissolution testing. Conclusion. The obtained results have shown that six out of seven investigated products complies with United States Pharmacopoeia standards for pharmaceutical technical quality of dietary supplements, while only one (hard capsules) failed to meet the requirements for disintegration., Uvod. Za biološku raspoloživost folne kiseline iz čvrstih doziranih oblika dijetetskih suplemenata, od posebnog značaja su raspadljivost i brzina rastvaranja folne kiseline. Međutim, trenutni zakonski propisi u Republici Srbiji, kao i u drugim evropskim zemljama, ne postavljaju zahteve za farmaceutsko-tehnološki kvalitet dijetetskih suplemenata, za razliku od Američke farmakopeje koja navodi zahteve za farmaceutsko-tehnološki kvalitet dijetetskih suplemenata u pogledu raspadljivosti, brzine rastvaranja i variranja mase. Cilj. Cilj rada je bio da se ispitaju i uporede parametri od značaja za farmaceutsko-tehnološki kvalitet čvrstih doziranih oblika monokomponentnih dijetetskih suplemenata folne kiseline, na tržištu Republike Srbije, u odnosu na propise Američke farmakopeje za dijetetske suplemente i Evropske farmakopeje za čvrste dozirane oblike farmaceutskih proizvoda. Metod rada. Sedam monokomponentnih dijetetskih suplemenata folne kiseline dostupnih na tržištu Republike Srbije, od čega jedan u obliku tvrdih kapsula, tri u obliku neobloženih i tri u formi obloženih tableta, podvrgnuto je, zavisno od vrste doziranog oblika aktivnog sastojka odgovarajućeg suplementa, ispitivanju variranja mase, frijabilnosti, čvrstoće, raspadljivosti i brzine rastvaranja folne kiseline. Zaključak. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da od ukupno sedam ispitivanih monokomponentnih dijetetskih suplemenata folne kiseline, šest u potpunosti ispunjava zahteve Američke farmakopeje za farmaceutsko-tehnološki kvalitet dijetetskih suplemenata, a samo jedan ispitivani preparat (tvrde kapsule) nije odgovarao zahtevima i to samo u pogledu raspadljivosti.

In the period January 2014 to March 2015, phosphorous levels were measured in 701 samples of different types of cooked sausages from the Serbian market. The highest level of phosphorus (9.52 g/kg, expressed as P2O5) was found in fine comminuted sausage, and the lowest (0.94 g/kg) in meat pate. The most common (33.38%) range of phosphorous levels was 4.01-5.00 g/kg P2O5. National Regulation allows total phosphorus content (as P2O5) up to 8.00 g/kg. Only three sausages (0.43%) did not meet this requirement, but the rest of the analyzed sausages (99.57%) were safe for consumption, with respect to content of phosphorus.

Background: This study investigated the effects of a nutritionally relevant intake of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids derived from oily fish or a fish oil supplement on selected cardiovascular risk factors in average middle-aged individuals. Methods: Thirty-three participants were randomized to receive salmon (oily fish) providing 274 mg EPA + 671 mg DHA/day or a commercial fish oil supplement providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA/day in a cross-over trial over an 8-week period separated by a 6-month washout period. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention and lipids, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were determined. Results: Plasma levels of EPA, DHA and total n-3 fatty acids significantly increased after both interventions. A decreasing trend in triglycerides was more pronounced with salmon than with the fish oil supplement, but the changes noticed were not significant. Although there were no relevant changes in inflammatory marker concentrations at the end of both interventions, significant negative correlations were noticed between total plasma n-3 fatty acids and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule and C-reactive protein throughout the whole intervention period (p lt 0.05). Among the oxidative stress parameters, intervention with salmon showed a prooxidative effect through a superoxide anion increase (p = 0.025). A relevant positive correlation was also found between its concentration and total plasma n-3 fatty acids (p lt 0.05). Other oxidative stress markers were not significantly influenced by the dietary interventions applied. Conclusions: Following two sets of recommendations for n-3 fatty acids intake aimed at the general public had only a moderate effect on the selected cardiovascular risk factors in average healthy middle-aged subjects over a short-term period.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Selenium (Se) deficiency on the porcine liver oxidative stability and to investigate Se content and oxidative status in porcine liver after dietary supplementation with vitamin E (vit E), sodium selenite, and selenized yeast. Experimental animals were fed a basal corn meal, low in Se and vit E, for a 4-week depletion period before being given the experimental diets containing different levels of Se and/or vit E for 5 months. Dietary treatments were the basal diet with no additions (control); the basal diet supplemented with 25 mg of vit E/kg of feed (group I); basal diet + 0.3 mg selenite-Se/kg (group II); basal diet + 0.3 mg selenized yeast-Se/kg (group III); basal diet + 0.1 mg selenite-Se + 10 mg vit E/kg (group IV); and basal diet + 0.3 mg selenite- Se + 25 mg vit E/kg (group V). The Se content in pig liver samples was 33 to 192% lower in the control group than in all the other groups. Dietary Se from selenized yeast had a more pronounced effect on Se level than dietary sodium selenite. The highest Se content was found in liver samples from the Se + vit E supplemented group (group V). All the dietary supplementation schemes significantly improved the oxidative status of porcine liver compared with the control group samples. The best results were obtained by simultaneous dietary supplementation with Se + vit E (groups IV and V) > group III> group II > group I.

