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Proboscidopirates ericguilberti sp. nov. Baňař & Štys (Figs. 1–8) Material examined. All macropterous females. Holotype, female: ASB/ Nov 2011 MADAGASCAR / border of ANDASIBE N.P.; 27.xi. - / 3.xii.; FEON’NY ALA hotel surr. / sifting leaf litter, Winkler app. / extr.; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. // HOLOTYPE / Proboscidopirates / ericguilberti sp. nov. / P. Baňař & P. Štys det. 2014 [printed red label] (MMBC); paratypes: 6 ♀, same data as holotype (2 ♀ MMBC; 2 ♀ PSPC; 1 ♀ HNHM; 1 ♀ NMPC); 6 ♀, MADAGASCAR —CE / ANDASIBE N.P.; 26.xi. 2010 / „Circuit Indri 2 “; sifting; / L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (1 ♀ AMNH; 3 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ PSPC; 1 ♀ USNM) [two paratypes from MMBC gold-coated for SEM study]; 1 ♀, ASB/02/ 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 9.iv. 2011 / forest edge near road to / Andasibe vill.; sifting rott. wood / Winkler app. extr.; P.Baňař lgt. (MMBC); 1 ♀, ASB/04/ 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 9.iv. 2011; edge / ‚Parc d’Orchidées‘; sifting forest / litter, Winkler app. extr.; P. Baňař / & L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (MMBC); 1 ♀, ASB/06/ 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 11.iv. 2011 / S 18 ° 56 ′ 505 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 226 ′′; 948m / sifting litter in stream ravine / without water; Winkler app. extr. / P.Baňař lgt. (PSPC); 6 ♀, ASB/07/ 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 11.iv. 2011 / S 18 ° 56 ′ 505 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 224 ′′; 947m / sifting in shallow ravine, Winkler / app. ext. L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (2 ♀ MMBC; 2 ♀ PSPC; 1 ♀ BMNH; 1 ♀ MHNG); 1 ♀, ASB/ 11 / 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 12.iv. 2011 / S 18 ° 56 ′ 31.1 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 10.4 ′′; 961m / sifting forest litter, Winkler app. / extr.; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (PSPC); 1 ♀, ASB/ 12 / 2011 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 12.iv. 2011; 951m / S 18 ° 56 ′ 20.5 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 12.2 ′′; sifting / plant residues under Pandanus / Winkler app. extr.; P. Baňař & / L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (MMBC); 1 ♀, MADAGASCAR 2011 / ANDASIBE N.P.; 2.- 5.v. 2011 / sifting leaf litter, Winkler / apparatus extraction / L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (PSPC); 1 ♀,ASB/ May 2011 / 0 1 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.;´ Belle vue ´; 2.v. / 2011; S 18 ° 56 ′ 51.5 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 31.8 ′′ / 1029m; sifting forest litter; Winkler / app. extr.; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (MMBC); 4 ♀, ASB/ May 2011 /09 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.;´ Anivokely ´; 3.v. / 2011; S 18 ° 56 ′ 19.4 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 22.5 ′′ / 946m; sifting forest litter; Winkler / app. extr.; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (1 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ PSPC; 1 ♀ MNHN; 1 ♀ NKUM); 1 ♀, ASB/ May 2011 / 14 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.;´ Bas fond ´; 3.v. / 2011; S 18 ° 56 ′23.0′′ E 48 ° 25 ′01.7′′ / 945m; sifting forest litter; Winkler / app. extr.; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (MMBC); 4 ♀, ASB/ May 2011 / 17 MADAGASCAR / ANDASIBE N.P.; 4.v.2011, 1027m / ´ Ambatomandondona ´; sifting / forest litter; Winkler app. extraction / S 18 ° 55 ′ 52.9 ′′ E 48 ° 25 ′ 40.2 ′′ / L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (1 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ NMPC; 2 ♀ PSPC); 8 ♀, ASB/ Nov. 2011 / 0 1 MADAGASCAR / border of ANDASIBE N.P.; 29.xi. / 2011; sifting leaf litter, Winkler app. / extraction; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (3 ♀ MMBC; 3 ♀ PSPC; 2 ♀ ZJPC); 1 ♀ Mad- 89 / 2: Madagascar (Prov. / Toamasina [Tamatave], Sous-préf. / Moramanga): Réserve / Analamazoatra (Perinet) près / d’Andasibe, forêt primaire, / prélèvement de sol au pied de / Oetece sp. (Lauraceae), 960m; / 21.XI. 1989; leg. B.Hauser (Berlese à / Antananarivo) (MHNG); 2 ♀, ABT/07/ 2011 MADAGASCAR 2011 / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 19.iv. / S 18 ° 11 ′11.0′′ E 47 ° 17 ′08.5′′; 1624m / sifting plant residues under / Pandanus; Winkler apparatus / extraction; L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (1 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ PSPC); 1 ♀, ABT/ 10 / 2011 MADAGASCAR 2011 / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 19.iv. / S 18 ° 11 ′ 39.2 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′ 12.6 ′′; 1674m / sifting of plant residues under / Pandanus; Winkler app. extr.; L.S. / Rahanitriniaina & R. Raveloson lgt. (MMBC); 1 ♀, ABT/ 11 / 2011 MADAGASCAR 2011 / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 19.iv. / S 18 ° 11 ′ 44.6 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′ 13.3 ′′; 1609m / sifting of plant residues under / Pandanus; Winkler app. extr.; L.S. / Rahanitriniaina & R. Raveloson lgt. (PSPC); 1 ♀, ABT/ 15 / 2011 MADAGASCAR 2011 / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 20.iv. / S 18 ° 11 ′31.0′′ E 47 ° 17 ′ 33.3 ′′; 1630m / sifting forest litter; Winkler app.extr. / L.S.Rahanitriniaina & R.Raveloson lgt. (MMBC); 3 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 /01 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 16.xi. / 2011; S 18 ° 11 ′ 52.7 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′ 0.4 ′′ / 1603m; sifting forest litter under big / Pandanus, Winkler app. extraction / L.S. Rahanitriniaina & P. Baňař lgt. (2 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ PSPC); 3 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 /02 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; / S 18 ° 11 ′ 49.1 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′05.6′′; 1547m / 16-17.xi. 2011; sifting forest litter / Winkler app. extraction / L.S. Rahanitriniaina & P. Baňař lgt. (1 ♀ MMBC; 2 ♀ PSPC); 1 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 /07 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 17.xi. / 2011; S 18 ° 11 ′ 48.5 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′09.3′′ / sifting forest litter under Pandanus / Winkler app. extraction; very dry / material; 1595m; P. Baňař lgt. (MMBC); 1 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 /08 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 18.xi. / 2011; S 18 ° 11 ′ 48.5 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′09.3′′ / sifting forest litter; Winkler app. / extraction; 1595m; P. Baňař lgt. (MMBC); 4 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 / 10 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 18.xi. / 2011; sifting forest litter under palm / tree; Winkler app. extraction; / ~ 1600m; P. Baňař lgt. (2 ♀ MMBC; 2 ♀ PSPC); 2 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 / 18 MADAGASCAR / AMBOHITANTELY Spec. Res.; 1614m / S 18 ° 11 ′ 48.7 ′′ E 47 ° 17 ′ 11.3 ′′; 22.xi. / 2011; sifting litter under group of / palm trees; Winkler app. extraction / L.S. Rahanitriniaina lgt. (1 ♀ MMBC; 1 ♀ PSPC); 9 ♀, ABT/ Nov. 2011 / 20 MADAGASCAR / 300m N of MANANKAZO vill.; 1491m / S 18 °09′ 15.1 ′′ E 47 ° 12 ′ 39.6 ′′; 25.xi. / 2011; sifting forest litter; Winkler app. / extraction; P. Baňař lgt. (5 ♀ MMBC; 4 ♀ PSPC). Each paratype bears red printed label: PARATYPE / Proboscidopirates / ericguilberti sp. nov. / P. Baňař & P. Štys det. 2014. The alcohol preserved specimens in vials are labelled collectively. Altogether, 71 female paratypes are included in the type series. The approximately 120 female nymphs (all preserved in alcohol) are excluded from the type series. Description. Measurements (in mm); holotype first; (paratypes in parentheses); L = length; W = width. Total body L — 4.9 (4.8–5.3). Head (without neck). Total L— 1.11 (1.04–1.15); posterior lobe, L— 0.33 (0.31–0.34), posterior lobe, W— 0.39 (0.38–0.40); distance eye-apex of antennifer— 0.39 (0.39–0.40); diatone (maximum width across eyes)— 0.37 (0.36–0.38); dorsal synthlipsis (minimum interocular distance)— 0.22 (0.20–0.23); eye, L— 0.19 (0.17–0.20); gena, L— 0.22 (0.22–0.24); gena, minimum W— 0.22 (0.21–0.23). Labium total L— 1.11 (1.08–1.12). Antenna. Segment I, L— 0.24 (0.24–0.27); segment II, L— 0.55 (0.53–0.57), segment III, L— 0.47 (0.44–0.47), segment IV, L— 0.38 (0.37–0.41), segment II, basal W— 0.04 (0.04), segment II, distal W— 0.05 (0.05). Pronotum. Total L (median)— 0.91 (0.89–0.94); collum, L (median)— 0.19 (0.19–0.22), maximum W— 0.49 (0.46–0.51); midlobe, L (median)— 0.50 (0.48–0.51), midlobe, W (maximum)— 0.87 (0.83–0.89); hindlobe, L (maximum)— 0.36 (0.34–0.39), hindlobe, L (median)— 0.29 (0.25–0.29); hindlobe, W (maximum)— 0.99 (0.93–1.06). Foreleg. Femur, L—1.00 (0.96–1.10), femur, maximum W— 0.37 (0.34–0.37); tibia, L— 0.93 (0.85 –1.00), tibia, maximum W— 0.33 (0.30–0.34). Colouration. Strikingly variable, from uniformly yellowish-brown to dark brown, pronotum in some specimens very dark brown; antennae and legs always paler than rest of the body. Texture. Abdomen matt, rest of body semi-lustrous, all body parts finely rugulose. Vestiture. All body surfaces, including fore-wing veins densely covered with whitish semi-erect to erect setae. Vestiture on dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and on ventral surface of posterior lobe of head directed anterad, setae on ventral surface of anterior lobe of head outstanding, and diversely directed. Postero-ventral surfaces of forecoxae and foretrochanters each with a group of numerous distinct setae. Occurence of tr-setae (not studied in detail): dorsum and venter of head, ventral surface of labium; a few on lateral parts of pronotum, postero-ventral surface of foretrochanters, dorsal, posterior and ventral areas of forefemora, postero-ventral surface of foretibiae, a few on dorsal and ventral surfaces of mid- and hindfemora, dorsal surfaces of mid- and hindtibiae and tarsi. Structure. Head (Figs. 1–5). Slightly longer than pronotum (Fig. 1). Anterior lobe elongate, ratio length of gena to its minimum width 1.0. Eyes small, dorsal ocular index 4.6. Ratio distance eye - apex of antennifer to length of eye 2.05. Post-ocular part of anterior lobe strikingly long, its lateral margins concave in dorsal view. Constriction between anterior and posterior cephalic lobes deep, conspicuous. Posterior lobe slightly transverse, without median impression (Fig. 2), ratio length to maximum width 0.85. Ocelli small, situated antero-laterally. Posteriormost part of lateral surfaces of posterior lobe with convex, narrow area without vestiture and with numerous non-setigerous granules (Figs. 4–5). Posterior lobe meeting the neck in a simple, straight sulcus and at an obtuse angle (Fig. 4). Antennae shorter than head and pronotum together (ratio 0.8), antennal formula (longest segment first) II, III, IV, I. Ratio basal width of segment II to its distal width 0.8. Labium long, slender. Segment III three times longer than segment IV. Labial formula (longest segment first) III, II = IV, I. Pronotum (Fig. 1). Collum with a shallow triangular median impression, reaching to one-third of collum length, posterior margin convex, precollum well developed, densely and coarsely granulose, contrasting by its sparse granulosity to the rest of the collum. Impression between collum and midlobe very deep and narrow, markedly delimited. Midlobe robust, long, its lateral margins convex, nearly semi-circular, widest approximately in the middle, ratio width to median length 1.7. Midlobe with deep median groove, widening only slightly caudad, shallowly terminating in 4 / 5 of midlobe length. Posterior margin of midlobe convex, laterally with very shallow, ill-defined impressions. Deep, conspicuous pronotal pits situated at one-third of length of midlobe, much closer to lateral margin of the midlobe than to linear groove. Two inconspicuous, very shallow pits situated close to linear (longitudinal) groove, either side of mid-line, half-way along midlobe of pronotum. Posterior lobe large, lateral margins only slightly convex, irregurarly rounded, in the proximal half sub-parallel, widest anteriorly. Posterior margin slightly convex. Ratio width of posterior lobe to its median length 3.4. Forelegs (Figs. 7–8). Forefemora 2.7 times as long as wide, widest in the middle. Foretibiae 2.8 times as long as wide, apex of foretibia protruding as a conspicuous process. Apicitibial armature formed by seven spiniform setae (Fig. 8), three ventral (middle seta much longer, directed towards tarsus, anterior and posterior setae straight, shorter), two subventral and two short, robust dorsal on upper-most part of the tibial process. Bristle comb consisting of approximately 40 setae. Foretarsus with armature consisting of four spiniform setae, two very long, proximal setae of the same length and shape, reaching to the apex of two distal, shorter and stouter spiniform setae of the same length and shape. Apical section of ventral surface of foretarsus with group of seven long setae, situated between the spiniform setae of the foretarsal armature. Posterior claw of posttarsus short, two-thirds the length of the anterior claw. Mid- and hindlegs. Hindfemora robust, nearly twice as wide as middle femora, claws isomorphic. Apex of mid- and hindtibiae with two apical combs, the anterior comb consisting of 12 setae on the mid- and 10 setae on the hindtibia; the posterior comb consisting of 12 setae on the middle- and 16 setae on the hind tibia. Etymology. Patronym, named after our colleague and friend, Eric Guilbert, the eminent student of the Tingidae. Micro-habitat and collecting method. All specimens (both adults and larvae) were collected by sifting of—and subsequent extraction from in Winkler apparatus - leaf litter in rain forest of central (Ambohitantely Special Reserve) and eastern Madagascar (Andasibe-Mantadia National Park). Distribution. Central and Eastern Madagascar. Differential diagnosis. Proboscidopirates ericguilberti sp. nov. differs from all other Proboscidopirates species in having only a strikingly transverse and short posterior lobe of the head (Figs. 1–2), from P. griveaudi Villiers, 1958, P. robinsoni Villiers, 1958, P. attenuatus Villiers, 1958, P. vadoni Villiers, 1969, P. b rev i ce p s Villiers, 1969 and P. curticornis Villiers, 1969 by the absence of the median linear impression on the dorsum of the posterior lobe of head (median impression present in the above-mentioned species) and from P. rugulosus sp. nov. by the much finer and sparser rugulosity of head and thorax (Figs. 1– 5), (P. rugulosus has conspicuous granules).

