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Background: Primary schools have the highest quota in children’s education. In all urban regions of Tehran, it is required to know whether the problems and capabilities in spatial inequality of development range have been distributed in the same way and whether all the schools care about the same issues, or whether some regions require a greater focus. Objectives: This research aimed at surveying the relationship between different regions of Tehran based on the spatial pattern of inequality in urban development of capabilities and social and emotional difficulties among students in the early years of primary school. Methods: Based on the ex-post facto research design and its statistical population, 270 students (7 to 9 years old) from the early years of primary school in the academic year of 2017 - 2018, were included in this study. By multi-stage cluster sampling method, three regions were selected for sampling, based on the pattern of inequality in Tehran’s development centers. Then, one female and one male school were randomly selected from each region and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) was distributed among the students. This measure is a brief behavioral screening questionnaire that assesses three- to sixteen-year-old students. The data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was run for data analysis at the significance level of P < 0.01. Results: The findings showed that the residential area of students affects their social and emotional health. This effectiveness can account for 8% of students’ social and emotional status. Also, a significant difference was observed between relatively developed and undeveloped regions in students’ level of emotional ability (P < 0.01), yet the developed region did not show any difference with relatively developed and undeveloped regions. Complementary effect was obtained as 0.82, which was the sum of the effect of social and emotional health and shows student’s social and emotional development. Conclusions: There was a significant difference between students’ residential area and children’s social skills and abilities. Children’s social and emotional abilities are more considerable than their social and emotional difficulties. Therefore, attention to training for families and children is strongly recommended.

During the Qajar era, after establishing a relative calm during the reign of Fath Ali Shah and Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar, the headstock was made for the production of exquisite Persian rugs. In this era, European travelers attracted the attention of businessmen and people of Europe and the United States to Iran's handmade rug. In the mid-19th C.E. / 13th A.H. centuries, an evolution in the production of Persian rugs for the supply of the world market occurred and foreign companies were interested in investing in Iran's rug production and trade. Following these developments, some of the countries that had the advantage of handmade carpet industry were thinking of developing this industry and entering into the field of competition in international trade. This competition grew in the global market since the First International War, and large carpet manufacturers have always been competing to takeover global markets, especially the European and American markets. The countries of China, India and Turkey were among the most important rivals of Iran, which in the last years of the Qajar era were able to increase their share of the international carpet market. By studying news, content and media ads over the past times, we notice that during the Qajar era, especially during Ahmad Shah and Mohammad Ali Shah, the issuance of Iranian carpet was relatively high compared to the rival countries. A review of the press of this time has confirmed that part of the press has been introducing and helping to overcome the problems facing Iran's rug. The sovereign look and the issues that journalists of that period endorsed is notable. That's why the problem in this research is that, how has been the content of ads, news and the process of presenting these ads and reports and that how were the issues raised and discussed, and perhaps the strategies ahead in that era, so by using that information can codify a strategic plan in the field of media as well as in the field of executive work of the country's rug.

Transgressions (socially non-normative behaviors) and misconducts find a brand-new way of manifestation through online social media. Hence, social control of such behaviors is crucial to assure users’ tranquility and safety and to restrain the contagion of these transgressions into real society. The current study aimed at exploring Iranian Instagram users’ perceived transgressions, and perceived effective social control means. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on the data from online interviews by a questionnaire, with closed- and open-ended questions, filled out by 58 participants. The results showed Obscenity, Transgressive Information, Emotional Release, Market-Related Content, Risky Behaviors, and Criminal Behaviors as perceived transgressions. Five perceived personal means (Personality Traits; Social Status; Personal Attitudes; Media Use Habits; Ignoring/ Inaction), and also six perceived social means of social control of cybercultural transgressions (Family Structure; Social Groups; Technological Tools; Legal Factors; Awareness Raising; and Societal Attitudes) were identified. It can be inferred from the results that filtering and domestic social media are not effective social control means. The results can be used to devise formal and informal social control policies and initiatives to decrease social media transgressions.

One of the important type of errors is differential item functioning (DIF). The aim of this study, using the Monte Carlo simulation method, was to determine whether the effect of missing data on the bias and precision of the Likelihood Ratio test for DIF detection differ across different missing data methods? The factorial design was used to examine the effect of six MDM methods on the effectiveness of IRT-LR test for DIF detection in the GRM, in terms of Type I error and statistical power. The statistical population in this study was all university students with undergraduate degrees in educational sciences and psychology in Tehran. A sample of 1100 students from this community were among the students studying at Allameh Tabataba’i, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Kharazmi, Islamic Azad University Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran South Branch and Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch in 2019. The academic alienation questionnaire was administered to them. G2 index and the effect size η2 were calculated for all first-order interactions. Multiple imputation and single regression substitution methods had the lowest contribution in the control of the type I error and the methods based on maximum likelihood and the person mean substitution showed the highest contribution in terms of error control, respectively. The statistical power of the test was similar in all methods in this study. The results of this study indicated that the missing data and observations and the length of the test had an important role in the effectiveness (bias and precision) of the test.

Objective: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is one of the most widely used clinical tools in research studies and clinical settings. MCMI was revised 4 times and its last version was published in 2015. All previous versions of MCMI have been translated to Persian and validated and have been frequently used by Iranian clinicians or researchers. Thus, this study provides the Persian version of the last version of this popular inventory for clinical or research purposes. Method: The participants of this psychometric study were selected by combining purposeful and convenience sampling methods among inpatients and outpatients who referred to Roozbeh hospital from 2018 to 2019. After data screening by statistical methods and Validity Scales based on MCMI-IV profile, 400 participants’ profiles were analyzed to estimate the psychometric properties of the Persian Version of MCMI-IV. MCMI-IV, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), and the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI) were used for clinical data gathering. Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Correlational Coefficients, Kappa Agreement, Spearman Brown Coefficient, and Cronbach Alpha were performed for data analysis. Results: According to the results of data analysis, the psychometric properties for MCMI-IV were estimated as follows: the content validity index (CVI, 0.29 to 0.99), criterion validity (0.13 to 0.40), convergent validity (-0.35 to 0.72), The Cronbach’s alpha for the personality scales was 0.48 to 0.90, the Spearman-Brown coefficient was from 0.49 to 0.90, and test-retest reliability was from 0.51 to 0.86. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of MCMI-IV, including validity and reliability indexes, are appropriate and in line with the findings of its original version.