The effects of dietary sodium-selenite and Vitamin E on the oxidative stability and fatty acid composition of lard have been investigated. Lard samples were subjected to the accelerated storage at 60 degrees C in classic oven test. The level of lipid peroxidation was analyzed by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide production, as well as the decrease in a polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. The fatty acid composition of lard was not influenced by dietary factors and prolonged heating. Supplementing the diets with tocopherol-acetate (30 mg kg(-1) of feed) significantly increased the oxidative stability of lards during heating and the protective effect of vitamin E was comparable with that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Dietary selenium (0.3 mg kg(-1) of feed as sodium-selenite) was not effective as an antioxidant in lards. The combination of dietary vitamin E and sodium-selenite showed significant protective effect against peroxidation in lards in comparison to the control group, deficient both in vitamin E and selenium, but this combination was significantly less effective than dietary vitamin E alone.

Za n-3 polinezasićene masne kiseline (PMK) postoji veliki broj prikupljenih podataka da deluju u okviru svojih fizioloških uloga preko više različitih mehanizama povoljno na različite faktore rizika za razvoj kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB). U brojnim studijama unos dugolančanih n-3 PMK pokazao je povoljne efekte na modulaciju ćelijske fluidnosti, funkciju membranskih proteina, aktivaciju transkriptornih faktora, profil lipida seruma, markere inflamacije kao i na vaskularnu reaktivnost i funkciju trombocita. Uloga dugolančanih n-3 PMK, pre svega eikozapentaenske (EPA) i dokozaheksaenske (DHA), smatra se veoma značajnom u održavanju homeostaze brojnih fizioloških procesa, tako da je pre deset godina uveden u praksu novi biomarker rizika od KVB "omega-3 indeks", koji se zasniva upravo na zasićenosti organizma ovim masnim kiselinama. Ciljevi ove studije bili su procena sastava masnih kiselina i sadržaja n-3 masnih kiselina dugog lanca u uobičajenim dijetarnim izvorima ovih masnih kiselina; ispitivanje efekata n-3 masnih kiselina dugog lanca iz dva odabrana dijetarna izvora (losos i riblje ulje standardizovanog sastava u kapsulama) u količinama koje odgovaraju važećim dijetarnim preporukama na faktore rizika za razvoj KVB kod ispitanika srednjih godina oba pola sa umerenom dislipidemijom (sastav masnih kiselina u lipidima eritrocita, trombocita i plazme, ispitivanje profila lipida plazme, ispitivanje parametara oksidativnog stresa i ispitivanje parametara sistemske inflamacije). Dijetarna intervencija je dizajnirana kao randomizovana, ukrštena studija. Ispitanici su po slučajnom izboru podeljeni u dve grupe koje su konzumirale dimljeni losos dva puta nedeljno (274 mg EPA + 671 mg DHA/dan) ili komercijalni suplement ribljeg ulja 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA/dan) tokom 8 nedelja. Nakon perioda od 6 meseci ispitanicima su zamenjene intervencije. Analizom različitih vrsta rečne i morske ribe kao najznačajnijih izvora n-3 PMK utvrđeno je da rečne ribe imaju relativno nizak sadrža, It is widely accepted that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long chain (LC) eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), posses several physiological roles in human organism that can explain their positive impact on cardiovascular events. In numerous human studies dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFAs has shown modulating effects on membrane fluidity, membrane protein function, transcription factor activation, lipid mediator synthesis, and inflammatory markers as well as on vascular reactivity and platelet function. Through these modulating functions LC n-3 PUFAs exert beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Because of EPA and DHA importance in maintaining the homeostasis of numerous physiological processes, so-called "omega-3 index" was proposed as a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease ten years ago. The aim of this study was to compare the main dietary sources of n-3 PUFA, such as marine or freshwater fish and fish oil dietary supplements regarding their fatty acid profile; further to investigate the relationship between recommended intake of n-3 fatty acids from oily fish or fish oil supplements and selected cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged subjects with moderate dyslipidemia (including plasma, erythrocyte and platelets fatty acid profile, blood lipid parameters, circulating inflammatory markers and oxidative stress parameters). Participants were randomised to receive salmon (oily fish) providing 274 mg EPA + 671 mg DHA/day or commercial fish oil supplement providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA/day in cross-over trial over 8 weeks period separated by the 6 months washout period. The analysis of different species of freshwater and marine fish as a major sources of n-3 PUFA showed that freshwater fish had relatively low content of lipids compared to the marine species. The highest content of n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA was found in marine species, sardine, mackerel and salmon. A common ratio of EPA