Alienates Barber, 1953 Type species: Alienates insularis, Barber, 1953, by original designation, Published as part of Ba��a��, Petr, ��tys, Pavel & Kolesnichenko, Yuliya, 2015, A new species of the genus Alienates Barber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae: Alienatinae) from Venezuela, pp. 391-395 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/237921, {"references":["Barber, H. G. (1953) A new subfamily, genus and species belonging to the family Enicocephalidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). American Museum Novitates, 1614, 1 - 4."]}

Key to males for the higher taxa and genera of Plokiophilidae 1. Tarsi 3-segmented; shape of pygophore variable; cuneus present or absent.............. 2 – Tarsi 2-segmented; pygophore always tubular; hemelytron with a distinct cuneus (Plokiophilinae: Plokiophilini)......................................................... 5 2. Pygophore at least weakly flattened dorsoventrally, broader at base than at apex, parameres with a strong angle, lying on dorsal surface of pygophore in repose; macrochetae absent from vertex and frons and from anterolateral angles of pronotum; antennal segment 1 short, length less than interoccular distance; fossula spongiosa absent on all legs; cuneus present or absent (Heissophilinae)............................................... 3 – Pygophore tubular, of similar diameter over entire length, parameres nearly straight, needlelike, and surrounded by pygophore except at apex; macrochetae present on head and on anterolateral angle of thorax; antennal segment 1 very long, equal to or greater than width of head including eyes; fossula spongiosa present on fore- and middle tibiae; cuneus present (Plokiophilinae: Lipokophilini)................................. Lipokophila Štys 3. Head tubular in dorsal view, necklike behind eyes; membrane of hemelytron without evidence of veins; cuneus present.................................... Pavlostysia Popov – Head not distinctly tubular in form, without neck behind eyes, posterior margin of eye very close to pronotal collar; membrane of hemelytron with three or four free veins; cuneus absent........................................................................ 4 4. Apex of paramere directed anteromedially; membrane of hemelytron with three weakly developed free veins......................... Montheithophila Schuh, Štys, and Cassis, Published as part of Schuh, Randall, Štys, Pavel, Cassis, Gerasimos, Lehnert, Margaret, Swanson, Dustin & Bruce, Terri, 2015, New genera and species of Plokiophilidae from Australia, Fiji, and Southeast Asia, with a revised classification of the family (Insecta: Heteroptera: Cimicoidea), pp. 1 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3825) on page 1, DOI: 10.1206/3825.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5367975

Heissophila macrotheleae Schuh Heissophila macrotheleae Schuh, 2006: 637 (n. sp.). DISCUSSION: Since the publication of the original description of this taxon, additional specimens have become available through the generosity of Peter Schwendinger. Although the specimens from East Kalimantan Province, Borneo, occur some distance from all other known localities for Heissophila macrotheleae, we can detect no differences that allow us to treat this material as belonging to a separate species. We have not included unique specimen identifiers for this material. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov.: Chang Dao Distr.; Doi Chang Dao, limestone cliff between entrances of Chiang Dao Cave and Sua Dao Cave, 19° 23′,33″ N 98° 55′ 56″ E, 450 m, in webs of Macrothele sp., 27 Dec 2008, P. Schwendinger, TH-07/21: 10 ♂, 15 ♀ (AMNH, Geneva). INDONESIA: East Kalimantan Prov.: Bukit Bangkirai Forest, ca. 30 km N of Balikpapan, 1° 01′ 55″ S 116° 52′ 21″ E, 120 m, primary forest, 8 Oct 2008, P. Schwendinger, IND-08/17: 4 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 nymph (AMNH, Geneva)., Published as part of Schuh, Randall, Štys, Pavel, Cassis, Gerasimos, Lehnert, Margaret, Swanson, Dustin & Bruce, Terri, 2015, New genera and species of Plokiophilidae from Australia, Fiji, and Southeast Asia, with a revised classification of the family (Insecta: Heteroptera: Cimicoidea), pp. 1 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3825) on page 1, DOI: 10.1206/3825.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5367975, {"references":["Schuh, R. T. 2006. Heissophila macrotheleae, a new genus and new species of Plokiophilidae from Thailand (Hemiptera, Heteroptera), with comments on the family diagnosis. Denisia 19: 637 - 645."]}

Monteithophila fijiensis Schuh, Štys, and Cassis, new species DIAGNOSIS: Recognized by the features listed in the generic description, the partially castaneous coloration with a pale antennal segment 1 and most of legs, and its occurrence in Fiji. Distinguished from M. queenslandana by the more intensely castaneous coloration and relatively larger eyes in that species, as well as its occurrence in northeastern Australia. DESCRIPTION: Thorax, including pronotum, scutellum, coxae, and antennal segments 2–4 largely castaneous; hemelytron not as heavily castaneous as in M. queenslandana. Head, antennal segment 1, and remaining leg segments pale or nearly so (fig. 6). Eyes apparently smaller in M. fijiensis than in M. queenslandana (see also Discussion below). Measurements, holotype female: total length 2.33, length head 0.26, length pronotum 0.34, width head 0.32, interocular distance 0.18, width pronotum 0.56. ETYMOLOGY: Named for its occurrence in Fiji. DISCUSSION: Our description of this taxon is based on a single adult female from Fiji; we have also seen two middle-instar nymphs. The female appears to be somewhat teneral, judging from the transparency of the cuticle on the head and abdomen, which may influence our conclusions concerning the size of the eyes, a perception that may be further influenced by observation of the specimen in alcohol as opposed to being pinned and dry. We have chosen to leave the available specimen in alcohol rather than dry mount it, because we believe most necessary observations of morphology would be impaired when dealing with a dry-mounted specimen. One of us (P. Štys) remembers having examined two additional specimens whose color was metallic dark blue-violet, similar to the various metallic Chrysomelidae or Cydnidae of the genus Canthophorus Mulsant and Rey, involving sclerotized parts of the dorsum, head, pronotum, scutellum, corium, clavus, the suggestion of which can be seen in figure 6., Published as part of Schuh, Randall, Štys, Pavel, Cassis, Gerasimos, Lehnert, Margaret, Swanson, Dustin & Bruce, Terri, 2015, New genera and species of Plokiophilidae from Australia, Fiji, and Southeast Asia, with a revised classification of the family (Insecta: Heteroptera: Cimicoidea), pp. 1 in American Museum Novitates 2015 (3825) on page 1, DOI: 10.1206/3825.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5367975

Hypera postica (Figures 1���3) Single-instar groups The number of fights recorded during the experiments was influenced by instar (Wald Statistic (Wald Stat.) = 27.11; df = 3, 153; p p p = 0.36). Attacks were more frequent among larvae of L2, L3 and L4 and in the absence of food (Figure 1). Experiment (p1). See Figure 1. Larvae of all instars started immediately to bob around, and when they touched any kind of object (leaves of Medicago sativa, another larva), they moved closer to it. If the object was a leaf, the larva would sample it and, eventually, eat it. When the larva touched another individual, it continued to bob, and for some time repeatedly touched the other larva; then the attack followed (Figure 5). The mode of attack was constant: the offensive larva twisted itself around the defensive one and pressed upon it (Figure 5). The defensive larva rotated and jerked at the ground, and tried to release itself. If the offensive larva relaxed its grip after a while, the defensive larva could extricate itself. The fight was then resumed, or the offensive larva started bobbing again and tried to find another object in its vicinity (Figure 5). Later, the offensive larva might attack again (the same or another defensive larva) or move in another direction. The roles of the offensive larva and the defensive sometimes changed during the fighting. The fighting larvae sometimes came close to alfalfa leaves or upon the leaves, and if they stopped the fight, they could taste the leaves. Both offensive and defensive larva preferred the food to the fight on almost all occasions. Nearly all of the larvae were eating leaves after 10 minutes (see Figure 3). If several larvae were clumped and formed a combat ball (see Figure 5), the fights might have continued longer since the larvae had been joining the ball by turns. However, they always stopped fighting when food was found. The fights sometimes lasted for only a few seconds, and sometimes for the whole day (particularly in combat balls). The youngest (L1) and the oldest (L4b) larvae wandered more than the others. Experiment (p2). See Figure 1. Two major activities were apparent: wandering and fighting. The youngest (L1) and oldest larvae (L4b) wandered more than the others. L4b larvae did not fight, even when they encountered one another. When the other larvae (L2���L4a) encountered each other, the fighting usually started immediately, though every body contact did not result in a fight. On several occasions, all the larvae joined the fight, formed a combat ball (see Figure 3) and continued to fight even over the last regular control (30 minutes). All the larvae forming the combat ball were found dead after 12 hours (or earlier). Their tissues, at sites attacked by other larvae, were black owing to necrosis. Mixed-instar groups In mixed-instar groups, attacks were more frequent when food was absent (Wald Stat. = 7.84; df = 3, 76; p Experiment (p3). See Figure 2. The results were the same as in (p1). The older larvae (L3/L4) reversed the attacks of the small larvae (L1/L2) by employing their size and body mass. Finally, all the larvae were eating the leaves, and no fights were taking place. Experiment (p4). See Figure 2. The results of this experiment combined those of the previous experiments (Figure 2). The fights occasionally resulted in the death of all the larvae. The bodies of dead larvae were twisted into a combat ball. The possible behaviours of all the instars of Hypera postica (L1, L2, L3, L4a and L4b) are summarized in Figure 3., Published as part of Skuhrovec, Ji����, ��tys, Pavel & Exnerov��, Alice, 2014, Intraspecific larval aggression in two species of Hyperini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pp. 1131-1146 in Journal of Natural History 49 (19) on pages 1136-1138, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.974704, http://zenodo.org/record/4005897

