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Objective: One of the major challenges of successful integration of mental health into Primary Health Care (PHC) is the lack of adequate knowledge and skills for mental health service delivery by PHC workers in the community. This study is undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a mental health training course on the knowledge and mental health practice of PHC workers participating in the Aro Primary Care Mental Health Programme (APCMHP) for Ogun State, Nigeria. Method: We conducted a quasi-experimental study on eighty (80) PHC workers with a training course locally developed from the WHO mhGAP intervention guide (2010). The course was aimed at improving diagnosis and management of five priority conditions: Psychosis, Depression, Alcohol &Substance abuse, Epilepsy and Other Significant Emotional Complaints (OSEC).Data was collected on socio-demographic characteristics, health practice experience, knowledge and skills to diagnose and treat mental health case vignettes before and after a three day training course. Results: Of the 80 PHC workers, 90.0% were females and 87.5% of them were nurses. Post-training rate of accurate diagnosis by the PHC workers significantly improved by 12.5% for psychosis(p=0.018), 12.5% for substance abuse(p=0.018), 30.0% for OSEC(p=0.001) while the mean scores for appropriate intervention improved by 114.0% for psychosis(p=0.001), 109.3% for depression(p=0.001), 77.9% for substance abuse(p=0.001), 102.7% for epilepsy(p=0.001) and 91.9% for OSEC(p=0.001). A total of 473 patients were treated in the communities within a period of 12months. Conclusion: This study shows that mental health training course for PHC workers resulted in improved knowledge and expected mental health practice with greater effect on case management than case recognition. Mental health training of PHC workers is essential for reducing the mental health service gap in Nigeria.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of the many-facet Rasch model (MFRM) in evaluating the quality of performance related to violin education in Anatolia Fine Arts High School students. The Rasch Model utilizes item response theory stating that the probability of a correct response to a task depends largely on a single parameter, the ability of the person. MFRM extends this one-parameter model to other facets, for example, rater severity, rating scale format, task difficulty levels. This paper specifically investigated the students' violin performance ability in terms of task difficulty and rater severity/leniency. 27 students selected randomly form the three different Anatolia Fine Arts High Schools from the three different regions in Turkey. Students demonstrate the violin performance during the autumn semester of the 2009-2010 school years in the "Violin Education" course. Three judges evaluated each student's violin performance using "Violin Performance Evaluation Rubric". The results of this study demonstrated that the MFRM is a powerful tool for handling polytomous data in performance assessment in Music education.

Global food security has been a challenge, especially in Africa. This has attracted the adoption of strategies to improve soil productivity and crop yield. One of such strategies is the use of solid wastes as soil organic matter amendments. An investigation of the effects of soil amendment using poultry manure, sawdust and their mixtures on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, maize (Zea mays L.) growth and dry matter yield were assessed under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Top soil obtained from unfertilized plots at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research farm, Ile-Ife, Nigeria was used for the experiments. The organic amendments were added at the rate of 10 g/kg, treatments were in triplicates and treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 95% level of significance. Results obtained revealed that CO2 emission decreased while maize heights and dry matter yields significantly (P > 0.05) increased with increasing ratios of poultry manure in the poultry manure-sawdust mixtures. The CO2 emission from poultry manure amended soil was about 61% that from sawdust amended soil while the mean height and dry matter yield in sawdust-amended soils were 84% and 52% respectively those obtained in poultry manure amended soil. This paper concludes that it is essential to design and implement policies that will guide and encourage the use of organic amendments at ratios that can enhance crop yield and mitigate CO2 emission to the environment.Key words: Food security, solid waste, carbon dioxide emission, organic amendments, environment and policy.

Objective: Difference limen for frequency (DLF) is the smallest detectable change in frequency. The perception ability of this difference changes from person to person depending on the level of musical education. It is mainly mentioned on the studies about DLF that musical education has an improving effect on the perception of frequency discrimination. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the effect of formal music education on the performance of frequency discrimination and hearing sensitivities. Materials and Methods: In this study a total of 32 individuals aged between 19 and 28 years were tested in two groups. The first group was made up of musically untrained participants and the second group consisted of musically trained individuals. Primarily data from DLF test and the pure tone thresholds were compared among groups. The performance of frequency discrimination changing from sensation level and frequency was also studied by using FMDL procedure. Results: The results indicated that the musically trained participants performed better than untrained participants in frequency discrimination tasks. It was found that the frequency discrimination ability increases in the 500-4000 Hz frequency range and with a higher sensation level for all participants. Conclusions: Studies using these techniques can provide information regarding music education influences auditory perception. Musical training might increase the spontaneous attention to the sound heard and the ability to discriminate. Music becomes a useful tool with which to motivate and enliven the sessions. Copyright 2005 © The Mediterranean Society of Otology and Audiology.

A passive above knee prosthesis being currently in use does not respond adequately to the needs of daily living activities of an amputee due to its limited functions. Therefore, this study deals with design and testing of an active above knee prosthesis. The essential part of this prosthesis is the knee joint actuator based on active control of basic flexion and extension functions of the knee joint with the motor. The imitation of walking gait pattern by the proposed prosthesis was provided with a trajectory control scheme for the knee joint angle in accordance with the necessity of rule-based control approach. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We present a personal design assistant, DesigNAR, aiming at actively supporting designing. The assistant cooperate with the designer by observing the external design representation on which he is working, by making suggestions to him on how to further elaborate this representation and adapting its (suggestion) behaviour according to the designer’s reactions to those suggestions. DesigNAR implements a Non-Axiomatic Reasoning system on fluid concept representations. This enables DesigNAR to be a situated, creative and adaptive design agent using a constructive memory and grounding of concepts. As discussed in the paper, these features make DesigNAR compatible with the C-K design theory and its C/K/E extension.