Pravilan način ishrane je važan preduslov za zdrav i kvalitetan način života. U promociji zdravog i kvalitetnog načina ishrane u današnje vreme dijetna vlakna zauzimaju značajno mesto. Obzirom da vlakna predstavljaju veliki broj jedinjenja različitih molekulskih masa, fizičkih osobina i fizioloških efekata, u literaturi se koristi više klasifikacija. Na osnovu vrste monosaharidnih jedinica koje ulaze u sastav polimera i načina vezivanja, dijetna vlakna se mogu podeliti na različite frakcije. Te frakcije su: rezistentan skrob, beta-glukan, arabinoksilan, celuloza, fruktan. Osim što se razlikuju po hemijskoj strukturi, različite frakcije imaju i različite fiziološke efekte, što je povrđeno u brojnim istraživanjima. Podaci govore da osobe sa visokim unosom vlakana (>25 g/dnevno) mogu da smanje progresiju predijabetesa u dijabetes. Unosom hrane bogate rezistentnim skrobom, jedne od frakcija vlakana, povećava se period sitosti i smanjuje postprandijalna glikemija. Količina od 15-30 g dnevno rezistentnog skroba datog kao dodatak uz redovnu ishranu povećava insulinsku senzitivnost. Na osnovu do sada proučenih efekata vlakana postavljeni su ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije: (I) da se odredi sadržaj ukupnih dijetnih vlakana, kao i frakcija dijetnih vlakana rezistentnog skroba, arabinoksilana, celuloze, fruktana i beta-glukana u uobičajenim izvorima u voću i povrću, u komercijalnim hlebovima, u pahuljicama od žitarica, kao i u termički obrađenim namirnicama kao što su žita i leguminoze; (II) da se procene efekti i razlike u delovanju ukupnih dijetnih vlakana i ukupnih dijetnih vlakana sa definisanom količinom rezistentnog skroba, iz različitih dijetarnih izvora na glikemiju, insulinemiju, i lipemiju kod gojaznih pacijenata sa poremećenom glikoregulacijom. Dobijeni rezultati o količini ukupnih dijetnih vlakana i rezistentnog skroba u namirnicama našeg podneblja korišćeni su pri izboru dijetarnih izvora koji su preporučeni ispitanicima koji su učestvovali u dijetarnoj interven, Proper dieting is inevitable part of healthy way of life. Dietary fibres are one of the nutrients that are highly positioned in promotion of healthy nutrition. Since dietary fibres consist of numerous compounds with different molecular mass, physical properties and physiological effects, in literature it is common to find them classified by more than one criterion. Thus, based on the type of the monosaccharide unit and linkage in particular polymer, dietary fibres are divided into the fractions: resistant starch, betaglucan, arabinoxylan, cellulose and fructan. Besides differing in chemical structure, dietary fibre fractions are also specific in terms of physiological action in the body, which has been largely proven in multitude of scientific investigations. Literature data indicate that subjects with high dietary fibre intake (>25 g/daily) are capable of slowing down a progression of prediabetic condition into diabetes. Eating foods that are rich in resistant starch can help in achieving prolonged period of satiety, thus decreasing a postprandial glycemia. Furthermore, the improvement of the insulin sensitivity was achieved with 15-30 g of resistant starch taken daily in the form of dietary supplement. Mentioned above are the premises taken into account when setting the goals of the actual PhD thesis: A) to determine both the content of total fibre and its fractions (resistant starch, arabinoxylan, cellulose, fructan and beta-glucan) in foods known to be their common sources, such as: fruits and vegetables, industrial bakery, grain flakes and products from heat processed grains and legumes; B) to estimate the effectiveness of increased intake of total dietary fibre versus total fibre with predefined amount of resistant starch derived from various food sources on glycemia, insulinemia and lipemia in obese patients with impaired glucoregulation. Obtained results regarding total dietary fibre and resistant starch content in common foods were used in forming precise d