Phaenicocleus granulosus sp. n. (Figs. 1 –18, 22– 25) Etymology. granulosus (lat.) = granulate, provided with granules. Type material. Holotype, Ƥ, ‘ 27 a SABAH (Tambunan distr.): Crocker / Range, 1560–1650m proximit du / col (route Kota Kinabalu-Tambunan), / forêt de Lithocarpus - Castanopsis, tamisage / de bois pourri, feuilles mortes et mousses / 16.v. 1987, leg. D.Burckhardt et I.Löbl’. The specimen is mounted on triangular card, forelegs and right hindleg mounted separately. Claws of left foretarsus lost. The same pin bears locality label and red label: ‘HOLO- TYPE / Phaenicocleus granulosus sp. n. / Baňař & Štys det. 2011 ’. The holotype is deposited in the collections of Museum of Natural History, Geneva. Habitat. Collected in a humid mountain forest of Lithocarpus and Castanopsis. Method of collecting. The specimen was collected by sieving rotten wood, moss and dead leaves. Description. S pecies-specific characters shown in Tab. 1 form an integral part of the description and taken as a whole represent diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of the new species. Measurements (in mm). Total body length — 3.64. Head (without neck). Total length— 0.49; posterior lobe, length— 0.23, posterior lobe, width— 0.30; distance of eye to apex of antennifer— 0.12; diatone (maximum width across eyes)— 0.31; dorsal synthlipsis (minimum interocular distance)— 0.17; ventral synthlipsis (minimum interocular distance)— 0.13; eye, length— 0.10, eye, width— 0.08; interocellar distance— 0.14. Labium. Total length— 0.69; segment I, length— 0.10; segment II, length— 0.29, segment II, maximum thickness— 0.10; segment III, length— 0.18, segment III, maximum thickness— 0.07; segment IV, length— 0.12. Antenna. Total length— 1.40; segment I, length— 0.22; segment II, length— 0.41; segment III, length— 0.37; segment IV, length— 0.40, segment II, basal width— 0.03, segment II, distal width— 0.06. Pronotum. Total length (maximum)— 0.72; collum, length (median)— 0.13, maximum width— 0.38; midlobe, length (median)— 0.29, midlobe, width (maximum)— 0.67; hindlobe, length (maximum)— 0.24, hindlobe, length (mediane)— 0.17, hindlobe, width (maximum)— 0.76. Foreleg. Femur, length— 0.70, femur, maximum width— 0.28; tibia, length— 0.62, tibia, maximum width— 0.21; tarsus, length— 0.16, tarsus, maximum width— 0.08; anterior and posterior foreclaws, length— 0.14. Forewing. Maximum length— 2.29. Coloration (Figs. 1–6 ). Essentially monochromatic, without patterns, uniformly lustrous (except for pronotal constrictions, wings and abdomen). Head dark piceous, nearly blackish. Antennae and labium dark yellowish (except scape - dark piceous, and pedicel - graduately piceous to light brown distad). Thorax brown, midlobe of pronotum darker (humeral angles blackish) and mesoscutellum paler than the rest. Legs light brown, femora piceous; ‘knees’ slightly paler. Forewings and abdomen pale brown. Vestiture whitish to yellowish, straight to slightly curved, semierect to strongly diagonal, moderately long and dense. Head covered with semierect setae (= macrotrochia), on all faces directed anteriad, denser on anterior lobe. Antennae with semierect, regularly distributed setae of identical length, apex of the second segment and segments III and IV also with sparser and longer, more outstanding setae. Pronotum with semierect, sparsely distributed setae, denser on dorsal and lateral parts of collum. Venter of abdomen with short, appressed setae, becoming longer caudad. Forewing membrane bare, veins with sparse, short setae, only costal margin with long, outstanding setae, directed caudad. Foreleg. Dorsal and posterior faces of coxa, trochanter and femur covered with semierect setae. Distal half of ventral face of coxa, ventral face of trochanter and proximal two thirds of ventral face of femur with long, erect setae arising from sharp setiferous tubercles, mixed with shorter semierect setae and trichobothrium-like setae (= long, thin, erect or semierect setae, of probably constant position and resembling trichobothria). Anterior face of coxa, trochanter and femur nearly bare, with a few short, semierect setae. Tibia covered with long, semierect setae (sparsely on anterior face), mixed with numerous trichobothrium-like setae (20–25 on ventral, dorsal and posterior faces). Midlegs and hindlegs. Trochanters and femora densely covered with simple, oblique and moderately long setae interspersed with a few semierect trichobothria-like setae on ventral face of trochanters, ventral proximal part and distal dorsal and ventral parts of femora. Midtibiae and hindtibiae with dense cover of long and dense oblique setae on all faces, particularly dense and forming a continuous hairy fringe on ventral faces; some of the oblique ventral seate longer than others and representing trichobothrium-like setae; the sparse erect trichobothrium-like setae present on both dorsal and ventral faces but particularly common on dorsal face of hind femur. Also midtarsus and hindtarsus fully covered with short oblique setae, with a few trichobothrium-like setae on venter of segment 1, dorsum of 2 and ventral apex of 2. Distribution of setigerous tubercles on body. Ventral face of anterior lobe of head with 4 sharp, strongly outstanding tubercles, ventral face of posterior lobe of head approximately with 15 tubercles. Dorsolateral and ventral faces of collum, dorsolateral faces of both midlobe and hindlobe of pronotum, ‘proepimeral lobes’ and mesepisternal and metepisternal parts of thorax with numerous, large tubercles. Distribution of setigerous tubercles on forelegs. Forecoxa anteroventrally with about 14 tubercles (Figs. 8, 13), foretrochanter with about 24 tubercles regularly distributed on ventral face (Fig. 8) and forefemur with 10–12 tubercles in 2 irregular rows on ventral face. The sharp setigerous tubercles often intermixed with or replaced by much lower, semispherical granules, not bearing setae and not prominent (Fig. 7). Foretibia without tubercles. Head (Figs. 3 –5, 15– 16). Cuticle of dorsum lustrous, posterolateral parts of posterior lobe of head with small, non-setigerous tubercles. Anterior lobe short, antenniferous tubercles moderately diverging immediately in front of eyes, no part of genae visible in dorsal view; epicranium strongly convex. Maximum width of eye 0.47 times width of dorsal synthlipsis, 0.61 times width of ventral synthlipsis. Eyes short and high, in lateral view narrowly kidneyshaped, distinctly closer to dorsal than to ventral margin of head; close to a strikingly deep postocular constriction (short tempora parallel-sided). Facets numerous, separately convex. Posterior lobe much shorter than anterior lobe, strikingly transverse, widest subproximally, 1.3 times as wide as long, subrectangular (though with anterolateral angles and particularly the posterolateral ones broadly rounded), lateral margins otherwise nearly straight, slightly diverging caudad, surface of the lobe with an extensive, shallow, anteromedial subtriangular arcuate depression, without a structurally marked median. Ocelli very small, interocellar distance more than twice (2.3) as long as the shortest distance ocellus-eye. Dorsum nearly flat. Posterior lobe sharply separated from the neck, ratio of its length to maximum width 0.77. Antenna. Pedicel terete, gradually incrassate distad, segments 2–4 subequal in length; segments 3 and 4 long, not markedly thinner than proximal part of pedicel. Antennal formula (longest segment first): II: IV: III: I. Labium. Thin, geniculate, directed posterad, apex reaching basis of posterior lobe of head. Labial formula: II: III: IV: I, typical for genus; segment 2 much longer than segment 3 (Figs. 5, 16); ratio length segment II: III 1.61, II: (III+IV combined) 0.96. In lateral view, segment II parallel-sided, segment III slightly widening distad. Pronotum (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 15, 22). Cuticle finely rugose, all faces with minute, non-setigerous tubercles; sharp setigerous tubercles as above. Collum short, ring-shaped, without subventral tubercles; subdivided in precollum and collum (distinct in alcohol-preserved specimen only), the median vaguely and broadly concave; constriction separating collum from the midlobe deep, broad, matt and finely sculptured. Midlobe strongly transverse, widest behind the middle, lateral margins moderately rounded. Disc of the midlobe with a broad, shallow, vaguely subcircular depression not interrupting its posterior margin and a pair of very shallow lateral pits. Lateral sectors of the constriction between mid- and hindlobe deep and pruinose, medial sector shallow and shiny, nearly obliterate. Ratio midlobe width to medial length 2.3, widest in its posterior 2 / 3. Ratio hindlobe width to medial length 4.5, ratio hindlobe width to maximum length 3.17. Hindlobe longer than collum, ample, rather short, widest posteriorly, less than 1.2 times as wide than midlobe, its lateral sides little divergent, posterior margin broadly and shallowly convex, posterolateral angles somewhat obtusangular, their apices rounded, not prominent. Median with a narrow, longitudinal ridge. Mesoscutellum triangular, obtusely mucronate, with an anchor-shaped elevation. Ventral and lateral parts of thorax 1 (ventral parts described as seen in strictly ventral view). Prothorax. Notopleural sulcus distinct over the bases of supracoxalia, but pleuron externally not developed except for supracoxalia. Collum ring-shaped, convex, with a complex, irregular, sharply demarcated medioventral protuberance; collareusternal constriction deep, laterally with a paired fosettes. Eusternum basically pre-acetabular, subtriangular, moderately convex, its median indistinctly keeled, the keel distally forming a distinct, sharply delimited mucronate ridge situated already on sternellum. Anterior borders of eusternum formed by postcollar constriction, posterior ones coinciding with jointly fused ventral margins of anterior supracoxalia (Figs. 23, 25), lateral borders not developed owing to fusion of eusternum with anterior supracoxale. 1. The following description of lateral and ventral parts of the thorax is provided for diagnostic reasons (partly utilized by Štys & Baňař (2009) for diagnosis of Phaenicocleus species). The characters described are probably useful at clade level as well but they have been so far unexploited and are unknown in most genera. The terminology applied here is tentative. Postsupracoxale and ‘proepimeral lobes’ modal, the latter reaching to 2 / 3 of posterior margin of fore acetabulum. Sternellum longitudinally subdivided in (a) ‘eusternellum’, situated between the pro-acetabula and directed posterodorsally, and (b) ‘proxiphus’, situated posteriad to proacetabula and directed horizontally to posteroventrally. Eusternellum subdivided by longitudinal sulci in a convex mesal part with a strong median ridge (continuing from the eusternum) reaching two thirds of its length and lateral parts contacting inner acetabular frames. Prosternal pits situated just at the lateral meeting place of eusternellum and proxiphus. Proxiphus flat, tongue-shaped, strikingly long, with straight lateral margins converging caudad, and the apex rounded. Pterothorax (Figs. 6, 24, 25). Mesosternum huge, strongly convex, not subdivided, with a percurrent, linear, impressed median; apex slightly produced, truncate; laterally forming long and broad mesoprecoxale. Mesosternum and metasternum (none subdvided in eusternum and sternellum) fused, the apparently original intersegmental area relatively large, melanized, slightly compressed, with no median structure. Anterior part of meteusternum (? presternite) small, continuously covered by minute granules, laterally moderately compressed, without structurally distinct median; caudally delimited by a black arcus associated with meteusternal wedge. Metasternum laterally merging with anterior metapresupracoxale, the latter continuous with metaprecoxal bridge. Metasternum strongly compressed, with a keel-like median wedge (Figs. 24-25), the keel being proximally somewhat rounded and wide (and provided with an anteromedial knob), distally strikingly sharp; reaching the posterior margin of metasternum; the apex of metasternum rounded, produced between metacetabula, contacting mesal parts of circumcoxal frames. Foreleg (Figs. 7 –11, 13–14, 17– 18) robust; anterior and ventral faces of coxa, trochanter and femur with numerous, non-setigerous, lens-like cuticular granules. Trochanter simple, long and slender. Femur in the middle of dorsal face extremely gibbose, twice as wide as basal width, ratio of its length to maximum width 2.5. Tibia without cuticular granules, strongly and regularly widening distad, ratio length to maximum width 2.9. Apex of foretibia with a small process bearing three smooth spiniform setae; the two distal ones subequal in length, the proximal seta shorter (Figs. 17–18). One closely situated, still more proximal seta inserted outside the process (Fig. 18) much stronger than the rest and possibly belonging to the specialized apicitibial complex. Tarsus broad, twice longer than wide, with one long, unpaired spiniform seta (Figs. 10 –11, 17). The two claws of the same length and shape. Midleg and hindleg rather short and stout, from trochanter up to tarsus moderately compressed in anteroventral plane. Ventral outline of trochanter convex, exceeding that of femur. Femora moderately incrassate, slightly compressed. Tibiae strikingly compressed, not stick-shaped but widening distad, particularly on midlegs. Midleg and hindleg combs very short, paired, situated on anteroventral and posteroventral apicitibial edges respectively, separated by strong, adjacent spiniform seta (Fig. 12), only slightly longer than 6–7 spatulate comb-forming setae. Tarsus thick, 2 -segmented, first segment very short, well distinct under SEM only. Claws gently curved, isomorphic, the anterior one slightly thinner. Forewing (Fig. 1). Considerably exceeding apex of abdomen. Venation of forewing (partly seen in Fig. 1): basal cell absent, large discal cell closed, costal fracture absent. Pterostigma not developed. Discal cell long and strikingly narrow, particularly in its proximal part; crossveins entering the cell widely distant mutually (r-m situated much more distally than cu-an). Claval veins (terminology follows Štys & Baňař, 2008): AA 1 + 2 complete, AA 3 + 4 distinct, sclerotized and convex only up to the level of forewing overlap, its distal sector indistinct, consequently the closed claval cell not developed; the basal space between AA shortly fully sclerotized, marginal AP distinct up to about the level of termination of the intervenal sclerotization. Abdomen. Venter (proximal ventrites 1–5 strikingly complex). Ventrites 6 and 7 with small and large lateral sclerites, respectively, and correspondingly extensive or narrow mesal membranous part. Ventrite 8 fully and strongly sclerotized, strongly vaulted, and forming a large subgenital plate, narrowing caudad but with broadly rounded posterior margin (subgenital plate incompletely bissected by a linear, shallow median, visible in alcoholpreserved specimen only). Ventrite 9 simple, very short, transverse, sclerotized, fringing the apex of subgenital plate. Key to the genera of Enicocephalinae with closed discal cell and absent basal cell in forewing (M=male; F=female) As indicated, some genera are known from one sex only, and the unknown sex may not fit the key. The conspicuous autapomorphies and synapomorphies are indicated by ‘(!)’. Body length is to be understood as from the apex of anteclypeus to apex of forewings in resting position. 1 Posterior lobe of pronotum minute, its posterolateral angles acute, often projecting laterad (!). (Body and legs without a striking array of setigerous tubercles. Labial segment II always much shorter than III). American genera.......................... 2 - Posterior lobe of pronotum small to large, its posterolateral angles rounded, if subacute, then projecting posteriad and body and legs with many long setigerous tubercles. Eastern Hemisphere, including Oceania...................................... 3 2 Foretarsus lacking spiniform setae (!). Collum of pronotum long, subconical (!). Body length 2.9–4.1 mm. California...................................................................... Urnacephala Wygodzinsky & Schmidt, 1991. M, (? F) - Foretarsus with 4 spiniform setae. Collum of pronotum simply transverse. Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. Texas and Mexico (Baja California)................................................... Lysenicocephalus Wygodzinsky & Schmidt, 1991, M, (? F) 3 Posterior margin of pronotum nearly straight. Postocular lobe of head strikingly transverse, subrectangular. Body length over 3.5 mm. Madagascar.............................................................. (Shenchiella Villiers, 1969), (?M), F Notes. Forewing venation unknown, only one female deprived of wings available. Possibly belonging to another group of genera. The name Shenchiella was formed by Villiers (1969; etymology not provided) as an obvious anagram of Henschiella. The name was inadvertently misspelled Schenchiella by Štys as incorrect subsequent spellings (1978: 248; 1992: 349, 352, correctly four times in the key). - Posterior margin of pronotum moderately to deeply concave, or at least medially emarginate. If posterior lobe of head transverse, then its lateral sides rounded, or straight and diverging caudad..................................................... 4 4 Labial segment II as long or longer than segment III (!). Claval vein AA 3 + 4 distinct to half its length only, consequently the claval cell indistinct (!). Apicitibial armature of foreleg of 3 + 1 spiniform setae (!). Foretarsal armature formed by 1 unpaired spiniform seta (!). Head, thorax and foreleg with setigerous tubercles, the latter provided with minute semispherical tubercles as well. Antennal segment II markedly incrassate distad. (Head short, gena absent, tempora very short. Males of the usual enicocephaline facies, female elongate, flat, strikingly covered by setigerous tubercles, with midlobe of pronotum very short, but widest in the middle, with lateral sides rounded. Prothoracic acetabula open to closed; none of the other autapomorphies of Usingeriella and Nesenicocephalus present.) Body length 3.6–5.2 mm. Sabah............................. Phaenicocleus Štys & Baňař, 2009, M, F - Labial segment II distinctly shorter than III. Claval vein AA 3 + 4 and claval cell distinct. Apicitibial armature of fore leg of 7 spiniform (or spiniform and spatulate) setae. Armature of foretarsus of 2 + 2 spiniform (or spiniform and spatulate) setae. Setigerous tubercles prese