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems of aging, which has a wide range of common disorders of aging, such disorders can seriously affect their psychological, social and physical well-being. The purpose of this study was to predict cognitive deficits in the elderly based on psychological disorders and metacognitive intermediation. The research method was correlational and the statistical population was all elderly in Tehran, 300 of whom were selected by the Multi-stage random sampling method. Measuring instruments were a checklist of psychological symptoms, cognitive failures of Broadbent et al., and meta-cognition of Wells. Statistical analysis was used for data analysis. The results showed that variables related to psychological disorders such as compulsive obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, anxiety, and psychosis had a direct and significant effect on cognitive impairment. The variables of physical complaints, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships and aggression had a direct and significant effect on insufficiency there was no cognitive experience in the elderly. Also, the study of indirect effects showed that metacognition has a mediator role in the prediction of cognitive impairment in the elderly (p

Background and Objective: Obesity is a one of the major problems of developing societies and its prevalence is steadily increasing. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy and diet therapy on weight reduction and promotion of lifestyle self-efficacy in obese people. Methods: This was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design. From the obese people referring to psychological counseling centers and nutrition clinics of Tehran city, 30 people 20 to 40 years old were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups. The groups were trained in 10 sessions (one session per week) and body mass index and Clark et al’s lifestyle self-efficacy were measured in pre-test and post-test phases. The data were analyzed by T-Test and MANCOVA methods. Results: The findings showed that both two methods of cognitive behavior therapy and diet therapy were effective on weight reduction and promotion of lifestyle self-efficacy in obese people. Also cognitive behavior therapy in comparison diet therapy significantly led to weight reduction and promotion of lifestyle self-efficacy of obese people (P

Background: The use of new technologies in education is a topic that has attracted the attention of educational experts over the past two decades. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an instructional model enriched with assistive technology on the achievement satisfaction of people with physical-motor impairments in learning English. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental, with a pre-test/post-test design using a control group. The statistical population consisted of male individuals with physical mobility impairments studying at Imam Ali Educational Center in Tehran. To determine the sample size,Cohen’s (1986) table was used. Based on the sample size table, 16 people were selected. In this method, after drawing up a student list with a random number table, the sample was selected after checking criteria for entry and exit. The experimental group was trained in six sessions using an instructional model enriched with online and offline assistive technologies, and the control group was trained in the usual way. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) for pre- and post-test in the experimental group were 75.50 ± 5.90 and 82.25 ± 6.29, respectively, and was 75.38 ± 11 and 77.37 ± 11.91 in the control group. The results of the analysis of covariance between adjusted means of both groups for variable of academic satisfaction show a significant difference between the two groups (F =20.06, P < 0.01). The effect size was 0.60. Conclusion: Using an instructional model enriched with assistive technology can be useful in teaching English to individuals with physical-motor impairments.

The present study investigates the relationship between the use of social networks with cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity and Personality traits in users. The research method in this study is descriptive-correlation method and, we developed a structural model by using the calculated correlation coefficients. The statistical population of the present study included all high school female students in Tehran during the academic year of 1395-96 and the sample size was selected based on Cochran formula equivalent to 400 people. The data were gathered by five questionnaires of Raven's intelligence, Bar-On Emotional Intelligence, Torrance Creativity, NEO Five-factor Personality traits, and Social Network, Researcher’s Questionnaire. Also, the analysis of the test information was done in two descriptive and inferential categories, the main results of which are as follows:Based on the results, it was found that the direct effect of intelligence on the use of social networks is not meaningful, but the effect of intelligence on social networks with the mediation of emotional intelligence is inversely significant. Also, the results of the study indicated that the direct effect of emotional intelligence could predict the use of social networks. The research hypothesis that creativity predicts the use of social networks is not confirmed. Also, the results showed that the effect of Personality traits on social networks with the mediation of emotional intelligence is inversely significant.And emotional intelligence has a greater role in predicting the use of social networks than other cognitive variables.

Students' academic engagement is considered as an important predictor of academic outcomes. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors influential on it. The present study was carried out to longitudinally investigate some variables, effective on students' academic engagement. So, 391 students (49. 4% females and 50. 6% males) were selected from high schools in the city of Tehrān, based on the random cluster sampling method. The participants completed measures of self-compassion (Neff, 2003), adolescents' basic psychological needs (Tian et.al, 2013), social safeness (Gilbert et.al, 2009), and student engagement (Viega, 2016) at two time points, with 4 weeks interval. Cross-lagged panel structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that self-compassion has direct and positive effect on student engagement over time. Furthermore, self-compassion via basic psychological needs and social safeness indirectly and positively affected the students' academic engagement. These findings provided empirical support for better understanding of mediating mechanisms of the relationship between self-compassion and the students' academic engagement. Implications and future research directions would be discussed.

Parenting is one of the topics of interest in various sciences’ scholars such as psychologists, social workers, etc.The present article examined the characteristics of parenting in the subculture of Ghorbat in Tehran.The theoretical premise is that the characteristics of parenting are influenced by culture and subculture.The research method is ethnography, and research data were collected through semi-structured interview techniques and participatory observation. participants are the Ghorbat families living in Tehran's 12th district.According to the research findings, Tehran's Ghorbats have special parenting characteristics due to their subcultural characteristics as simplification and neglect, strictness based on male despotism,insecure attachment, ignoring the real needs of children,disregard for social and communication patterns and disregard for formal education.Developing self-care training packages and designing parenting models and the parent-child relationship-based on the distinct culture of Ghorbatsin Tehran can help parents to choose the low-risk style of parenting for child.

Introduction: The feeling of happiness plays an important role in the quality of life of individuals and the finding of the factors associated with this feeling is important. Therefore, the present study was aimed to develop a model of happiness based on personality traits, emotional intelligence, attachment styles, voluntary activities and demographic characteristics. Method: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of 12373 women employed in organizations of Lorestan province. 400 people were selected by stratified random sampling based on Cochran formula. Data were collected through NEO Personality Scale, Shirin Emotional Intelligence, Collins & Reid Attachment Inventory, Voluntary Activities Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the happiness model had the necessary fit and direct and indirect effects of neuroticism and the direct effect of extraversion and openness on experience was significant on happiness (p