Fermentisani mlečni proizvodi predstavljaju veoma raznovrsnu grupu proizvoda. Zbog dobrih senzornih osobina, lake svarljivosti i odgovarajućih dijetetskih svojstava, proizvodnja i potrošnja ove grupe proizvoda je poslednjih godina u velikom porastu. Takođe, zbog veće nutritivne vrednosti i terapeutskih svojstava potrošnja kozijeg mleka i proizvoda od kozijeg mleka u poslednjim godinama raste. Međutim, specifičan proteinski sastav i puferni kapacitet kozijeg mleka utiču na produženo vreme fermentacije i lošiju strukturu čvrstog jogurta. Kako bi se dobio čvrsti jogurt od kozijeg mleka zadovoljavajućih reoloških karakteristika, neophodno je povećati sadržaj suve materije bez masti što se najčešće postiže dodatkom obranog mleka u prahu, koncentrata proteina surutke, koncentrata proteina mleka, različitih stabilizatora i upotrebom starter kultura koje proizvode egzopolisaharide. Ultrazvuk je jedna od novih metoda koja se može koristiti u različitim procesima u industriji mleka. Ultrazvuk visoke snage se primenjuje kao pomoć kod membranskih procesa, za uništavanje mikroorganizama, homogenizaciju mleka, poboljšavanje teksture mlečnih proizvoda, poboljšavanje funkcionalnih i tehnoloških karakteristika proteina itd. Program istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije bio je usmeren na ispitivanje primene koncentrata proteina surutke (KPS) i izolata proteina mleka (IPM), kao i ultrazvučnog tretmana snage 200 W i 400 W na karakteristike čvrstog jogurta od kozijeg mleka..., Fermented dairy products are a very diverse group of products. Due to good sensory properties, digestibility and appropriate dietary properties, production and consumption of these products in recent years have been increasing. Also, due to the higher nutritional value and therapeutic properties the consumption of goat milk and goat milk products in recent years to grow. However, the specific protein composition and buffering capacity of goat milk are the main reason for prolonged fermentation and weak structure of yogurt. In order to obtain yogurt from goat milk that has satisfactory rheological characteristics, it is necessary to increase solids non-fat content, which is usually achieved by the addition of skim milk powder, whey protein concentrates, milk protein concentrates, various stabilizers and use of starter cultures that produce exopolysaccharides. Ultrasound is one of the new methods which can be used in various processes in the dairy industry. High-power ultrasound is used as an aid in membrane processes, for the destruction of microorganisms, homogenization of milk, and also to improve the texture of dairy products, functional and technological properties of the proteins, etc. Research program in the scope of this dissertation was focused on investigating the possibility of application of whey protein concentrates (WPC) and milk protein isolates (MPI) and ultrasonic treatment with power output of 200 W and 400 W on the characteristics of yogurt made from goat milk. Combining different content of WPC/MPI and ultrasonic treatment 15 variants of milk were obtained in order to produce set type yogurt...

Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs through initial steatosis and subsequent oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of -lipoic acid (LA) on methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (n=21) were divided into three groups (n=7 per group): (1) control fed with standard chow, (2) MCD2 groupfed with MCD diet for 2 weeks, and (3) MCD2+LA group2 weeks on MCD receiving LA i.p. 100mg/kg/day. After the treatment, liver samples were taken for pathohistology, oxidative stress parameters, antioxidative enzymes, and liver free fatty acid (FFA) composition. Mild microvesicular hepatic steatosis was found in MCD2 group, while it was reduced to single fat droplets evident in MCD2+LA group. Lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress were increased by MCD diet, while LA administration induced a decrease in liver malondialdehyde and nitrates+nitrites level. Similary, LA improved liver antioxidative capacity by increasing total superoxide dismutase (tSOD), manganese SOD (MnSOD), and copper/zinc-SOD (Cu/ZnSOD) activity as well as glutathione (GSH) content. Liver FFA profile has shown a significant decrease in saturated acids, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while LA treatment increased their proportions. It can be concluded that LA ameliorates lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress in MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis through an increase in SOD activity and GSH level. In addition, LA increases the proportion of palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and DHA in the fatty liver. An increase in DHA may be a potential mechanism of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of LA in MCD diet-induced NAFLD.

Several dietary recommendations have been made for marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUPA) intake; however, the effectiveness of these fatty acids has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether public-aimed dietary recommendations for long-chain n-3 PUPA from oily fish or fish oil supplements are efficient in optimizing their status in red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets of healthy middle-aged subjects with low customary fish consumption. In a randomized, cross-over trial conducted over an 8-week period and separated by a 6-month washout period, 33 participants received an oily fish (salmon), providing 274 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 671 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day, or a commercial fish oil supplement, providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA per day. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention period, and RBCs and platelets were used for analysis of fatty acids. After 8 weeks, there were significant increases in EPA and DHA content in RBCs and platelets with both salmon and fish oil capsules. The increase in EPA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with capsules, whereas the increase in DHA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with salmon. In spite of the quantitative and qualitative differences between n-3 fatty acid profiles in salmon and the fish oil supplement, the overall incorporation of these fatty acids into RBCs and platelets did not differ in our short-term study (P>.05). The sum of EPA + DHA significantly increased in both compartments following dietary recommendations for oily fish and fish oil supplements intake in middle-aged healthy subjects with low baseline long-chain n-3 PUPA status, although targeted values with optimal cardioprotective effect of more than 8% were not achieved.

Background and Aims. Methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet duration necessary for development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the dynamic of lipid profile and fatty acids are not completely established. The study examined dynamics and association between liver free fatty acids (FFA), serum lipid profile and liver morphological changes on MCD diet-induced NAFLD in mice. Methods. Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 28) were divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): control: fed with standard chow, MCD diet-fed groups: 2, 4 or 6 weeks. After treatment, liver and blood samples were taken for histopathology, serum lipid profile, and liver FFA composition. Results. Hepatic FFA profile showed a decrease in saturated acids, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid, whereas proportions of docosapentaenoic, oleic and linoleic acid were increased. Total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides progressively decreased, whereas LDL level progressively increased. Focal fatty change in the liver appeared after 2 weeks, whereas diffuse fatty change with severe inflammation and ballooned hepatocytes were evident after 6 weeks. Conclusions. Six-week diet model may be appropriate for investigation of the role of lipotoxicity in the progression of NAFLD. Therefore, supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated acid like DHA, rather than DPA, especially in the initial stage of fatty liver disease, may potentially have preventive effects and alleviate development of NAFLD/NASH and may also potentially reduce cardiovascular risk by moderating dyslipidemia.