Oncylocotis (Oncylocotis) inexpectatus n. sp. (Figs. 1–32) Type material: Holotype, Ψ, ‘ Malaysia, Sabah / Poring Hot Springs, 6 °02' 41.78 '' N, 116 ° 42 '01.97'' E / September – October 2008 / J. Drescher lgt’. The specimen is preserved in alcohol in a glass tube, together with locality label and red label: ‘ HOLOTYPE / Oncylocotis inexpectatus n. sp. / Štys, Baňař & Drescher det. 2010 ’. Holotype deposited in the collection of Moravian Museum (Brno). Paratypes, 14 ɗ, 3 Ψ, same data as holotype. Six paratypes (five males, one female) deposited in Moravian Museum (Brno), six (4 males, 2 females) in the collection of Pavel Štys (Charles University, Prague), one male in the collection of the National Museum (Prague), one male in the collection of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (Oxford), one male in the collection of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), one male in the collection of American Museum of Natural History (New York) and one male in the collection of Natural History Museum (London).Two unsexed specimens, locality data same as the holotype, deposited in University of Malaysia, Sabah (Malaysia) by JD. Description: Measurements (in mm); female holotype, male paratype ( card-mounted specimen with right foreleg and right hindleg missing, figured in Figs. 1–3 and 16, data in parentheses). Total body length — 6.8 (6.3). Head (without neck). Total length— 1.40 (1.29); posterior lobe, length— 0.49 (0.47), posterior lobe, width— 0.58 (0.58); distance of eye to apex of antennifer— 0.40 (0.33); diatone (maximum width across eyes)— 0.62 (0.58); dorsal synthlipsis (minimum interocular distance)— 0.36 (0.33); ventral synthlipsis (minimum interocular distance)— 0.31 (0.22); eye, length— 0.20 (0.21); gena, length— 0.22 (0.20); gena, minimum width— 0.38 (0.33); interocellar distance— 0.29 (0.27); minimum distance ocellus to eye— 0.10 (0.10). Labium. Total length— 1.20 (1.09); segment I, length— 0.13 (0.11); segment II, length— 0.16 (0.14); segment III, length— 0.67 (0.65); segment III, maximum height— 0.12 (0.11); segment IV, length— 0.24 (0.22). Antenna. Segment I, length— 0.24 (0.22); segment II, length—1.00 (0.98); segment III, length— 0.74 (0.74); segment IV, length— 0.82 (0.78), segment II, basal width— 0.06 (0.06), segment II, distal width— 0.11 (0.11). Pronotum. Total length (maximum)— 1.18 (1.04); collum, length (median)— 0.30 (0.29), maximum width— 0.64 (0.64); midlobe, length (median)— 0.42 (0.35), midlobe, width (maximum)— 0.98 (0.94); hindlobe, length (maximum)— 0.46 (0.40), hindlobe, length (mediane)— 0.33 (0.31), hindlobe, width (maximum)— 1.40 (1.35). Foreleg. Femur, length— 1.36 (1.20), femur, maximum width— 0.36 (0.28); tibia, length— 1.13 (1.11), tibia, maximum width— 0.36 (0.26); tarsus, length— 0.29 (0.27), tarsus, maximum width— 0.15 (0.12); anterior foreclaw, length— 0.29 (0.26), posterior foreclaw, length— 0.22 (0.20). Forewing. Maximum length— 3.62 (3.36). Coloration: Head, thorax and forewings light brown, antennae yellowish-brown, abdomen paler, (excluding pregenital and genital segments and sclerotized structures). Legs slightly bicolorous, generally yellowish-brown, distal halves of coxae, trochanters, distal parts (approximately 1 / 4) of all femora and basal parts (approximately 1 / 5) of all tibiae paler than the rest of legs (both sexes), i.e. ‘knees’ marked by pale colour. Microsculpture: Semi-lustrous, hindlobe of pronotum distinctly rugulose, with numerous blackish granules. Rest of pronotum, head, antennae and legs finely rugulose, without conspicuous blackish granules. Ventral parts of thorax smooth. Small setigerous tubercles present on head (dorsum of anterior lobe, all the posterior lobe - sparse, regularly distributed, minute), ventral face of fore femur (small and dense), prothoracic presupracoxale (sparse), and pronotum (midlobe - sparse on anterior and medial area: sparse, hindlobe - dense and regularly distributed all over, setae strikingly minute). Ve s t it u re dense, setae yellowish. Dorsal and dorsolateral faces of anterior and posterior lobes of head densely covered with markedly curved setae, directed anterad. Lateral faces with semierect, slightly curved setae directed anterad. Basal third of ventral face of anterior lobe of head with long outstanding setae, directed caudad. Distal two thirds of ventral face of anterior lobe of head shorter than on basal third, directed anterad. Setae on ventral face of posterior lobe of head strikingly outstanding and long. All antennal segments densely covered with semierect setae directed towards apex; segments II–IV also with outstanding, long setae, longer than segment diameter; (II with 5 on anterior face; III with 15–18 and IV with approximately 15 on all faces). Labium covered with semierect setae directed towards apex. Pronotum covered with dense, markedly curved setae. Setae on basal half of collum directed anterad, on the rest of pronotum directed caudad. Setae on lateral faces of pronotum and ‘proepimeral lobes’ less curved and more outstanding than on dorsum. Venter of thorax covered with fine, semierect setae directed caudad. Setae on fore legs long, semierect, directed distad. Setae on ventral faces of trochanter, femur and tibia longer and less curved than on dorsal faces. Mid- and hindlegs uniformly covered with semierect setae. Venter of abdomen (both sterna and ventral laterotergites) of males and females with dense, curved, ‘soft’, golden and very regular pubescence, becoming longer and provided with some outstanding long and strong setae on sides of segments 8 and 9; lateral margins of abdomen with a continuous dense fringe of setae, particularly conspicuous in females. Dorsum with sparse and short blackish pubescence, basiabdominal segments nearly bare. Distribution of trichobothrium-like setae (long and thin, outstanding, erect to semierect): forefemur: 8–10 on ventral face; foretibia: 4 on dorsal face, 8–10 on ventral face; labium: segment II - 2 on ventral face, segment III - 6 on dorsal face and 2 on ventral face; segment IV - 4 on ventral face. Head (Figs. 2, 7–9, 21– 22) longer than pronotum, ratio 1.24 in males, 1.19 in females. Anterior lobe elongate, ratio of gena length to its minimum width 0.61 in males, 0.58 in females. Eyes medium sized, smaller in females, dorsal ocular index 2.64 in males, 2.77 in females; ventral ocular index 1.2 in males, 2.0 in females. Ratio of gena length to eye length 0.95 in males, 1.1 in females, ratio of distance eye - apex of antennifer to length of eye 1.57 in males, 2.0 in females. Postclypeus basally delimited by a transverse frontoclypeal sulcus; basis of anteclypeus marked by a pair of lateral notches. Constriction between anterior and posterior lobes deep and broad. Posterior lobe slightly transverse, ratio of its length to maximum width 0.81 in males, 0.84 in females; median with a shallow linear impression. Ocelli small, without ocellar tubercles, interocellar distance nearly 3 times as long as minimum distance ocellus to eye. Antennae longer than head and pronotum together (ratio 1.17 in males, 1.09 in females). Antennal formula (longest segment first): III:IV:II:I. Ratio of length of antennal segment II to length of antennal segment III 1.32 in males, 1.35 in females. Ratio of basal width of segment II to its distal width 0.55 in both sexes. Labial formula III:IV:II:I, labial segment III very long, ratio of length of labial segment III to length of labial segment II 4.64 in males, 4.19 in females. Ratio of length of labial segment III to its maximum height (lateral view) 5.91 in males, 5.58 in females. Thorax: Pronotum (Figs. 3, 8, 10 –11, 22). Collum (Fig. 11) robust with a broad V-shaped impression reaching from anterior margin to approximately one third of collum length, distal two thirds of its length with shallow linear impression. Precollum well developed. Constriction between collum and midlobe deep and long. Midlobe subrectangular, widest in 4 / 5 of its length. Ratio of midlobe maximum width to its median length 2.68 in males, 2.33 in females. Midlobe with broad and deep median impression (Figs. 3, 8, 10, 22) terminating by very broad triangular fossette, not reaching the posterior margin. Sublateral parts of midlobe with paired, deep and broad Y-shaped impressions, interrupting the posterior margin, the outer arm of each Y terminating in a conspicuous pronotal pit. Strictly lateral parts of midlobe with one isolated lateral pit. Hindlobe robust, with an inconspicuous longitudinal median ridge. Ratio of hindlobe width to its length 4.35 in males, 4.24 in females, widest in two thirds of its length. Hindlobe with universally present median ridge - low, sublinear, percurrent to disappearing shortly before reaching posterior margin. Posterior margin of hindlobe shallowly concave. Ratio of hindlobe width to midlobe width 1.44 in males, 1.43 in females. ‘Proepimeral lobes’ conspicuously exceeding midlobe in dorsal view, reaching about one third of the length of fore coxae. Eumesosternum with conspicuous impressed linear median, not reaching anterior and posterior margins. Eumetasternum with median wedge-like impression. Mesoscutellum triangular, rounded apically. Forelegs (Figs. 12 –15, 23– 24) slender and long, stouter in females. Femur 4.28 times as long as wide in males, 3.77 times in females, widest in the middle. Tibia 4.27 times as long as wide in males, 3.14 times in females. Apex of tibia with conspicuous process with apicitibial armature. Bristle comb on apex of tibia short, composed of 28 setae. Tarsus 2.25 times as long as wide in males, 1.93 in females. Anterior foretarsal claw longer than posterior one in both sexes. Apicitibial armature (Figs. 13 –14, 23) consisting of seven spiniform setae, as illustrated. Tarsal armature (Figs. 15, 24) consisting of four spiniform setae, two basal longer, two distal short. Mid- and hindlegs slender. Apices of tibiae with short combs of setae, only hindtibiae combs studied in detail: anterior comb consisting of eight short spiniform setae (Fig. 25), the posterior one of seven or eight such setae. Four long, spiniform setae, resembling those in apicitibial armature, present between the anterior and posterior combs on the ventralmost apex of hindtibia. Mid- and hindclaws (Fig. 16) isomorphic. Forewings leaving the apex of abdomen exposed, reaching to basal 1 / 4 to 3 / 4 of dorsum 8 in males, to basis up to 1 / 2 of dorsum 7 in females. Shape, vestiture and venation as illustrated (Figs. 4–6). Macrotrichia present on all the longitudinal and transverse veins, absent from the wing membrane. Venation (for simplified notation see Štys 2002: fig. 1) as characteristic of the genus. Discal cell strikingly narrow, the both crossveins associated with the middle of the cell perpendicular to the cell and levelling mutually. One individual with the left forewing (Fig. 5) possessing an additional distal cu-an crossvein forming thus an additional closed cell between the discal cell and posterior wing margin. For the basis of clavus see Discussion. Abdominal segments 8–11 in males (Figs. 17 –20, 26– 30): Ve n t r i t e 8 represented by (a) strongly sclerotized sternum forming male subgenital plate; its anterior margin nearly straight and posterior margin moderately concave (the shape in situ strongly dependent on slightest tilting of the longitudinal axis; the posterior margin of subgenital plate may even appear convex in detached terminalia); (b) ventral laterotergites as in pregenital segments, triangular. Ventral laterotergites separated from dorsal laterotergites by non-sclerotized strips. (c) The anterior part of intersegmental membrane 8–9 semi-sclerotized, forming a narrow posterosternal fringe along the posterior margin of subgenital plate, while the infolded posterior part of this membrane allows for partial telescopation of the pygophore. Dorsum 8 with posterior margin slightly bisinuate; formed by (a) transverse mediotergite 8 (anterior margin straight, posterior vaguely delimited; paratergal lateral parts less sclerotized), (b) narrow intratergal membranes separating the mediotergite from (c) triangular and fully sclerotized dorsal laterotergites 8 with well expressed membranous connexival line. Medio-dorsal part of the intersegmental membrane 8–9 (lateral parts not visible) protruding and forming (d) a semisclerotized posterotergal fringe 8–9 equivalent to its ventral counterpart. Pygophore 1 (segment 9) strongly sclerotized, short, ring-shaped, transverse, basal ventral part telescoped under subgenital plate. Ventral view: anterior and posterior margins moderately concave, lateral margins distinctly concave, ventral (posterior) margin of the posterior foramen strengthened by a prominent linear basal apodeme. The paired ventral areas of posterior foramen (lateral to the guide, ventral to paramere and mesal to posterolateral margin of pygophore) closed by a membrane turning laterad to vaguely delimited pygophoral sclerites associated with posterolateral walls of the pygophore. Lateral view: anterior and posterior margins of the pygophore parallel-sided, straight. Dorsal view: anterior margin deeply emarginate, bisinuate, strengthened by marginal apodeme; medial sector convex; pygophoral bridge broad, its posterior margin deeply concave, somewhat diffuse. 1. It must be stressed that some aspects of the SEM photographs (Figs. 17–20) of male terminalia (as well as derived interpretative drawings, Figs. 26–29) are misleading. They cannot distinguish between sclerites and membranes, and, consequently, the shapes and sizes of genital structures situated within the posterior foramen (supradistal plate, parameres and pygophoral sclerites; frame of the guide) are simplified, distorted and their shapes and mutual relationships are inaccurate. For the sake of clarity, the description is therefore supplemented by a hand-drawn scheme (Fig. 30) based on cleared detached terminalia in alcohol. Guide directed posterodorsad, racquet-shaped, with strongly sclerotized parallel-sided shaft and much broader, sharply defined subtrapezoid head with a rounded apex exceeding the supradistal plate in ventral view; the beam thin-walled. Supradistal plate represented by a sclerotized arcuate arch situated anterodorsal to the guide frame and mesad to plate-shaped parameres; lateral sectors of the arch apodeme-like. Each paramere inversely U-shaped, mesal and dorsal sectors narrow, strongly sclerotized and apodeme-like, lateral sector broad; the mesal part close to a needle-like, diagonal, more proximal preparameral apodeme. (Basis of the lateral sector of the supradistal arch merging with the mesal basis of the paramere. When superficially examined, illusory existence of a pair of isolated loop-like sclerites situated laterad to frame of the guide might be assumed). Segment 10 with a short, semi-ring-shaped, little sclerotized, inversely U-shaped tergum situated behind the pygophoral bridge and laterad to parandria; the plate-shaped sternum only visible in strictly posterior view, provided with macrotrichia, and situated between the supradistal plate and hypandrium. Segment 11 long, prominent, protruding out of segment 10 (in alcohol-preserved individuals), formed by four semisclerotized flaps, namely a small dorsal epandrium with an emarginate apex, large ventral hypandrium and a pair of large lateral parandria; the latter provided with a percurrent keel and a pair of lateral finger-shaped tubercles each. Abdominal segments 8–11 in females (Figs. 31–32): Sternum 8 strongly sclerotized, forming female subgenital plate; its anterior margin, irregularly straight with lateral sectors receding distad; lateral margins moderately converging distad, in their mid-lengths distinctly notched; posterior margin convex, its most caudal point provided with a minute, transverse, black terminal structure. (This structure as well as a complex, narrow, desclerotized genital area between the subgenital plate and ventral bridge 9 to be studied later.) Ventral laterotergites 8 triangular, strongly sclerotized, separated from dorsal laterotergites by a sharp connexival line. Dorsal laterotergites 8 sclerotized excepting narrow lateral strips, their anterior regions separated from mediotergite 8 by a sulcus, posterior regions fused with the mediotergite 8. The latter sclerotized except for a pair of posterolateral irregular spots; anterior margin with a broad and short rectangular excision, posterior margin straight, nearly adjoining tergum 9. Both ventral and dorsal laterotergites 8 distally pointed, exceeding subgenital plate and tergum 8, respectively. Tergum 9 shaped as a short half-circle, posterior margin excised to accommodate segment 10, lateral regions less sclerotized (in series with dorsal laterotergites of preceding segments). Venter 9 represented by mutually approached laterotergites 9 connected by and fused with a narrow, arcuate medial sternal bridge 9; posterior margin of the latter with a rounded excision filled up by a ring-shaped, short segment 10 out of which the segment 11 is protruding (architecture of the latter same as in M, both 10 and 11 visible in dorsal and ventral views). Abdominal spiracles: Spiracles 1 large, nearly dorsally situated on ventral (lateral) side of laterotergite 1; spiracles 2 on ventral margins of ventral laterotergites 2, in more anterior position than spiracles on the more posterior segments. Spiracles 3–7 minute, situated submarginally in the middle of ventral sides of the respective laterotergites (spiracles larger and their rims more sclerotized in females). Spiracles 8 larger than the preceding ones, located at ventral margins of ventral laterotergites 8 (males) or close to these margins (females). Etymology: inexpectatus, lat. = unexpected. Comparative notes: The fauna of enicocephalomorphans of Borneo is poorly known, but rich in undescribed genera and species. All Oncylocotis species from Borneo that we have seen are undescribed endemics. Oncylocotis inexpectatus n. sp. differs from all the other undescribed Oncylocotis species from Borneo by its unusually long and slender labial segment III and numerous blackish granules on hindlobe of pronotum. O. inexpectatus n. sp. also differs from all the described Oriental species (Jeannel 1942); it is similar to O. lombocensis (Breddin, 1899), but the posterior lobe of the head of the latter is not transverse. In Villiers´s (1969) key to Afrotropical and Madagascan species (taken into account as well owing to uncertain geographical origin of the host ant species), O. inexpectatus would run into the group w

