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Long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) perpetually suppresses HIV load and has dramatically altered the prognosis of HIV infection, such that HIV is now regarded as a chronic disease. Side effects of ART in Patients With HIV (PWH), has introduced new challenges including "metabolic" (systemic) and oral complications. Furthermore, inflammation persists despite great viral load suppression and normal levels of CD4 + cell count. The impact of ART on the spectrum of oral diseases among PWH is often overlooked relative to other systemic complications. There is paucity of data on oral complications associated with ART use in PWH. This is in part due to limited prospective longitudinal studies designed to better understand the range of oral abnormalities observed in PWH on ART. Our group designed and implemented a prospective observational longitudinal study to address this gap. We present a procedural roadmap that could be modelled to assess the extent and progression of oral diseases associated with ART in PWH. We described here the processes associated with subject recruitment and retention, study visit planning, oral health assessments, bio-specimen collection and preprocessing procedures, and data management. We also highlighted the rigors and challenges associated with participant recruitment and retention., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors do not have any conflicts or financial interests Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

Subjects: This study consisted of 191 patients older than 40 years with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) drawn from dental practices in the geographic locations of 3 practice-based research networks (PBRNs). Control patients (n = 573) enrolled were individuals older than 40 years without prior history of ONJ. Three control patients were matched with each ONJ case. The ONJ cases originated from primary, secondary, and tertiary care centers. For each ONJ case diagnosed at a primary care center, the 3 matched controls were selected from the same primary care center. However, controls for cases obtained from secondary or tertiary care centers were selected when possible from the general dental practice that referred the case or from another practice in the same geographic area., Key Risk/study Factor: The key risk factor in this study was bisphosphonate therapy., Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure was ONJ. The definition of ONJ was maxillary or mandibular exposed bone of any size that clinically appeared necrotic, without regard for duration or cause. Therefore, all types of jaw osteonecrotic lesions were included in this study; but patients were limited to those diagnosed with onset of ONJ after January 1, 2003, without prior history of facial trauma or sickle cell disease., Main Results: The results indicate that 83% of cases and 15% of controls received bisphosphonate therapy for a mean duration (standard error) of 5.6 (0.7) and 4.2 (0.6) years, respectively. Therapy with either intravenous or oral bisphosphonates was highly predictive of ONJ; however, intravenous bisphosphonates (odds ratio [OR] = 299.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 70.0- 1282.7) were more associated with ONJ than oral bisphosphonates (OR = 9.8; 95% CI = 5.3- 18.1). Risk of developing ONJ existed within the first 2 years and increased fourfold after 2 years of bisphosphonate use (P < .0001)., Conclusions: The authors concluded that ONJ is causally linked to both intravenous and oral bisphosphonate use, and risk of ONJ escalates tremendously after 2 years of bisphosphonate therapy. The authors also concluded that oral suppuration and dental extractions are independent ONJ risk factors., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)