Abstract The main aim of the present research was to determin the contribution of organizational factors in increasing the competence of Karaj municipality staff. The research population consisted of all staff (men and women) employed in the municipality of Karaj city in 1394. The sample comprised of 300 employees who were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. The research instruments were four questionnaires. The results showed that among the variables introduced into the model (emotional intelligence, creativity, job motivation, psychological empowerment and psychosocialization), only the variables of psychological empowerment, emotional intelligence and organizational climate entered into the model and were able to modify the competency explain the meaningfulness of merit changes. One of the scientific suggestions obtained from this research is that the managers of Karaj municipality can increase the level of competence of employees based on the contribution of organizational factors to the efficiency of their organization. Introduction Managers and managers of each organization always pay attention to this important issue of how to increase the productivity of human resources available in the organization. The time, cost, and facilities that organizations use in this way are indicative of the importance of developing human resources and enhancing the capabilities of the organization. On the other hand, the life and dynamism of each organization requires constant and permanent innovation and change. But it can not be ignored that all of the foregoing only takes into account the fact that the pre-eligibility is observed in it. Competency is one of the most important elements and factors of productivity of organizations in today's competitive world (Hajiha, 2005). Case study the population of the present study was all men and women employees of Karaj municipality in 1394. The research sample comprised of 300 employees who were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. The municipality is considered to be the most complete public organization that adopts many city affairs by the City Council and provides significant municipal services to the citizens, since the efficiency of each organization depends on the level of employee productivity and function. It is an organizational feature that is dependent on it. Therefore, the necessity of this research can be considered in the share of each of the mentioned variables in increasing the competence of the employees of the municipality of Karaj. This research is based on the organizational competency model based on organizational factors to test the suitability of employees in a mammer. Materials and Method The method used in this study is a survey and correlation method. For data analysis, statistical analysis, descriptive analysis of data and inferential analysis of data including correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling (path analysis) were used. One of the strongest methods of multivariate analysis. The main application of this is the simultaneous analysis of multi-variable jobs with several variables. In analyzing the data, the data were first extracted from the questionnaires and then adjusted in the general information table, and then all the data were collected using a computer and through a soft Tools (Spss 20.01 and Lisle 8.7) were analyzed in two sections of descriptive and inferential methods. The statistical population of this research was all employees (men and women) of the city of Karaj, who were working in 2015. The sampling method used in this research is random. In this method, each community has equal chances to be selected. In the sample selection, all municipalities in the province of Alborz were first randomly selected from the municipalities of Karaj, and then from all the municipalities of Karaj, the central municipality district and area one was randomly selected. In the next stage, the subjects were randomly selected from different job titles and rankings. Discussion and conclusion The results of this study are based on the findings of an examination of each of the factors and factors affecting the competence of Karaj Municipality employees as follows: The regression model designed for variables of gender, age, knowledge and experience could not significantly change the competency. The results of this study showed that among the variables (components) entered into the regression model (emotional intelligence, creativity, job motivation and psychological empowerment), only psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence variables entered into the model and were able to explain the merits variation The results also showed that the organizational climate has been able to explain the merits. Concluusion However, due to the fact that several factors affect employee competence, the improvement of employees' competency requires the efforts and plans of the managers of the organizations. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to the managers of the municipality of Karaj: City administrators should strengthen group morale, team-building within their organization, and allow them to create a space for expanding group activities, while allowing them to control their work environment in their policies and decisions for the development and development of the organization. Strategic planning for the fulfillment of competencies will improve communication skills, leadership skills and professional skills, and encourage employees through their own capabilities.

During the Qajar era, after establishing a relative calm during the reign of Fath Ali Shah and Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar, the headstock was made for the production of exquisite Persian rugs. In this era, European travelers attracted the attention of businessmen and people of Europe and the United States to Iran's handmade rug. In the mid-19th C.E. / 13th A.H. centuries, an evolution in the production of Persian rugs for the supply of the world market occurred and foreign companies were interested in investing in Iran's rug production and trade. Following these developments, some of the countries that had the advantage of handmade carpet industry were thinking of developing this industry and entering into the field of competition in international trade. This competition grew in the global market since the First International War, and large carpet manufacturers have always been competing to takeover global markets, especially the European and American markets. The countries of China, India and Turkey were among the most important rivals of Iran, which in the last years of the Qajar era were able to increase their share of the international carpet market. By studying news, content and media ads over the past times, we notice that during the Qajar era, especially during Ahmad Shah and Mohammad Ali Shah, the issuance of Iranian carpet was relatively high compared to the rival countries. A review of the press of this time has confirmed that part of the press has been introducing and helping to overcome the problems facing Iran's rug. The sovereign look and the issues that journalists of that period endorsed is notable. That's why the problem in this research is that, how has been the content of ads, news and the process of presenting these ads and reports and that how were the issues raised and discussed, and perhaps the strategies ahead in that era, so by using that information can codify a strategic plan in the field of media as well as in the field of executive work of the country's rug.

Background and objectives: Behavioral anomalies in the behavior of a person with social values are defied as the extent of the inconsistency. Since students are the future managers of community behavioral health Therefore, it seems necessary. The purpose of this research is to develop the student’s behavior anomalies Atlantic and central provinces of Hamedan. Material and methods: This study is the objective, functional, and due to a combination of survey methods and causal comparative. Using a standard questionnaire forms Aachen Bach TRF and YSR were collected. The data in the fild and independent groups’t-test was used in the content analysis of qualitative analysis. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of behavioral disorders in the Markazi and Hamadan provinces are different (t=13.42, P>0.0001). The results showed that the prevalence of behavioral disorders in boys and girls was not a signifiant difference (t=-1.50, P

The goal of this study was to design a learning environment enriched by virtual social network instructional model for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students and find the validity of this model. Considering that in order to ascertain the aims of this research a mixed method in a type of the exploratory was used. In the qualitative part, to obtain an instructional design model, an inductive content analysis was performed. In addition, in the quantitative part, for internal validity, the experts’ judgment using a questionnaire survey method was used. The population in qualitative part was all related studies and faculty members familiar with the domain of educational technology, special education, educational technologists, and educationists, teachers of special education, DHH students and their parents, and experiences of successful countries in the field of the research topic. By the goal-oriented sampling procedure, 39 experts for qualitative and 34 experts for the quantitative part was chosen from Iran, Australia and United States. The results showed that in regards to content analysis seven main categories of the model was obtained: engagement, interaction, feedback, content, sources, evaluation, and support. 24 subcategories also were extracted. Finally, the results of all content analyses were presented as a model. Also, the results of internal validation according to the experts' judgment indicated that the instructional model enjoys a good validity and has the effectiveness on learning environments of DHH student