Phaenicocleus n. gen. Etymology. Anagram of Enicocephalus; gender: masculine. Type species: Phaenicocleus sabahensis Štys & Baňař, n. sp., by present designation. Description (valid for males only). Small-sized (3.9–5.2 mm), macropterous. Body slender, not depressed. Texture of cuticle of head and pronotum mostly rugulose, but shiny in P. schwendingeri. Some areas of head and pronotum always with setigerous tubercles, at least on posterior lobe of head and collum (P. schwendingeri), often also on epicranium, and midlobe, prosupracoxale, and hindlobe of pronotum; cephalic and pronotal tubercles ranging from very minute, lens-shaped, bluntly columnar to large and sharply triangular. Conspicuous setigerous tubercles also on forelegs, on ventral faces of forecoxa, foretrochanter, and forefemur (two tubercles on basalmost part of forefemur in P. schwendingeri). Vestiture formed by whitish straight or curly trichoid setae (Figs. 1–3), only sparsely distributed in P. schwendingeri. Longer, curly setae occure mostly on foretibiae. Texture of cuticle rugulose to smooth (P. schwendingeri). Coloration light brown to blackish, without particular colour patterns. Head short, antenniferous tubercles diverging immediately in front of eyes, no part of genae visible in dorsal view. Epicranium strongly convex, anteclypeus by ca. half of its length exceeding apices of antenniferous tubercles. Eyes medium-sized, close to a deep postocular constriction, facettes small and separately rounded. Posterior lobe of head transverse, rounded, its posterior margin convex, separated by a sharp constriction from the neck; median shallowly concave, without impression. Ocelli large, mutually widely distant. Scape with a distinctly separated prescapite. Pedicel slightly and regularly incrassate distalwards, antennal segments III and IV much thinner than pedicel, but not flagelliform, III terete, IV elongately subfusiform. Mutual length ratios of antennal segments II, III, IV variable, but differences small, pedicel shorter to about as long as the first flagellomere. Labium thin, geniculate, directed posterad, apex reaching basis of posterior lobe of head, segment II strikingly long and thin, about once to 1.3 times as long as III. Labial formula (the longest segment first) II – III – IV – I. Pronotum of distinct three lobes; collum long and robust, its dorsal architecture species-specific, in lateral outline separated from the midlobe by a deep gulf. Midlobe with a species-specifically constructed central fossette and a pair of indistinct lateral impressions; median species-specific; posterior margin entire, more or less triconvex. Lateral margins of midlobe either free or partly covered by anterolateral extensions of posterior lobe (P. schwendingeri). Hindlobe ample, much broader than midlobe, posterior margin broadly concave. Central fosette on midlobe and medians of mid-and hindlobes species-specific. ‘Proepimeral lobes’ reaching about half the length of fore coxa, nearly or fully closing fore acetabula from behind, but their ventralmost apices distant for about a length of fore coxa. Anterior terminations of prosupracoxale shifted mesad, right and left prosupracoxale converging and reaching or nearly reaching the posteromedial euprosternal species-specific structure. Eumesosternum with an impressed, percurrent linear median provided with both anterior and posterior transverse linear bars. Eumetasternum with a median raised keel, its shape species-specific. Mesoscutellum triangular, the apex extended in an obtusely rounded and separately convex mucro. Forelegs. Coxa and trochanter without particulars. Femur stouter in P. sabahensis and P. minor, more slender in P. schwendingeri. Slender foretibia markedly dorsoventrally curved in P. schwendingeri; stouter and normal shape in P. sabahensis and P. minor. Tibial armature consists from group of four spiniform setae, situated on apicitibial process (very conspicuous in P. schwendingeri). Tarsal armature almost missing, with an exception of a slender short spiniform seta in the middle of ventral face of foretarsus. One isolated seta, adjoining the ventralmost seta of the bristle comb always present. Foretarsal claws subequal in length. Middle and hind legs long and slender, without particulars. Apex of tibiae postero- and anteroventrally with a short comb of setae each, consisting of 9–10 setae each and provided with two long spiniform setae (Fig. 13). Both middle and hind tarsi with extremely short first tarsal segment, resembling short ringlet only. Claws asymmetrical, the anterior ones much shorter (about one half of length) than posterior ones. Forewing venation complete, modal, without basal cell 1 and with a strikingly long and narrow, closed discal cell. Clavus with a percurrent AA 1 + 2 separating at its basis from the marginal AA 3 + 4; the latter distinct in the proximal third of clavus only, the distal fusion of both veins and formation of a claval cell absent or indistinct. AP short and distinct on ventral surface only. No macrotrichiae on wing membrane. Pregenital abdomen. Architecture varying segmentally (as well as occurrence of transverse apodemes), in extreme case (see Discussion) all potential components distinct: mediotergite, pair of dorsal laterotergites, membranous connexival line, pair of ventral spiracle-bearing laterotergites, pair of laterosternites, sternum (sometimes subdivided in two hemisternites). Mediotergites 1 and 2 fused, ventrite 1 large and distinct. Segment 8 without any special modifications. Terminalia (see Discussion). Pygophore strikingly strongly sclerotized, forming a complete, depressed 1. See the remark under P. schwendingeri . and Discussion. and transverse ring. Guide high, exceeding tergum 10 in posterior view, basally broadest, without a shaft, inversely U-shaped or inversely V-shaped (with rounded apex), always provided with an internal, basimedial sclerotized structure (shape species-specific, minutely triangular to long, tongue-shaped) associated with the ventral margin of posterior foramen. Parameres complex, immobile sclerites, situated beneath and outside the dorsolateral parts of guide arms, associated by apodemes with the guide, pygophore margins and tergum 10. The areas of posterior foramen ventrad to parameres and laterad to the guide sclerotized; no unpaired sclerotized element between the parameres present. Segment 10 represented by smooth, sclerotized tergum only, the latter free, not fused with the pygophore, lid-shaped, convex, associated with two flaps representing segment 11. Ventral parts of both segments not sclerotized. Differential diagnosis. Phaenicocleus n. gen. belongs to that group of genera of Enicocephalomorpha characterized by the absence of a basal cell and the presence of a closed discal cell; and it would fall in Štys´s (2002: 352) group 1.2. 1.3 and would key under the couplets 33–37 in his key to the genera of Enicocephalomorpha of the World. The occurrence of this group is restricted to Enicocephalidae: Enicocephalinae: Enicocephalini, partim. The diagnosis below is preliminary and rather superficial since all the Eastern Hemisphere genera mentioned will be thoroughly revised in next future; also their relationships will be analyzed at another opportunity. Phaenicocleus differs from the American (Sonorian, broadly conceived) male-based genera Urnacephala Wygodzinsky & Schmidt, 1991 and Lysenicocephalus Wygodzinsky & Schmidt, 1991 by the normally developed, ample hindlobe of the pronotum and the absence of their diagnostic autapomorphies (Wygodzinsky & Schmidt, 1991; Štys, 2002). It differs from the Australian Usingeriella Wygodzinsky, 1950 and a new, closely related Australian genus (Štys in MS) – both strikingly speciose although only one species was formally described – by a normally developed midlobe of the pronotum (not subquadrate), but shares with both of them the presence of many setigerous tubercles over the body and large ‘proepimeral lobes’. The minute species of Nesenicocephalus Usinger, 1939 (Australia, Philippines, Oceania, New Guinea – distribution based also on undescribed species) lacks in contrast to Phaenicocleus any median and central structures on the pronotum, and their females are universally caducous (unknown in Phaenicocleus). The Madagascan Schenchiella Villiers, 1969 is based on one female lacking wings, and the general facies (Villiers, 1969; Štys, unpublished) of its minute and depressed type species has nothing in common with Phaenicocleus. Phaenicocleus would run in Štys´s (2002) generic key to Pseudohenschiella Villiers, 1958, an endemic Madagascan genus with 5 species (Baňař & Štys 2006). The species differ from Phaenicocleus species by their smaller size (total length under 3 mm), depressed body, dorsal part of the genae present, flagellum of the antennae filiform, labium directed anterad and its 2 nd segment very short, posterior lobe of the pronotum with no indication of a median, discal cell in the forewings strikingly short and claval cell (= anal loop) well developed.