In this qualitative study, the opportunities and threats of education in mother tongue in Irans formal education system from the perspective of experts and authorities has been investigated. Using qualitative content analysis method, a semi-structured interview was done with professors of linguistics, educational sciences and psychology and also with the authorities of education organization in the Kermānshāh province who were selected using purposive sampling method. 18 articles, four books and five theses also were examined in this context and their analysis was continued up to the saturation point. The unit of analysis was the theme. To ensure the validity of the findings, member checking was used and to determine the reliability, inter-rater agreement was applied. At the end of the inductive content analysis, and through continuous comparison of the obtained codes it was turned out that from the perspective of experts, cognitive development, mental health, national unity and the spread of democracy are the most important opportunities for education in mother tongue. Authorities also noted the realization of development, improvement of academic performance and the development of human resources as opportunities and the poverty of linguistic resources as a threat for education in mother tongue. The results of this study included valuable points to the benefit of education in mother tongue for Iran’s educational policy makers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the weight of each of the courses of academic record and scoring based on the psychometric approaches of factor analysis and the continuous IRT model and the approaches based on the viewpoint of the experts of Topsis and AHP, as well as the comparison of the effect of the weighting model on variance and the predictive validity of the scores. Methodology: The method of this study was a mixed research method. In order to conduct research in the first part, 11 items (courses) of academic background were taken from the expert group and weighed and prioritized using Topsis and AHP techniques. In the second section, the final third year high school grades of volunteers and admitted students of psychology and counseling at universities across the country were received from the Sanjesh Organization for estimating standard weights in the form of factor analysis and calculating Theta. In the third section, in order to compare different weighing and scoring models, the sample group was firstly scored based on scores derived from all four approaches, and compared in terms of dispersion indexes and predictive validity. Results: The results of the comparison of the four approaches showed that the most variance is related to the IRT continuous modeling method. Also, the results of the data analysis showed that the scores obtained from the continuous IRT model had the highest correlation with the university's average score and the psychology score of the Konkoor. Conclusion: The comparison of the frequency distribution of the score-ability in the framework of all four approaches indicates that the abundance distribution in the IRT encompasses a wider range of abilities and more variance, and also results in higher predictive validity Has enjoyed. Based on this, it seems that with enough information, the test scoring framework can be changed to the theta scores that have a higher predictive validity and higher detection capability.

The present study aims at introducing and criticizing the mass open online courses (MOOCs). To this end, the "Critical Philosophical Exploration" method was used. The statistical population comprised all books, articles, studies, and research pertaining to the subject that was selected with purposive sampling and the maximum probable sources. The data required were collected through notetaking which were analyzed by verbal, visual and logical inference. In this paper, MOOCs was first described in three axes: "what", "why", and "how"; then, to interpret MOOCs, the criteria (a) underlying theory, (b) educational justice, (c) adult education, (d) practicality in technical terms, and (e) the educational applications were selected and the MOOCs were analyzed and finally, their advantages and disadvantages were summarized. According to the findings of this article, MOOC's most important benefits included: advanced scientific underlying theory, laying the groundwork for educational justice, proportionality with adult education, operational capability, and various educational advantages and advantages. However, the new underlying theory of MOOCs (relativism) and its many criticizes, MOOCs ability to create and spread educational discrimination, various technical shortcomings, and serious deficiencies in educational application were among the disadvantages. Consequently, dealing with MOOCs needs awareness of these advantages and disadvantages and attempts to resolve them.

Introduction: Infidelity has detrimental effects on the mental and physical health of victims. The aim of the present study is to identify psychosomatic reactions and physical effects of infidelity on the victims. Method: a qualitative research was used in this study. The study population consisted of women who are victims of infidelity in Tehran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and in-depth interviews had been conducted with 18 women with the experience of infidelity. Data analyzed by thematic analysis method. Findings: The results suggest that couples show different psychosomatic reactions to infidelity. Data analysis resulted in 12 main categories and 39 sub-categories. The main categories of psychosomatic reactions were as follows: 1. sleep and dream interruptions, 2. eating interruptions, 3. impaired brain function, 4. physical symptoms of anxiety and stress, 5. blood pressure problems, 6. hormonal interruptions, 7. signs of premature aging, 8. gastrointestinal problems, 9. respiratory and pulmonary problems, 10- visual problems, 11. cardiovascular problems, and 12. direct physical injuries. Discussion: Results of the present study revealed that infidelity is a psychological phenomenon with some physical effects. These effects are not experienced by all female victims alike. This suggests a different perception of female victims and its related processes that cause different patterns of psychosomatic reactions to the infidelity among them.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a number sense instruction program for children at risk of math difficulties in the preschool age. This program was designed based on the fundamental components of number sense and through a developmental approach (e.g. quantity, number, line number, and connection number). First, 426 preschoolers were selected and assessed through two screening questionnaires (teacher form and parent form) and then, after execution of Jordan’s number sense test and number knowledge on these children, 90 children were identified at risk of math difficulties. Using quasi-experimental and random techniques, subjects were classified into two experimental and control groups The experimental group experienced instructional treatments for number sense for 45 minutes for eight weeks. Then, once again both experimental and control groups were evaluated by Jordan’s number understanding test. The results were analyzed using the MANCOVA method, which indicated a meaningful difference between experimental group students’ progression (under the influence of instructional treatment of number sense) in the items of counting, quantity and number relations with the control groups in post-test. The results also indicate that instruction of number sense for improvement of calculation skills in children with math difficulties would play a preventive role in math disabilities in elder ages.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to develop a massive open online courses instructional design models based on connectivism theory in the higher education. Method: This is a qualitative content analysis study. In order to the SPELL OUT THIS ?? MOOCs books and articles were collected and the unit of analysis was determined. A total of 189 articles and book extracts from different databases were extracted. 62 units of study were selected based on purposeful sampling and compliance with the criteria of study. Criteria for selecting papers in this study were as follows; a) experimental studies and review articles that focus on massive open online courses, b) published in the period between 2006 and 2016 and c) related to the research subject. Then the semantic units’ coding continued to reach saturation point. Finally, the main categories of sub-categories were segregated and the conceptual instructional model for MOOCs was designed based on the research findings. Results: After the coding process, the code based on the similarity or affinity with each other were classified. Finally, eight main categories and 22 sub-categories of qualitative data were extracted. The main layers of this model includes; a) philosophical and pedagogical umbrella, b)orientation, c) analysis, d) content, e) networking, f) motivation, g) demonstration, h)evaluation and i) management which is supported by the principles of connective theory. Conclusion: MOOCs instructional design model presented in this study, exist in micro and macro levels. This MOOCs design model is for higher education levels. It also has other application in different situations.

The article looks for providing a model to explain the fosterage of the organizational leaders in Oil Company.to obtain the data according to the field of the study; the qualitative method of Data Base Theory was used. The data was gathered through interview with 21 middle and top managers and experts of Oil Company. By classifying concepts, subordinate and central categories, and finding a central category by using open, central, and optional coding method, categories forming the fosterage of organizational leaders in Oil Company and relationships between them appear in the format of a paradigm which included causal conditions (4 categories), the central category (3 categories), strategy (1 category), intervening factors (2 categories), context factors (4 categories), and consequences (1 category). In the research, the qualitative method was used in order to achieve a deep understanding of phenomenon under study. Therefore, to conduct the plan, in the first stage, to identifying a system for fostering organizational leaders in Oil Company, undetermined situation, different dimensions of the system were known by using the context theory-systematic plan and conducting interview based on the theoretical sampling.This research improvement a model to foster organizational leaders according to Data-Base Theory in Oil Company.

Background and Objective: Self-efficacy and social support is a effective factors in mental health, And to help them cope with stressful situations and anxiety, and trauma they experienced fewer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, and social support and prediction of mental health among teachers is based on these variables.. Methods: Due to the nature and objectives of the research, research design is non-experimental and correlation. The study population consisted of all elementary and secondary school teachers has been Tehran city. 447 teachers with cluster random sampling were selected for this study. In order to collect research data from the General Health Questionnaire (28- GHQ), general self-efficacy questionnaire Sherer & colleagues Social Support Questionnaire Wax and colleagues use was performed. for analysis of data with descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate regression)was used. Results: The results showed that self-efficacy and social support, there is a significant negative correlation with physical symptoms. Therefore, self-efficacy and social support can change physical symptoms among teachers significantly(P

Concerns have been made about the personality characterize indices after the appearance of personality tests. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to compare the relationship between personality traits and social desirability in students with honest and faking responses. The present study was a causal-comparative study in which 235 students completed the research questionnaire. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: honest and faking. To collect the data in this study, NEO's personality questionnaire (1992) and social desirability scale by Crown and Marlow (1960) were used. The findings showed that there is a relationship between personality dimensions and social desirability, and this relationship is not meaningful between the two groups. Therefore, we can say that we must propose methods for controlling the probabilistic effect of social desirability in studies with a five-factor personality model.

Introduction: Research studies usually employ SERVQUAL model and gap analysis to assess the quality of academic educational services, but these methods cannot rank universities based on the quality of educational services. In this regard, the purpose of this research was to design a model for ranking the quality of educational services in medical universities. Methods: This study used a mixed method research design. The statistical population consisted of all connoisseur experts (n=15) of the evaluation departments of the medical universities in southeast Iran in 2014, all of whom were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. The experts determined the value of each criterion against other criteria in a paired scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed by means of AHP method in the Expert Choice 11 software. Results: Drawing on SERVQUAL model and AHP method, this study proposed the first model for ranking the quality of educational services in Iran’s medical universities. In this model, the most weighted criterion was “conformity of the curricula with labor market needs”; “the number of held exams”, “faculty members’ mastery of scientific and practical fields of textbooks”, “adequate educational tools” and “safety equipment" were the next criteria with the highest weight respectively. Conclusion: The model for ranking the quality of educational services in medical universities can reduce the time and costs of the programs assessing the quality of educational services and help the authorities provide high quality educational services.

Background Academic commitment as a new specialized issue has attracted the attention of educational researchers. Despite of the conducting relevant studies, it was more considered by Human-Vogel and Rabe. Their designed research tool has not yet been used in Iran. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and reliability of this tool in Iranian learners. Methods The primary tool consisted of 30 items and 5 dimensions (students’ satisfaction with their studies, level of commitment, investment, quality of alternatives, and meaningfulness). In this cross-sectional study, 449 pre-university students of Bandar Abbas city were selected through multi-stage sampling. Data were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS software. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Gottman and Spearman-Brown split-half coefficients, were used to test the reliability. Results After examination the validity of the tool, five items were excluded and finally a questionnaire including 25 questions was obtained. Beta coefficients were greater than 0.4. Model fit indices, including root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), Comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), normed fit index (NFI), incremental fit index (IFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) were obtained 0.04, 0.95, 0.91, 0.90, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively, indicating the fitness of this five-factor tool. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.87, a Gottman’s split-half of 0.65, and a Spearman-Brown split-half of 0.68 were obtained, indicating the appropriate reliability of the instrument. Conclusions Based on the results, the final version of the tool seems to be suitable for assessing academic commitment in Iranian learners in the Iran educational systems.

هدف از پژوهش حاضر،تعیین تأثیرآموزش از راه دور(مبتنی برموک)برعملکرد­تحصیلی دانشجویان دانشگاه پیام نورمرکز کرمان می باشد. روش پژوهش از نوع شبه آزمایشی بود که در این پژوهش از نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای با حجم مناسب (یک کلاس در گروه آزمایش ویک کلاس در گروه کنترل) استفاده شده ،روش انتخاب نمونه، به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای یک مرحله‌ای می باشد. جامعه آماری دانشجویان دانشگاه پیام نور کرمان می باشند که 40 نفر از آن ها) 20 نفر گروه کنترل و 20 نفر گروه آزمایش) به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای آزمون فرضیه های پژوهش از تحلیل کوواریانس تک و چند متغیری برای تعدیل اختلافات اولیه ( کنترل آماری اختلافات اولیه) گروه آزمایش و گروه کنترل استفاده شد. برای بررسی عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان ازآزمون استاندارد کتاب تکنولوژی آموزشی استفاده گردید.یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که بین میانگین نمرات عملکرد تحصیلی گروه آزمایش وگروه گواه در مرحله پس آزمون،پس از حذف اثر پیش آزمون،تفاوت معناداری وجود داردومیانگین تعدیل شده نمرات عملکرد تحصیلی در گروه آزمایش،بالاتر از میانگین تعدیل شده نمرات پس آزمون در گروه گواه بود. متغیر آزمایشی با اندازه اثر 52/0، 52 درصد از واریانس متغیر عملکرد تحصیلی را پیش بینی کرد. بنابراین آموزش با موکبر افزایش میزان عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان در درس تکنولوژی آموزشی تاثیر مثبت دارد.براساس نتایج حاصله ،پیشنهاد می شوداز فناوری موکبرای غنی سازی آموزش سایردروس دانشجویان دانشگاه پیام نوراستفاده شود.

In the last few years academic engagement is known as the academic quality indicator and thus it has been considered as one of the goals of higher education. This study is conducted on the causal modeling of academic engagement based on personal and social resources. The study population consisted of all undergraduate students at Amir Kabir University in Tehran.. The sample group consisted of 375 samples (263 male and 113 female) that were selected randomly from the population. To collect data the academic engagement question, the subscales of optimism, self-esteem, supported academic performance, supportive relationships with peers and family health- support of Trauma Resilience Scale by Madsen and academic Self-Efficacy Scale of Breso et al were used. Data analysis showed that supported academic performance, self-esteem and academic self-efficacy directly affect academic engagement. Also social resources (supported academic performance, Supportive relationships with peers and family support) were indirectly associated with academic engagement through personal resources (self-efficacy, optimism and self-esteem). In general the present study predicts about 33% of the variance in academic engagement. The analysis of model validation indicators indicated the suitability and sufficiency of the final model.