P. schwendingeri n. sp. (Figs. 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29) Etymology: patronymical adjective; dedicated to Peter Schwendinger (Museum of Natural History, Geneva), our colleague and friend. Type material. Holotype, ɗ, ‘ 11 a SABAH (West Coast Residency): / Kinabalu Park, Mt Kinabalu, 2600m, / á proximité de Layang-Layang / forêt brumeuse, tamisage de mousses / et de feuilles mortes très humides / 2.v. 1987, leg. D.Burckhardt et I.Löbl‘. Preserved in alcohol in a glass tube, together with locality label and red label: ‘ HOLOTYPE / Phenicocleus schwendingeri n. sp. / Štys & Baňař det. 2009 ’. Specimens is dissected – head with prothorax separate from the rest of body, both forelegs and right hindleg separately. The left wing with an aberrant venation (see below and Discussion) is missing, being unfortunately lost during preparation of a slide mount. Holotype is deposited in the collections of Museum of Natural History, Geneva. Habitat. Collected in mountain foggy forest on Mt. Kinabalu. Method of collecting. The specimens was collected by sieving moss and very damp leaf litter. Total length: 4.95 mm. For other measurements see Table 1. Distribution of setigerous tubercles on body: head without setigerous tubercles excepting ca 15 small ones on ventral side of the postocular constriction and posterior lobe. Pronotum: dorsum of collum with minute setigerous tubercles all over, venter with 2 lateral groups of 4 large rounded tubercles each; midlobe without tubercles, lateral margins of posterior lobe with minute tubercles. Lateroventral margin of buccular bridge (ventral view) with one large black tubercle directed into the gulf between the buccular bridge and antennifer. Distribution of setigerous tubercles on forelegs. Forecoxa on distal half of ventral face with 10 sharp tubercles, foretrochanter on ventral face with 14 such tubercles, situated approximately in a curved doublerow. Basalmost part of ventral face of forefemur with 2 setigerous tubercles only. Foretibia and foretarsus without tubercles. Coloration. Body (inclusive appendages, forewings and its veins) concolorous, uniformly brown. Head. Cuticle on dorsum smooth. Maximum width of eye 0.58 times width of dorsal synthlipsis, 1.22 times width of ventral synthlipsis. Posterior lobe transverse, laterally rounded, slightly pear-shaped, widest behind the middle, 1.41 times as wide as long; median indicated by an indistinct shallow concavity without linear impression but with a median line slightly darker than surroundings. Ocelli very large, situated rather mesally, interocellar distance the same as shortest distance ocellus – eye. Antennal formula (longest segment first) III = IV, II, I. Labium. Ratio length segment II: III 1.04, II: (III + IV combined) 0.63. Pronotum. Collum with two not very prominent, transverse bulges, medially separated by a shallow, indistinctly delimited concavity, and not protruding laterad; however, lateral outline of collum strikingly rounded, postcollar constriction strikingly deep. Lateral outline of midlobe rounded, but free in its anterior half only, posterior part being embraced by an anterolateral extension of hindlobe. Posterior margin of midlobe laterally concave, with three convexities discally. Combined lateral outlines of midlobe and hindlobe nearly straight (with a shallow concavity at the site of termination of free part of midlobe, postrolateral angles of strikingly ample hindlobe broadly rounded, its posterior margin only shallowly and broadly obtusangularly excised. Midlobe with a percurent linear impression starting in anterior 1 / 3 and passing across a sharply delimited small central fossette provided with a central puncture; the impression continues across all the hindlobe, being there in its anterior third doubled (Fig. 17). Midlobe – width: medial length 2.9; hindlobe - ditto 5.9. Proepimeral lobes closing the fore acetabula from behind. Prosupracoxale reaching euprosternal unpaired posteromesal rectangular elevation (Fig. 20). Posterior transverse bars of median eumesosternal apodeme simply arcuate, the neighbouring parts of sternum uniformly convex. Eumetasternum with a median, percurrent, linear ridge, not quite reaching apex of sternum (Fig. 23). Foreleg (Fig. 14) slender, ventral faces of forecoxa, trochanter, and ventral face, ventral half of forefemur with numerous, lens-like, nonsetigerous tubercles, these sparsely distributed for sharp setigerous tubercles see above. Foretrochanter shorter than forecoxa. Forefemur 4.3 times as long as wide, slender, maximum width in middle of its length. Foretibia slender, more than five times as long as wide, without cuticular tubercles, unusually dorsoventrally curved, slightly S-shaped. Apex of foretibia protruding as a conspicuous process. Apicitibial armature consists of four spiniform setae (Fig. 26), two ventral, one anterior subventral and one dorsal. Bristle comb very long, consisting of approximately 45 setae, two dorsalmost and two ventralmost much stouter and longer. Foretarsus subequal to foretibia maximum width, posttarsus formed from two well developed claws, subequal in length. Tarsal armature consists from one short spiniform seta only, typical for genus, but seta longer and thinner as in other species. Right forewing of the holotype normally developed, left wing with an incomplete vein suggesting presence of an incompletely closed basal cell as well (for its significance see Discussion). Guide (Fig. 29) inversely V-shaped, its arms in posterior view strikingly thick proximally; its internal sclerite long, tongue-shaped, not much distinctly or hardly sclerotized. Associated enicocephalids in the sample. Undescribed genus and species of Enicocephalinae (to be described later), 1 adult female with shed wings and strongly incrassate hind femora. Differential diagnosis and comparative notes. See the key and illustrations of diagnostic characters. This is a species easily recognizable by its smooth texture of its cuticle, its sparse distribution of lens-like tubercles on forefemur, its small amount of setigerous tubercles, its relatively short labial segment II, its uniform coloration, its slender forelegs, particularly the femora, and a peculiar architecture of the pronotum (see Discussion).

Štys, Pavel, Ř, Petr Ba Ň A (2009): New genus of Enicocephalinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalomorpha) from Sabah based on three new species. Zootaxa 2031: 21-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186281

Systelloderes loebli sp. nov. (Figs. 1-16) Type locality. New Caledonia, Mount Koghi, 400-500 m a.s.l. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, ‘ New Caledonia / Mt. Koghi, prim. for. / 400-500m, 18.-19.x / 1998, I. Löbl, litter’. The specimen bears the following red label: ‘ HOLOTYPE / Systelloderes / loebli sp. nov. / Štys & Baňař det. 2007’; collection of Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève (Switzerland). Diagnosis. Large species, over 5 mm long, macropterous, brownish. Antennal segment 2 longer than segment 3, segments 2-4 isomorphic, terete. Fore leg: coxa with a long, narrow, free, erect scale; femur with a prominent basidorsal extension rising high above the level of tarsus; femoro-tibial membrane with dorsal neopatellar sclerites; tibial process absent; tibial and tarsal armatures as illustrated. Description. Body elongate, moderately robust, extremities short, coloration and vestiture uniform and inconspicuous (Fig. 1). Measurements. Total body length – 5.75-5.85 (abdomen deformed). Head. Anterior lobe, L – 0.71; posterior lobe, L – 0.31, W – 0.38; distance of eye to apex of antennifer – 0.49; diatone (max W across eyes) – 0.36; min interocular distance, dorsal – 0.24; min interocular distance, ventral – 0.18; eye, L – 0.15. Labium. Total, L – 0.95; segment 1, L – 0.12; segment 2, L – 0.21; segment 3, L – 0.48; segment 4, L – 0.16. Antenna. Segment 1, L – 0.24; segment 2, L – 0.62; segment 3, L – 0.56; segment 4, L – 0.42. Pronotum. Total L (max) – 0.98; collum: L (median) – 0.18, max W – 0.49; midlobe: L (max) – 0.44, W (max) – 0.89; hindlobe: L (max) – 0.36, L (median) – 0.31, W (max) – 0.98. Forewing. Max L – 2.95. Fore leg. Total L – 1.07, max W – 0.42; Ti 1 : L – 0.87, max W – 0.41;. Ta 1 : L – 0.29, max W – 0.17; anterior claw, L (basis – apex) – 0.31; posterior claw, L (basis – apex) – 0.26. Middle leg. F 2 : L – 0.84, max W – 0.18; Ti 2 : L – 0.69, max W – 0.13; Ta 2 : L (without claw) – 0.24, max W – 0.09. Hind leg. F 3 : L – 1.02, max W – 0.29; Ti 3 : L – 1.16, max W – 0.14; Ta 3 : L (without claw) – 0.38, max W – 0.09. Coloration (Fig.1). Body nearly unicolorous, between light-brown (antennae, middle and hind legs) and brown to dark-brown (head and midlobe of pronotum). Texture. Moderately shiny (including extremities), head lustrous. Dorsum of head with irregularly distributed, rather sparse, small setigerous tubercles, lateral and ventral sides of head, prothoracic collum, and dorsum of pronotal midlobe with a continuous cover of regularly distributed, minute setigerous tubercles (the latter particularly distinct in preocular area, on posterior cephalic lobe and on midlobe of pronotum, creating their shagreened appearance). Setigerous tubercles replaced by indistinct, large and shallow alveoles laterally on parts of prothorax and dorsum of pronotal hindlobe, the latter slightly rugulose. Mesoscutellum, wings and abdomen without particular structures. Antennae, labium, Cx 1 , Tr 1 , Ta 1 , middle legs, and hind legs smooth. Anterior and posterior faces of F 1 and Ti 1 with scattered minute setigerous tubercles; longitudinal depression of anterior (mesal) face of Ti 1 with transverse wrinkles. Vestiture. Macrotrichia golden, ‘soft’, mostly short, straight, oblique, on some body parts (particularly posterior lobe of head, pronotum, and forewings) moderately to strongly curved. Macrotrichia mixed with much longer, diagonal, semierect to erect, conspicuous, mostly straight to only slightly curved trl setae with bilaterally symmetrical position; some of these may represent true trichobothria although the bothrium itself was not observed. Scales absent, except on Cx 1 (see below). Head, labrum, and labium. Distribution of trl setae (longitudinally arranged if more than 1+1) as follows. Head: several trl setae on and alongside anteclypeus and on labrum; 2+2 preocular (proximad to antennifers); 1+1 close to mesal eye margins, 2+2 postocellar; labial segment 1: dorsum/venter 1+1/0; 2: 3+3/0; 3: 3+3/2+2; 4: 3+3/3+3 (all strongly oblique and curved, similar to normal, elongate macrotrichia). Setation of ventral surface of head erect, short; longer and curved hairs on buccular part, gradually more curved and longer on proximal part close to neck, none trichobothrium-like. Antennae with uniform, short, straight, oblique setae; trl setae 1+1 on segment 1, then occurring from base of segment 2 to apex of segment 4, more elongate, denser and more erect distally. Prothorax. Dense, ‘soft’, short, mostly curved setae; trl setae: collum 1+1 anterolaterally, 1+1 posteromedially; midlobe: 1+1 posteromedially. Mesoscutellum. trl setae 2+2, in proximal part. Forewings with sparse, short, curved microtrichia only on veins, none on wing membrane. Fore leg. Cx 1 with curved, nearly adpressed pubescence and two long, distiventral, diagonally pointing trl setae; a long, narrow, moderately ectally curved scale (L 0.12, W 0.02) subapically on ventral surface, nearer mesal face (Figs. 3, 6). Tr 1 with curved, long setae; on ventral face, with 3-4 long, curved trl setae: the most distal one inserted at identical point as coxal scale; a few setae directed proximad, the other distad. F 1 with short, oblique setae on dorsal and ventral faces, anterior and posterior faces nearly bare; erect trl setae as follows: about 5+ 5 in double-row in distal half of dorsal face and multiple terminal dorsal cluster, and about 5+5 trl setae regularly distributed on ventral face. Ti 1 anterior face nearly bare, posterior and ventral faces with long, straight, oblique setae (particularly in distal half), dorsal and ventral faces and distal edge with numerous, irregularly distributed trl setae; other conspicuous macrotrichia: a single subpatellar trl seta, and three very long, curly setae at distiventral angle. Ta 1 with long, straight, diagonal setae, especially dense and mostly curly on ventral face; conspicuous trl setae: 1+1 dorsal, subterminal, strikingly long, and 1+1 apicilateral claw-guarding setae (anterior one, close to the shorter claw, conspicuously shorter). Middle and hind legs densely covered with short oblique to semierect setae on all faces; tibial and tarsal setae radiating relative to tibial and tarsal axes. Tr 2 and Tr 3 with two conspicuous erect ventral trl setae each. Ventral faces of F 2 and F 3 each with one basal (adtrochanteral), one postmedial, and several distal suberect to erect trl setae, dorsal faces of F 2 and F 3 each with 1+1 erect subterminal (adtibial) trl setae. Ti 2 and Ti 3 with long, oblique to erect trl setae developed along entire length,>15 and> 20 in number, respectively. Ta 2 and Ta 3 (second ’segments’) with about 10 strongly oblique trl setae on Ta 2 , over 12 on Ta 3 ; setae on the latter undoubtedly homologous but not thin and trl like, and nearly spiniform instead. The only visually undoubtedly trl seta on Ta 3 is a ventral erect seta on its first ‘segment’. Abdomen. Dorsum with short setae, without scales. Venter with golden short to moderately long, straight to slightly curved semierect macrotrichia (length and density increasing distally) intermixed with short, blackish, adpressed hairs. Some trl setae occurring marginally; distribution of long trl setae on posterior segments as follows: ventrite 7 – 1+1 at posterolateral angles, 1+1 submedial near posterior margin; subgenital plate: 1+1 submedial (extremely long) in basal part, 1+1 (very long) at posterior margin. Structure. Head (Figs. 1-2) strikingly narrow and long, slightly longer than pronotum (1.04 times as long as pronotum). Anterior lobe markedly longer than posterior lobe, 2.3 times as long. Lateral margin of preocular region parallel-sided proximally, its long distal part slightly convex, diverging towards antennifers; anteclypeus very long, narrow. Eye 0.31 times as long as distance between eye and antennifer. Postocular impression broad, shallow; lateral margin of postocular part of anterior cephalic lobe straight, diverging towards convex side of posterior lobe – postocular impression not marked in lateral outline. Posterior lobe transverse, 0.82 times as long as wide, its dorsum strongly convex, lateral sides moderately so. Eyes small, in lateral view not exceeding dorsal or ventral outlines of head; facets individually convex. Ocelli large, ocellar tubercles low. Ventral outline of head continuous, very slightly concave, only apex (fused bucculae) and basis (association with neck) outstanding. Dorsal ocular index 6.0, ventral ocular index 4.0. Antennae moderately long, thin; first segment strikingly long, cylindrical; segments 2-4 terete (not flagelliform, neither segment 4 subfusiform); antennal formula (longest segment first) 2, 3, 4, 1; segment 2 being 1.11 times as long as segment 3. Labium (Fig. 2) moderately long, rather thin, directed anterad (segments 1, 2) and ventrad (segments 3, 4), without particular structures, labial formula (longest segment first) 3, 2, 4, 1. Segment 3: 2.2 times as long as segment 2. Ventral outline of segment 2 emarginate near base and at midlength. Labrum reaching to middle of segment 2. Pronotum (Figs. 1-2). Collum short, 2.45 times as wide as long, with narrow precollum, dorsum with a linear impressed median area and pair of low and broad elevations, lateral area with low ‘pleural’ tubercle not visible in dorsal view. Collar constriction sharply delimited. Midlobe (dorsal side) with a linear, nearly percurrent median impression terminating just in front of posterior margin; disc with markedly plastic relief, with i) an inversely triangular anteromedial depression, ii) broad, not distinctly delimited, subcircular posteromedial depression, and iii) paired deep lateral pits emitting a lateral depression each; lateral margins broadly convex, interrupted, slightly notched because of lateral pits; posterior margin entire, trisinuate, sublateral shallowly concave parts slightly depressed, medial convex part broadly rounded, without edge. No traces of Y-shaped impressions. Constriction between midlobe and hindlobe broad, sharply demarcated. Midlobe 2.5 times as long as collum, 1.2 and 1.45 times as long as hindlobe maximum and median length, respectively. Midlobe 2.0 times as long as wide. Hindlobe ample, its median twice as long as collum, indicated neither by ridge nor impression, lateral margins rounded, posterolateral angles (in strictly dorsal view) subrectangular; posterior margin bisinuate (tetrasinuate, if moderately protruding posterolateral angles are counted), medially broadly and shallowly concave, moderately convex sublaterally. Hindlobe 3.2 times as wide as medially long. ‘ Proepimeral lobe ’ (see ŠTYS & BAŇAŘ 2006) extensive, distinctly exceeding posterior prosupracoxale posteroventrad, but not enclosing fore acetabula. Mesoscutellum. Concave central part equilaterally triangular, produced in long, apically rounded mucro and included into a larger triangle due to lateral association with forewing grooves. Prothoracic coxa, prosupracoxale, proacetabula, and prosternum. For details see Figs. 4 and 6. Cx 1 situated within proacetabulum, the latter open anteriorly and closed elsewhere. Proximal parts of lateral, anterior, and most of mesal faces of Cx 1 fully enclosed and externally delimited by prosupracoxalia. Anterior prosupracoxale excessively developed, anteromesally extended, embracing Cx 1 anterolaterally, anteriorly, and anteromesally. Transverse anterior part of anterior prosupracoxale fused with ventral part of collum (forming a not fully understood system of anteroventral prothoracic evaginations); anteromesal part of anterior prosupracoxale directed mesocaudad, fusing with triangular probasisternum, and taking part in formation of its strengthened, horizontal, sharp-edged lateral sides, here termed ‘ prosternal strigilatory edge(s) ’ (see Discussion). This composite triangular probasisternum horizontal, clearly delimited by its sharp edges; prosternellum adhering to probasisternum, sinuate in sagittal plane, more dorsal than probasisternum, with only the posterior, rounded, tongue-shaped part posteriad to coxae visible in ventral view. Legs rather short. Fore leg (Figs. 3, 6-16) extremely stout, femur and tibia incrassate. Cx 1 (Fig. 8) conical, anteroventral face with dense, prominent, drop-like cuticular thorns (Fig. 9) resembling and arranged like rasping files. Antero- and especially posterodorsal proximal parts of fore coxa with dense rows of different cuticular processes (Fig. 10), resembling serrate rasping files, each of those with several apical teeth, thus very similar to Pseudohenschiella hauseri Baňař & Štys 2006 from Madagascar (cf. BAŇAŘ & ŠTYS 2006). Proximal region of Tr 1 very narrow, more so than robust distal part, both regions separated by concave impression; entire adcoxal (dorsal) surface deeply concave (accommodating distal part of Cx 1 during flexion of Tr 1 ) and delimited by sharp, lateral, free anterodorsal and posterodorsal edges (about as long as one third of tr-f junction). F 1 2.5 times as long as wide, with basidorsal angle forming subrectangularly produced, apically rounded dorsal extension, the latter rising strikingly above dorsal surface of Tr 1 , and as high as its proximal diameter. Knee. Distinct remnant of a tripartite neopatella * (new term) visible dorsally in intersegmental F 1 -Ti 1 membrane when tibia maximally bent towards femur (Fig. 7). Ti 1 broadly triangular, 2.1 times long as wide, compressed in anteroposterior plane, both anterior and posterior faces each with vaguely delimited longitudinal depression. Cleaning comb short, formed by tightly packed short setae; three ventralmost spiniform setae longer and stouter. Intersegmental tibiotarsal membrane forming an evaginated pocket stretching far ventrad beneath tarsus itself (enabling apparently its close appression towards distal margin of tibia). Distiventral, armature-bearing process absent. Apicitibial armature (Fig. 15) consisting of seven spiniform setae: two short ventral (straight), three long subventral (all slightly oblique towards tarsus), and two short dorsal (strongly oblique towards tarsus). Ta 1 cylindrical, 1.7 times as long as wide, ventral surface slightly concave, tarsal armature (Fig. 16) of 1+1 proximal, curved spiniform setae and 1+1 distal setae (anterior one semicircular, posterior one broadly spiniform, shorter than proximal setae). Claws all of same shape, regularly curved, posterior one shorter and narrower. Fore leg sensilla on coxa, femur, and trochanter. Basal rim of Cx 1 anteromesally with coxal rim organ (Fig. 8), consisting of cluster of several (5-7) differently directed, straight setae and one distant short seta. Condylar trochanteral organ (Fig. 8) consisting of several (six?) poorly visible short setae. Anterior trochanteral organ (Figs. 8, 11) consisting of 6+1 campaniform sensilla (group of six, one isolated; posterior trochanteral organ (Figs. 13-14) consisting of six campaniform sensilla (five in straight row, one isolated). Anterior femoral organ (Figs. 8, 12) consisting of 3+1 campaniform sensilla (group of three and one isolated) very close to base of F 1 . Neopatella (new term) = sclerite(s) situated within the dorsal section of the F-Ti intersegmental membrane in a position where the original patellar limb segment or its remnants would be situated (see Discussion). In fore leg of female S. loebli sp. nov., the dorsal apex of F 1 is concavely excised and the small dorsolateral projections of its posterior margin provide articulation with the neopatellar articulatory tubercles.The area between these projections is filled with a tripartite neopatella, its medial part forming a narrow arcuate strip adhering to the concavity of the apex of F 1 , and its lateral parts being formed by strongly sclerotized, prominent, dorsally projecting articulatory tubercles associated with the medial strip of neopatella and articular projections of F 1 . The distal margin of the neopatella is associated with a short intersegmental F-Ti membrane; the latter separates the neopatella from a produced and feebly delimited process of basidorsal margin of Ti 1. Middle leg and hind leg. Lateral (dorsal, adfemoral) face of Cx 3 flat, largely covered by sandpaper-like file similar to that on Cx 1 . F 3 moderately incrassate, its basidorsal margin arcuate, clearly extending above the level of dorsal face of Tr 3. Proximal segments otherwise without particular structures, anterior and posterior faces of Ti 2 and Ti 3 sulcate. Ta 2 and Ta 3 two-segmented, segment 1 extremely short, without dorsal surface in lateral view (dorsal part of segment 1 visible as dorsal part of basitarsal ring filling up apex of tibia in anterodorsal view). Apices of both middle and hind tibiae each with strikingly short posteroventral and anteroventral setal combs; every comb terminating ventrally with a long spiniform seta. Claws and parempodial setae isomorphic. Forewing as usual for Systelloderes. Pterostigma strikingly well formed, long and wide, RP arising from its middle; rp-mp (= the anterior crossvein) entering open discal cell strikingly more distad than CuA3+4 (= the posterior ‘crossvein’); AP in claval area not developed. Ventral side of abdomen (distorted in the holotype) with series of 1+1+1 large sclerites on ventrites 3-8. Terminalia (distorted in the holotype). Posteromedial part of ventrite 7 thickened. Ventral laterotergite 8 distinct from subgenital plate, the latter strongly sclerotized, elongate, basal margin convex, distal margin concave in front of proctiger. Etymology. Dedicated to Ivan Löbl (Genève), an eminent coleopterist, our friend, and collector of the species. Bionomics. The holotype was collected by sieving leaf litter in a patch of a primary tropical New Caledonian rainforest surrounded by a secondary forest (I. Löbl, in epist.). Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Mount Koghi on the Grande Terre of New Caledonia.