The research you are trying to do is work as a science student of a communications science student and in response to influential components of targeted use of mobile phones. All residents of Tehran were the statistical population of this study. With regard to specific items, the sample size was 250. The most important findings of this research, based on the survey method, indicated that with increasing daily hours of mobile usage, both conventional and unusual social relationships increased slightly, the trust of the media did not change significantly, but the degree of adherence to religion Religious access decreases in uses beyond 10 hours, and media consumption first starts a downtrend, then the trend goes up, and the communication dimension also increases to five to ten hours and decreases in use for over ten hours. In this study, five main hypotheses that emerged from the theoretical framework (combined use of the model in the model) were proposed. The results of the statistical analysis of the data showed the correlation between the variables involved in the use and satisfaction of the mobile phone. Finally, this study contains practical suggestions that can be useful in providing a model for optimal mobile use.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mobile-assisted instruction on learning, achievement motivation and cooperation of students with visual impairment in English language courses. This was a quasi-experimental study implemented on high school female students (grade 2) with visual impairment in Iran. The sample consisted of 52 students with visual impairment (26 in experimental group and 26 in control group) who voluntarily took the test. In the experimental group, in addition to regular classroom instructions, classroom activities were done using the students' mobile-phones, while the control group was only offered the classic method. To collect data, Abdekhodaee Achievement Motivation Questionnaire, the Researcher-Made Cooperation Questionnaire, and the Researcher-Made English Test were used. To analyze data, covariance analysis was used. The findings revealed that mobile-assisted instruction had a positive impact on increasing learning, achievement motivation and the cooperation of students with visual impairment in English language courses. So, the three hypotheses were confirmed. Therefore, it is concluded that mobile-phones can be utilized to help students with visual impairment in English language courses. This study was done in Iran for the first time, so the results can be a road-map for instructional designers, educational technology students, special education experts and teachers to use mobile-phones purposefully in education.

Background and Objectives: Adolescents as a high-risk group are prone to addiction. This research aimed to investigate the role of depression, family relationships, and self-efficacy in the prediction of susceptibility to addiction among adolescents. Methods: The present research was a descriptive-correlational study carried out on 546 adolescents of Lorestan province’s high school in school year 2014-2015. The samples were selected through multiple cluster sampling method. Participants responded to demographic characteristics, addiction potential, depression, family relationships, and self-efficacy questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple linear regression. Results: In this study, depression, family relationships, and self-efficacy was significantly correlated with addiction potential (p

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of negative emotions (anxiety and depression) on reading comprehension and problem solving in order to elaborate a structural model in the elementary period of the city of Hamedan in the 96-95 academic year. For this purpose, 8000 primary school students of 287 students (159 girls and 128 boys) were selected through random cluster sampling in the fourth grade. Selected sample at a meeting, a researcher-made reading comprehension test, Hepner and Kreskov problem-solving questionnaire (1987), anxiety and depression inventory questionnaire of Abishotani et al. (2016) completed the parental version. The results of the estimation of the final model of the research show that among the variables considered in the prediction of problem solving, the highest coefficient was related to the direct anxiety variable (p

This study investigate the role of social media in Iran is developing a tourism marketing. This way with the help of a questionnaire survey on 250 travel offices marketing experts specializing in domestic and overseas leisure tourism in the city of Tehran, they were carried out. According to this study, the role of social media, particularly media images and video clips to function in the development of electronic tourism industry should be more considered. The photos and videos introducing tourists to the tourism potential in the virtual space is a factor that has a direct impact on the choice of tourist destinations by international tourists. With the increasing use of social networks, content communities, blogs, e-tourism marketing capabilities increase, but overall we can say that social media still have not been able to find its place in the development of e-tourism marketing and this difference is due to the characteristics of different marketing communication and social media with the mass media.

Studies on the topic of managing employee performance evaluation, assessing competencies of job analysis and job evaluation as a source of data collection used. The results of this research can be used when the reliability of the data is acceptable. Researchers to estimate the reliability of these data are the means of inter-rater reliability of Cronbach's alpha is used. The formula for errors in the data are considered as random error, while systematic errors exist in many of the conditions that must be considered when estimating their reliability. For this reason, these formulas can not properly estimate the reliability assessment. This article attempts to application generalizability theory to predict the reliability of the assessment will be presented. The weaknesses of classical test theory and the ability to estimate the reliability generalizability theory described. Then explained the steps to applying generalizibility theory with crossed and nested measurement models with an example that researchers using them can make job analysis, reliability of data more accurately to estimate.

The present study was conducted in order to perform the meta-analyticstudy of individual and family factors that were effectiveonattention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Method:For this purpose 25studieswere collected and after entering data into CMA-2 softwareand sensitivity analysis, one study which was disharmonious with other studieswas removed and finally,24 studieswere analyzed. The average effect size(r) in theindividual factors was 0.22 and in thefamily factors it was 0.14. So, according toCohen's criteria, the effect size of individual factors and family factors werereported below the average.In investigating the separated effect size offactors, the variables ofacademic performance, identity crisis,intelligence, working memory, and behavioralmanagementofparents were higher than average. Due to the significance of Qstatistic based on heterogeneity in these studies, the variables of sex,population, measuring instruments, sampling method and agewere entered into the analysis as confounding variables. Results: Zdifferences test, in the studies related to the individual factors, showed thatthe effect size was significant for all intervening variables but in examining thefamily factors, this difference was seen in the variables of sex, population, measuring instruments and sampling method. Conclusion:Due to the obtained average effect size in the above variables, researchers andclinicians should consider the importance of these factors in the evaluationand treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Also, researchersshould notice the role of modulators that were listed above in their futurestudies

In recent decades, many studies have examined the relationship between job stress and personality variables. But the results are not consistent and sometimes different results have been reported. Meta-analysis is a systematic technique to solve different resultsin the findings studies about the same topic.Accordingly, the aim of the present research was a meta-analysis of the association between job stress and personality variables. Data collected from 106 studies conducted from 1993-2013 and was analyzed then the effect sizes were computed.Findings revealed that the combined effect size for fixed model was 0. 23 and for random model was 0. 24, which both were small effect sizes) Cohen, 1988). Further meta-analysis showed that the Positive affect, anxiety, burnout, perfectionism, time management, hardiness, resiliency, assertiveness variables had significant large positive effects size on job stress. We checked for Publication bias and heterogeneity of effects. The results showed no bias but due to heterogeneity of effects, demographic and methodological variables were examined . Findings revealed that sampling, kind of job, kind of studies and Measuring tools could moderate the relationship between job stress and personality variables as the moderator effects. The overall results suggested that personality variables that emphases on self-understanding have more impact in reducing job stress. Therefore, a further study in this area is needed.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Collaborative Language Systems Therapy(CLST) on increasing marital intimacy in students .Method of research was semi -experimental with pretest – posttest and control group design. The statistical population involved all referred student couples to university counseling centers in Tehran. The sample of study consists of 28 subjects (14 couples) that were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups .The members of experimental group participated in 8 sessions of collaborative Language Therapy. The measurement instruments were Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (MINQ) and Demographic Data Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance has been used to test the difference between group means .The result highlights that Collaborative Language Systems Therapy increased marital intimacy while MANCOVA revealed that CLST raised marital intimacy sub-scales. In conclusion, the collaborative therapist, by creating a process and space for collaborative relationships and dialogical conversation can increase marital intimacy in couples.