Štys, Pavel, Baňař, Petr (2007): The first species of Systelloderes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae) from New Caledonia. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 47: 3-15, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503564, {"references":["BANAR P. & STYS P. 2006:A new species of Pseudohenschiella (Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae) from Madagascar. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 46: 7-14.","HOBERLANDT L. & STYS P. 1979: Tamopocoris asiaticus gen. and sp.n. - a new aphelocheirine from Vietnam and further studies on Naucoridae (Heteroptera). Acta Musei Nationalis Praga e 33(B) (1977): 1-20.","KUKALOVA-PECK J. 1983: Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618-1669.","KUKALOVA-PECK J. 1991: Fossil history, and the evolution of hexapod structures. Pp. 141-179. In: CSIRO (ed.): The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Vols 1, 2. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1137 pp.","POLHEMUS D. A. & POLHEMUS J. T. 1988: The Aphelocheirinae of tropical Asia (Heteroptera: Naucoridae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 36: 167-300.","SCHUH R. T. & SLATER J.A. 1995: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heretoptera). Classification and Natural History. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca & London, xiii + 353 pp.","STYS P. 1970: Three new aberrant species of Systelloderes Blanch. from the Old World, and notes on the tribal classification of Enicocephalinae (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 1968: 435-454.","STYS P. 1985: Phallopiratinae - a new subfamily of plesiomorphic Enicocephalidae based on a new genus and four new species from the Oriental region (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 1981: 269-310.","STYS P. 2002a: New enicocephaline genera similar to Systelloderes (Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 45 (2001): 319-338.","STYS P. 2002b:Key to the genus-group taxa of the extant Enicocephalomorpha of the World,their list, and taxonomic changes (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 45 (2001): 339-368.","STYS P. & BANAR P. 2006: Description of a new genus with larviform females from Mauritius (Heteroptera, Enicocephalidae), with discussion of thoracic and abdominal morphology. Pp. 681-695. In: RABITSCH W. (ed.): Hug the bug - For love of true bugs. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Ernst Heiss. Denisia 19: 1-1184.","VILLIERS A. 1969: Revision des Hemipteres Henicocephalidae Africains et Malgaches. Annales de Musee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Series in-8o, Sciences Zoologiques (Tervuren) 176: 1-232.","WYGODZINSKY P. W. & SCHMIDT K. 1991: Revision of the New World Enicocephalomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 200: 1-265."]}

Baňař, Petr, Štys, Pavel (2006): A new species of Pseudohenschiella (Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae) from Madagascar. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 46: 7-14, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4503532, {"references":["STYS P. 2002: Key to genus-group taxa of the extant Enicocephalomorpha of the World, their list, and taxonomic changes (Heteroptera). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 45: 339-368.","VILLIERS A. 1958: Insectes Hemipteres Enicocephalidae. Faune de Madagascar. Vol. 7. Institut de Recherches Scientifiques, Tannarive - Tsimbazaza, 79 pp.","VILLIERS A. 1969: Revision des Hemipteres Henicocephalidae Africains et Malgaches. Annales du Musee Royal de l 'Afrique Centrale, Serie in-8°, Sciences Zoologiques 176: 1-232."]}

Pseudohenschiella hauseri sp. nov. (Figs. 1-13) Type locality. Madagascar, Antananarivo prov., Ankaratra hills, Manjakatompo Forest Station, 1980 m a.s.l. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♀, ‘Mad-89/23: Madagascar (Prov. / Antananarivo, sous-préf. / Ambatolampy): Massif Ankaratra, / Station Forestière Manjakatompo, / près du sommet du Anosiarivo, foręt / primaire, sous écorces, 1980m; / 26.xi. 1989; leg. B. Hauser’. The specimen bears the red type label ‘ HOLOTYPE / Pseudohenschiella / hauseri sp.nov. / Baňař & Štys det. 2006’. Holotype slightly damaged (midtibiae partially broken), card-mounted, right foreleg mounted separately on another card; to be deposited in the collection of Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Switzerland). Description. Measurements (all in mm; L = length, W = width, max. = maximum, min. = minimum). Total L – 2.75; head: anterior lobe L – 0.26, posterior lobe L – 0.18, posterior lobe W – 0.25, distance of eye to apex of antennifer – 0.13, diatone (max. W across eyes) – 0.24, min. interocular distance, dorsal – 0.15, min. interocular distance, ventral – 0.11, eye L – 0.08; labium: total L – 0.44; antenna: segment 1 L – 0.11, segment 2 L – 0.24, segment 3 L – 0.22, segment 4 L – 0.21; pronotum: total L (max.) – 0.46, collum L (median) – 0.13, midlobe L (max.) – 0.19, hindlobe L (max.) – 0.14, collum max. W – 0.26, midlobe, max. W – 0.46, hindlobe, max. W – 0.53; foreleg: forefemur L – 0.40, foretibia L – 0.33, forefemur max. W – 0.18, foretibia max. W – 0.16; midleg: midfemur L – 0.35, midtibia L – 0.30, midtarsus L (without claw) – 0.11, midfemur max. W – 0.10, midtibia max. W – 0.07, midtarsus max. W – 0.05; hindleg: hindfemur L – 0.42, hindtibia L – 0.48, hindtarsus L (without claw) – 0.16, hindfemur max. W – 0.13, hindtibia max. W – 0.08, hindtarsus max. W – 0.03. Coloration (Fig. 1). Head and thorax brown; forewing membrane slightly paler, extreme apex of head, labium, forewing veins, legs and antennal segments 1-3 yellowish brown, posterior (inner) faces of femora somewhat infuscate; antennal segment 4 whitish; dorsum and venter of abdomen beige (small isolated sclerites brown). Cuticle. Head, thorax and abdomen generally matt, with clearly visible punctation and minute setigerous tubercles; legs (with some exceptions – see foreleg structures below), antennae, labium and small median impression on midlobe of pronotum smooth and lustrous. Head, thorax and extremities strongly sclerotized, abdomen weakly so. Vestiture whitish, relatively dense. Setae on dorsal face of head prominent, curved anterad, becoming longer towards antennifers. Lateral faces nearly bare. Setae on ventral face of head (Fig. 2) strongly prominent, longer than setae on dorsal and ventral faces; on anterior lobe curved posterad, on posterior lobe curved anterad (excepting the basal part, adjoining the collum). Collum covered by dense hairs curved irregularly in different directions. Dorsal and lateral parts of mid- and hindlobe of pronotum and ‘pleural’ parts of thorax covered with dense prominent hairs, these becoming longer ventrally; setae of both dorsum and venter of thorax directed caudad. Abdomen with adpressed hairs, laterotergites 7-9 with several very long, trichobothria-like setae, sternum 7 and subgenital plate covered with long, dense, semi-erect setae. Forewing veins pilose, cells bare, very rarely with one seta per cell. Wing margin of four distinct sectors differing in pilosity, as follows: (a) proximal half of anterior margin with one row of uniform, short, curved setae; (b) third quarter of anterior margin with same hairs as (a) but complemented by second row of longer, curved hairs, both rows becoming longer distad; (c) beginning of distal quarter of anterior margin with admixed third row of erect bristles, the latter shortly disappearing and the rest of anterior margin, whole apical margin, and distal part of posterior margin (up to entry of last remigial vein) formed by one row of slightly curved, diagonal, alternating short and very long hairs; (d) whole proximal part of posterior margin bare. Antennae. All segments with rather long diagonal setae; distal part of segment 2 and whole segments 3 and 4 also with more erect, subvertical, long, fine setae about twice as long as segment diameter. Labium with dense, semi-erect, slightly curved pilosity, particularly long and conspicuous at dorsal surface of segment 3. Forelegs with two types of setae: (a) long, prominent trichobothria-like setae (tr-setae); (b) shorter, semi-erect, denser setae. Coxa and trochanter antero- and posteroventrally with numerous (ca 20-30) semi-erect setae and several (3-5) tr-setae. Dorsal face of trochanter with rows of five setae, one longest, other four subequal in length. Femur and tibia covered more densely and regularly on all surface, with exception of small bare area on antero-basal part of femur. Femur with 15-20 regularly distributed tr-setae with exception of anterior face. Tibia with 10-12 tr-setae, distributed especially on posterodorsal face, tarsus with 4-5 tr-setae. Mid- and hindlegs. Both the mid- and hindfemur with a conspicuous, outstanding, curved and long setae in two thirds of dorsal face, ventral face with shorter, adpressed setae. Mid- and hindtibiae and tarsi with dense, semi-erect setae on all faces. Head (Fig. 2). Slightly shorter than pronotum (ratio 0.95). Anterior lobe cylindrical, longer than posterior lobe (ratio 1. 44). Postocular constriction deep. Posterior lobe transverse, lateral margins irregularly rounded, with slightly visible median groove, widest in basal third, ratio length to maximum width 0.72. Ratio length of eye to distance eye – apex of antennifer 0.62. Eyes medium-sized, dark reddish brown. Ocelli on small tubercles, directed anterolaterad, each with narrow carmine ringlet on base. Dorsal ocular index 5.3, ventral ocular index 3.7. Neck very short. Antennae (Fig. 1) relatively short and thin, shorter than head and pronotum together, antennal formula (longest segment first): 2-3-4-1 (length differences 2, 3, 4 very small). Segments 2 and 3 moderately subfusiform, 4 fusiform. Labium (Fig. 2) very short, thick, directed anterad, labial formula (longest segment first) 3-4-2-1, segment 1 minute, 3 basally constricted, and with medially inflated ventral side. Pronotum (Fig. 1). Collum thick, simple, without lateral tubercles, precollum narrow, transverse impression between collum and midlobe strikingly deep and wide, broadly V-shaped. Lateral margins of midlobe rounded, its median marked by broad, inversely T-shaped impression (its stalk shallow, interrupting anterior margin; its transverse bar deep, rounded, distant from posterior margin), disc with a pair of deep anterolateral pits; lateral and medial parts of posterior margin rounded, sublateral ones shallowly concave. Hindlobe moderately wider than midlobe, widest in middle, lateral sides very moderately rounded, posterolateral angles roundedly subrectangular, posterior margin shallowly concave. Mesoscutellum large, triangular, disc elevated with anterior row of 2+2 muscle impressions and unpaired posterior impression, apex produced in rounded mucro. Fore acetabula open, ‘proepimeral lobe’ (cum posterior prosupracoxale) reaching half width of forecoxa. Terminalia. Segment 8 clearly subdivided into fully sclerotized tergum, incompletely sclerotized laterotergites (occupying truly lateral position), and ventral, sclerotized subgenital plate. Posteromedial margin of the latter emarginate, the space filled by intersegmental membrane 8-9 provided with small medial sclerite. Segment 9 ring-shaped, fully sclerotized, its ventral (subproctigeral) part narrow. Proctiger globular. Differential diagnosis. Pseudohenschiella hauseri sp. nov. differs from P. minuscula Villiers, 1969 by longer body, wider foretibia, and shape of posterior lobe of head and collum (very short in P. minuscula); from P. usingeri and P. flavipes Villiers, 1969 by wider foretibia, different dimensions and shape of both mid- and hind- pronotal lobes, and non-opposite position of transverse veins associated with forewing discal cell; from P. brevipes Villiers, 1958 by longer collum, different shape and proportions of posterior lobe of head, and by different shape of forewing discal cell (see the Key, and VILLIERS 1969). Dimensions of fore tibia may be sexually dimorphic (tibia distally broader in females); so far all species are only known from single individuals. Etymology. Named after Bernd Hauser (Geneva), collector of the species. Bionomy. The holotype was collected under bark in a primary forest.

Sulawesifulvius schuhi sp. n. Diagnosis See the genus. Etymology This species is named to honour the prominent heteropterologist Dr. Randall T. Schuh (American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America). Description Male. Body red with pale and brown areas, body length 3.40–3.53 mm, width 1.85– 1.92. Head pale with red patches, two small spots on vertex and one large patch anterior to these. Frons pale with small red patches on sides, mandibular plate and clypeus pale with small red patches. Head length, in dorsal view, 0.52 mm, width 0.64–0.67 mm, diameter of eye 0.18 mm. First antennal segment pale yellow, slightly tinged with red. Second antennal segment yellow, pale brown basally, slightly tinged with red, with yellow ring and small, brown patch mesially, slightly darker apically, covered with short, pale setae. Third segment brown, darkened towards apex, covered with very thin, short, white, setae. Fourth segment dark brown, covered with white, shining, protruding setae, longer than its diameter. Length of antennal segments in mm: 0.13–0.14: 0.29–0.33: 0.68–0.73: 0.20. Rostrum brown, shining, length of rostral segments in mm: 0.27: 0.23: 0.22: 0.22. Pronotum pale yellow, mottled with red, with two large, pale brown patches contiguous to posterior margin of pronotum. Lateral margins translucent, pale yellow, with four small, dark red patches along its external sides. Length of pronotum 0.30 mm, lateral margins 0.55 mm, posterior margin 1.30 mm. Mesoscutum red with paler patches, tinged with brown on sides. Scutellum pale grey­brown, red on sides, with red longitudinal stripe paler mesially; apex of scutellum grey­brown. Hemelytra covered with dense, short, silvery, shining, scale­like pilosity; exocorium pinkish with darker reddish patches, also covered with dark brown or black, short, scalelike setae. Corium with characteristic brown pattern (Fig. 1), red in part contiguous with the claval suture. Clavus red, slightly paler along suture, with a rib­like claval vein. Cuneus pink with small, darker patches on margin, covered with silvery and dark brown scale­like setae. Row of silvery, erect setae perpendicular to inner margin of cuneus. Membrane grey, venation pale brown, partly tinged with red. Underside of body pale yellow, abdomen yellowish with transverse red bands on segments. Ostiolar peritreme pale yellow. Coxae, trochanters, and femora (except for apical portion) yellowish­brown; apices of femora red with pale ring or patch; trochanters with red or brown rings, tarsi pale brown. Lateral margins of the pygophore (Figs 6–7) concave medially on the right side, distally on the left one. Posterodorsal margin broadly and deeply, but gradually emarginate, posteroventral margin suddenly and deeply emarginate in the middle. Both the emarginations filled by dorsal and ventral membraneous lobes, respectively, their exact shape and identity (membranous extensive proctiger or intersegmental membrane 9–10) not ascertained with certainty. Left posterolateral edge of pygophore subtriangularly produced, the right one forming a lobe beneath articulation of the right paramere. Posterodorsal margin with a strong marginal apodeme, complex systems of apodemes at basis of each paramere. Parameres’ shape as illustrated (Figs 8–9), the right one larger, longer and more complex than the left one, its articulation more dorsal. In natural position both parameres protruding from the pygophore, the left one directed posterad, the right one transverse, crossing over the left one in dorsal view. Suspensorial apodemes (not illustrated) unusually long, and unusually strongly sclerotized. Phallus (Figs 10, 11) very small, in resting position (all the attempts of erection failed) inversely U­shaped, phallobase without particulars. The distal part of the phallus enveloped by transparent theca provided with a distal opening. Endosoma formed by a simple conjunctiva, and a vesica occupying nearly all the dorsal lobe of U. Vesica formed by a single lobe with microsculpture shown in Fig. 11. Ductus seminis long, in resting position also inversely U­shaped, terminating by strongly sclerotized bulb, bearing apically a wide secondary gonopore with no particular structures framing its broad opening. Female similar to male, length of body 3.55–3.66 mm, width 1.92 –2.0 mm, length of head 0.46–0.50 mm, width 0.67–0.73 mm, diameter of eye 0.16–0.20 mm. Length of antennal segments in mm: 0.14–0.15: 0.34–0.36: 0.73: 0.19–0.20. Parieto­vaginal rings (Figs 12–13) reduced, very small, partially hidden by dorsal wall in dorsal view, their outer margins pointed, the other margins gently curved. Dorso­labiate and ventro­labiate plates undeveloped. Medial plate connecting the sclerotized rings absent. Dorsal wall (Fig. 12) and anterior sac large, lateral oviducts short and wide. Posterior wall (Fig. 14) translucent. A structures (inner­ramal sclerites) fused, dorsal margin reinforced, concave, ventral margin straight, lateral margin curved. B structure sensu Chérot (2002) reduced to medial part (the so­called foot or medial process). Type material Holotype (male): Tray 54; Fog 5, 400 m, 11. ii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., February, 1985; R. Ent. oc. Lond., Project Wallace, B.M. 1985 ­ 10. Paratypes: (male) Tray 51; Fog 11, 230 m, 10. iii. 85, BMNH plot A; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., March, 1985; (three males and two females) Tray 52 and 54; Fog 5, 400 m, 11. ii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., February, 1985; R. Ent. oc. Lond., Project Wallace, B.M. 1985 ­ 10; (two males) Tray 32 and 18; Fog 13, 230 m, 11. vii. 85, BMNH Plot A; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., July, 1985; R. Ent. oc. Lond., Project Wallace, B.M. 1985 ­ 10; (male) Tray 45; Fog 5, 400 m, 11. ii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., February, 1985; R. Ent. oc. Lond., Project Wallace, B.M. 1985 ­ 10; (female) Tray 106; Fog 15, 400 m, 19. vii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., July, 1985; (male) Tray 48; Fog 5, 400 m, 11. ii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., February, 1985; R. Ent. oc. Lond., Project Wallace, B.M. 1985 ­ 10; (female) Tray 27; Fog 5, 400 m, 11. ii. 85; BMNH, Plot C; Indonesia: Sulawesi, Utara, Dumoga­Bone N. P., July, 1985. Holotype and ten paratypes housed in Natural History Museum, London, GB, two paratypes in Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Biology Practically unknown. The specimens were collected by fogging of the forest canopy of Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (Sulawesi, Indonesia).

Sulawesifulvius gen. nov. Type species: Sulawesifulvius schuhi, new species Diagnosis This genus is not similar to any known genus of Cylapinae. It has a superficial similarity to the genus Peritropis Uhler (Fulvinii), but differs from it by the structure of the antennae, hemelytra, and parameres. Etymology Named according to Sulawesi (where is the type locality) and the type genus of the tribe Fulviini, in which the new genus is placed. Gender masculine. Description Body small, elongated, oval, flattened dorsoventrally, covered with very short, scalelike setae. Head relatively short, vertex and frons with two raised tubercles; clypeus very distinct. Antennal tubercles small, almost contiguous with margin of eye. First and second antennal segments relatively thick, second slightly narrowed in the middle, covered with short setae. Third segment longest, very thin, with sparse, fine, obscure setae; fourth segment short, thicker than third, covered with long setae. Rostrum straight, thin, and short, reaching beyond forefemora; first rostral segment shorter than head, remaining segments subequal. Pronotum short, broad, lateral margins elevated, anterior angles of pronotum protruding, enveloping head and reaching beyond middle of eyes (Fig. 1). Single, erect, scale­like seta on top of angles of pronotum. Antero­lateral part of pronotum distinctly separated. Calli raised with depression between them. Posterior margin of pronotum almost straight. Mesoscutum well exposed, raised, with small, oblique carina on sides. Scutellum with small, raised subapical tubercle mesially. Hemelytra well developed, distinctly tapering towards membrane. Exocorium very broad, slightly elevated. Clavus slightly raised, costal fracture short. Cuneus very long, enveloping membrane (Fig. 1); membrane narrow, elongated, two­celled, the minor cell very small; its venation thin. Ostiolar peritreme very small. Fore­ and middle legs cursorial, hind legs probably saltatorial. Mesofemora with at least five trichobothria in distal half (Fig. 5). Metafemora distinctly enlarged, with distinct subapical depressions on sides, covered with dense, scalelike setae and bearing eight long trichobothria apically. Metatibiae with scale­like setae, partially covered with very long, fine, protruding setae. Longitudinal rows of short spines along each tibiae and few long, thick spines on apical portion of metatibiae (Fig. 3). Tarsi two­segmented, fore­ and mesotarsi short, metatarsi slightly longer, first segment with row of thick, short spines (Fig. 4), second slightly swollen distally; parempodia setiform; claws with distinct, subapical tooth (Fig. 4). Parameres asymmetrical, large, with long, sharp processes (Figs 6–9), aedeagus membranous, relatively small (Fig. 10). Figs 10–11. Sulawesifulvius schuhi gen. nov., sp. nov., male paratype, genital structures; 10, Phallus (non­erected) as seen in ventral, most exposed view (slightly diagonally from topographically right side, hence processi capitati and basal apparatus seemingly aszmmetrical); 11, apex of vesica.