در دهههای اخیر رویکرد سنتی تدریس و یادگیری با ظهور فناوریهای نوین دچار تغییر و تحولاساسی شده است. هدف از این پژوهش مقایسه تأثیر سه روش آموزش حضوری، الکترونیکی و تلفیقیبر یادگیری و یادداری دانشجویان رشته علوم تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی میباشد . روش پژوهشحاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی بوده است. لازم به ذکر است که در پژوهش حاضر روش نمونه گیریبهصورت غیر تصادفی (در دسترس و داوطلبانه) بوده و روش جایگزینی دانشجویان در گروه هایآزمایش بهصورت تصادفی بوده است. بر همین اساس، از طرح پژوهش نوع پیشآزمون- پسآزمون باگروه کنترل پیشرفته چرخشی 1 استفادهشده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که در پ یشآزمون بین میزانیادگیری سه گروه تلفیقی، مجازی و حضوری تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نمیشود، ولی در پس آزمونبین میزان یادگیری گروه تلفیقی با میزان یادگیری گروه مجازی و حضوری تفاوت معناداری مشاهدهمیشود. به همین ترتیب بین میزان یادداری گروه تلفیقی با میزان یادداری گروه مجازی و حضوریتفاوت معناداری مشاهده میشود. بر اساس یافتهها میتوان نتیجه گرفت گه یادگیری تلفیقی به شرطاجرای درست میتوان بر میزان یادگیری تأثیر مثبتی بگذارد.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بدست آوردن میزان تأثیر مدارس بر نمرات کسب شدۀ دانشآموزان شرکت کننده در آزمونتیمز پی شرفته 2008 و برر سی اعتبار تحلیلهای چند سطحی بر ا ساس نظریه کلا سیک اندازهگیری به روش برآوردبیزی صورت پذیرفت. برای دستیابی به هدف اصلی پژوهش از دادههای مربوط به اجرای آزمون ریاضی تیمز پیشرفتهاست و روند آموزش ریاضیات پیشرفته دانشآموزان سال آخر متوسطه IEA 2008 که خود جزو تازهترین مطالعات)پیشدان شگاهی( را مورد ارزیابی قرار میدهد ا ستفاده شد )مرکز ملی مطالعات تیمز، 1388 (. بر این ا ساس، جامعهآماری و گروه نمونه پژوهش حاضررر، جامعه آماری و گروه نمونه پایپ پیش دانشررگاهی رشررته ریاضرری- فیزیک در1386 به اجرا در آمده اسررت. ح ن نمونه - آزمون ریاضرریات تیمز پیشرررفته اسررت که در سررال تح رریلی 1387دانشآموزان ایرانی در این سن ش برابر 2556 نفر بوده ا ست )گزارش تیمز پی شرفته، 1388 (. نتایج تحلیلها به طورکلی ن شان داد که در مدل صفر 12 در صد، در مدل با کووریت سطح دانش آموز 38 در صد و در مدل با کووریتسطح دانشآموز، مدرسه و معلن حدود 55 درصد از واریانس نمرات پیشرفت تح یلی دانشآموزان ناشی از تفاوتبین مدارس ا ست و این میزان تفاوت زیاد بین مدارس شرکت کننده گویای تفاوت و تبعیض آموز شی بین مدارسزیاد ا ست که این امر عمدتاً نا شی از متغیرهای در سطح مدر سه )منابع مدر سه برای درس ریاضی و سابقه تدریسریاضی معلن( میباشد

In many criminals it seems that failure of identity and mental healthproblems are among the most important causes in the occurrence ofcrimes. Mental health of women prisoners as an at-risk group is veryimportant. This research aims to study the prediction role of crimes inthe mental disorder & identity style of women prisoners in order tofacilitate the relevant actions which the authorities will take to reducethe likelihood of re-offense and offenders returning to the prison. 200women prisoners of financial crimes, debauchery, murder and murderparticipation, robbery and drug addiction and trafficking (each n =40) were selected by sampling quotas – randomized. Participantswere administered SCL-90 and Brzvnsky identity style tests. The styleidentity of murder and murder participation group was normative;identity style of immoral criminals was Informational, while the styleidentity of the other groups was confusion. It should be noted that, there is no significant difference between the criteria of womenprisoners for OCD-related disorders, depression, phobias andparanoia. The majority of women prisoners are affected with at leastone mental disorder and their identity style is confused. Therefore, theneed to develop training programs for prevention, diagnosis andtreatment is felt.

Background and Aim: Aging is a natural experience which is usually accompanied by a variety of diseases. Hence, this research was conducted to study the elderly people’s disease rate and the number of times they refer to medical centers in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted on the old people referring to the Elderly Centers in Tehran in 2012. For data collection purposes, valid and reliable self-report demographic and disease questionnaires were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS software together with T-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: Four hundred old people participated in this study. Of the participants, 300 (75%) were female and 100 (25%) male with a mean age of 67.65 (±6.38) years. Besides, 160 (40%) people had heart diseases, 137 (34.3%) muscoskeletal diseases, and 83 (20.8%) endocrine diseases. Moreover, 381 (95.2%) participants had referred to doctors and therapeutic centers at least once during the last year. Furthermore, 177 subjects (44.2%) were hospitalized at least once last year. Conclusion: The prevalence of diseases in elderly people is more than expected. Most old people refer to doctors and therapeutic centers, which is indicative of the fact that they suffer from diseases and need varied health services.

E-learning systems are developing tremendously all over the world. More than one thousand institute have been accepted this method of teaching and learning parallel with their conventional system. In this rapid development phase, institute encountered with some problem of early attrition, withdraw, failure and dropout. So increasing e-learner success rate is one of the main and common concerns of all e-leaning centers .Although considering technological, infrastructural, content related, teacher and support system factors are undoubtedly very important in this regard, but it is believed that e-learner related factors has also a critical role. The goal of this study is developing and validation of a tools to predict e-learner's success rate. Instrument such as Online Distance Learner Survey (ODLS),Test of Online Learning Success(TOOLS), Tertiary Students’ Readiness for Online Learning(TSROL) were reviewed in the literature. To achieve the goal of the study, all item of the pre mentioned instrument were analyzed. Then a questioner is developed according to the literature and authors experience in IUST e-learning centre. In this step some subscales and items that are not important for e-learner success removed from scale. The initial scale is constructed with 67 items. In the next step 290 e-learners from IUST e-learning center have been selected randomly and asked to describe themselves in reference to a 5-point Likert-type scale, with anchors ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation where used to study constructs validity of the before mentioned tool. The result revealed that eleven-factor solution with Eignevalue over than one can count 62% variance of e-learner success construct. Iin this stage 24 items where excluded due to lack of factor load in any eleven-factors. Another intention of this study is to test reliability of the developed tool. The reliability of the questionnaire found satisfactory, with a Cronbach alpha of α=0.84 for the entire set of questioner. Although the developed questionnaire have construct validity and is reliable but the predictive validity has a crucial importance for authors so it is continued with using multiple regression with inter method . The average score of items that is related to each factor were calculated and enterd as a predictor into linear regression. The finding showed that eleven-factor can predict 14% valiance of e-learner GPA in our sample. Comparing this tool with others, it shows that it is reliable and has predictive validity that can be used for Iranian engineering education institute. Finally the paper conclude findings and present some recommendation to use this toll effectively.

Introduction: Despite the widespread use of pre-internship comprehensive test and its importance in medical students’ assessment, there is a paucity of the studies that can provide a systematic psychometric analysis of the items of this test. Thus, the present study sought to assess March 2011 pre-internship test using classical and latent trait models and compare their results. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive research, item analysis based on classical model was conducted by calculation of difficulty and discrimination coefficients, estimation of reliability by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method and distracters analysis by comparing distracter proportions using EXCEL software. NOHARM4 software was also used to assess test dimensionality. To assess items parameters (difficulty, discrimination, guessing, information functions, and standard error of measurement) latent trait models and BILOG-MG3 software were used. Results: According to the classical test theory, 30 items (15%) were in the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination coefficients. Test reliability coefficient was 0.913. Seventy three items (36.5%) had problems with the distracters. The analysis of test dimensionality indicated that the test was unidimensional. Using Three-Parameter Logistic Model, we obtained the mean and standard deviation of items parameters, i.e. item difficulty (0.321, 1.874), item discrimination (1.021, 0.666), and item guessing (0.209, 0.082). Maximum test information function was between 1.0 to 2.8 ability levels, and the test had lower information compared to the higher levels of ability at cutting scores. Conclusion: The findings indicate that analyses of latent trait models can be used to overcome the limitations of the classical test theory.

The present study aims at investigating the effects of cognitive and cognitive–meta cognitive education strategies on problem solving ability and adaptive behavior of mentally retarded students in junior professional schools. In this quasi-experimental research, 45 participants were selected by cluster sampling method and allocated in four experimental and two control groups. Research instruments include Towers of Hanoi puzzle and adaptive behavior scale. Cognitive and cognitive–meta cognitive strategies were respectively taught to experimental groups by lecture in 12 and 24 sessions.The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis and one –way analysis of variance. The results show that performance of students in problem-solving was better in cognitive–meta cognitive experimental group than the other groups.Also performance of problem – solving was better in cognitive experimental group than the control group. In addition, there was no difference in problem-solving performance and adaptive behavior of male and female participants who were taught the cognitive and cognitive–meta cognitive strategies. Also, experimental and control groups had no significant difference in adaptive behavior. Since, the results of this study were consistent and parallel withprevious researches, it can be concluded that cognitive and cognitive-meta cognitive education strategies have a positive effect on problem solving skills and adaptive behavior of mentally retarded students.

Background and Aim: Anxiety, as one of the most common and costly problems in Iran and all over the world, comprises both physical and mental disorders. Previous research has proposed that spinal reflex modulation may mediate anxiety-related changes in postural control. This study aimed to investigate if the H-reflex parameters are influenced by state anxiety. Materials and Methods: A group of 20 healthy female university students with a low anxiety score (lower than 42, based upon the Schpilberger’s questionnaire) were recruited in this study and the H-reflex of their Soleus muscle was recorded in four positions. The tested positions included the standard prone lying (the reference position), standing on level ground; and two stability threatening positions including standing on the center and at the edge of a one-meter height stool. The outcome measures were the latency, amplitude and the amplitude needed to record the reflex. Results: No significant differences were shown in the latency of the H-reflex among the four tested positions (p>0.05). In terms of the amplitude of the reflex, however, significant differences were found between all positions when compared to the reference position (prone lying) (p=0.001). There are significant differences among all four positions in amplitude needed to record the H-reflex (p=0.034), while the Bonferoni test revealed the significant difference only between the position of standing at the edge of the height relative to the standard prone lying position (p=0.041). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that any postural perturbation results in brain activities and affects more on the amplitudes rather than the latency of the H-reflex. These findings may be helpful in a better understanding of the standing balance in healthy people and people suffering from postural instabilities, fear of falling, elderly persons and also hemiplegic patients.

Aim: The study was aimed to determine the validity and reliability of opium attitudes questionnaire. Method: 6108 of guidance school (3th grades) and high school students filled the opium attitude questionnaire in all of the country. The validity of questionnaire assessed by group discrimination and confirmatory factor analysis method. Results: the results of group discrimination showed that the questions can be discriminated of past and current opium addicts and normal groups. On the basis of factor analysis results 5 factors extracted. These factors with consideration of literature review and loaded items content named: interest to consume, attitude to dangers, attitude to physiological effects, attitude to psychic effects, attitude to social effects to opium. Reliability of subscales examined by Cronbakh’s alpha. The minimum measure of reliability was 0.77 and maximum was 0.86. Altogether, the validity and reliability of questionnaire were satisfied. Conclusion: On the basis of present research results, opium attitude questionnaire is appropriate for assessing of students’ attitude to opium among guidance and high school students.

Objective: This study aimed to provide a normative study documenting how 114 five-seven year-old non-‎patient Iranian children respond to the Rorschach test. We compared this especial sample to ‎international normative reference values for the Comprehensive System (CS).‎ Method: One hundred fourteen 5- 7- year-old non-patient Iranian children were recruited from public ‎schools. Using five child and adolescent samples from five countries, we compared Iranian ‎Normative Reference Data- based on reference means and standard deviations for each sample.‎ Results: Findings revealed that how the scores in each sample were distributed and how the samples were ‎compared across variables in eight Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) clusters. We reported ‎all descriptive statistics such as reference mean and standard deviation for all variables.‎ Conclusion: Iranian clinicians could rely on country specific or “local norms” when assessing children. We ‎discourage Iranian clinicians to use many CS scores to make nomothetic, score-based inferences ‎about psychopathology in children and adolescents.‎

Schema theory is developed for patients with chronic psychological problems who have not achieved significant success in cognitive therapy. Although this approach has been applied mostly to personality disorders, it can also be a useful treatment for depression disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study is to show whether or not schema therapy is effective in the treatment of recurrent major depressive symptoms. This single-case experimental study is carried out with the method of multiple baseline on six patients who are all diagnosed with primarily a DSM-IV recurrent depression disorder. Patients are tested in four points in time; pre- treatment, in the 4th session, the 8th session, and the 12th session (post- treatment). Instruments used are Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder (SCID-I). The findings show that schema therapy plays a role in improving the symptoms of recurrent depression disorder and early maladaptive schema during the treatment. The results of the present study indicate that schema therapy could be effective in treating recurrent depression disorder. Thus, by identifying depressive schemas, they can be treated and reformed with interventions focused on the schema.